Protected species and development: advice for local planning authorities
How to assess a planning application when there are protected species on or near a proposed development site.
Applies to England
Many species of plants and animals in England are protected. This protection often applies to the habitats supporting features they live in. What you can and cannot do by law varies from species to species.
Local planning authorities (LPAs) should use this guide to assess whether a planning application would harm or disturb a protected species. It will help you decide if you can give planning permission.
This is Natural England’s ‘standing advice’. This is general advice that Natural England, as a statutory consultee, gives to LPAs. It:
- avoids the need to consult on every planning application
- helps you make planning decisions on development proposals
You must consult Natural England if a development proposal:
- might affect a site of special scientific interest (SSSI)
- needs an environmental impact assessment
- needs an appropriate assessment under the Habitats Regulations
Natural England may:
- object to a planning application if it’s likely to harm a protected species on a SSSI
- give you advice about a protected species affected by a development proposal or on a specific issue that is not covered by this guidance
You should get advice from a qualified ecologist to help you reach a decision if you need it.
You can find one using either the:
- Chartered Institute of Ecology and Environment Management (CIEEM) directory
- Environmental Data Services directory
There are separate guides for:
- developers to prepare a development proposal to avoid harm or disturbance to protected species
- the effect of nationally significant infrastructure projects on protected species
- habitats and species of principal importance in England (Section 41 list)
The National Planning Policy Framework sets out the ‘mitigation hierarchy’. This requires developers to avoid significant adverse impacts on protected species. If this is not possible, developers should propose mitigation measures. As a last resort, where developers cannot avoid or mitigate adverse impacts, they must compensate for them.
Further guidance is set out in the natural environment planning practice guidance.
Where to expect protected species
Use Table 1 to see where protected species are likely to be present to assess the chance of a development proposal affecting them.
Table 1. Likely habitat for protected species.
| Habitat, building or land | Species to look for |
|---|---|
| Ancient woodland, ancient or veteran trees or those with significant decay features | Bats, wild birds, hazel dormice and invertebrates |
| Cellars, ice houses, old mines and caves | Bats |
| Buildings with features suitable for bats, or large gardens in suburban and rural areas | Bats, wild birds, badgers, reptiles and great crested newts |
| Traditional timber-framed building (such as a barn or oast house) | Bats, wild birds including barn owls |
| Lakes, rivers and streams (on the land or nearby) | Beavers, wild birds, fish, freshwater pearl mussels, invertebrates, otters, water voles and white-clawed crayfish |
| Heathland on, nearby or linked to the development site (by similar habitat) | Wild birds, badgers, hazel dormice, reptiles, invertebrates, natterjack toads and protected plants, fungi and lichens |
| Meadows, grassland, parkland and pasture on the land or linked to the development site (by similar habitat) | Bats, badgers, wild birds, great crested newts, invertebrates, reptiles and protected plants, fungi and lichens |
| Ponds or slow-flowing water bodies (like ditches) on the development site, or within 500m and linked by semi-natural habitat such as parks or heaths | Beavers, wild birds, fish, great crested newts, water voles, invertebrates and white-clawed crayfish |
| Rough grassland and previously developed land (brownfield sites), on or next to the development site | Badgers, wild birds, reptiles, invertebrate and protected plants, fungi and lichens |
| Woodland, scrub and hedgerows on, or next to the development site | Bats, wild birds, badgers, hazel dormice, invertebrates, great crested newts, reptiles and protected plants, fungi and lichens |
| Coastal habitats | Wild birds, fish, natterjack toads, otters, invertebrates and protected plants, fungi and lichens |
When to survey
Use Table 2 to check that surveys submitted with development proposals are carried out at the most appropriate time to survey for the presence of protected species. For some species you can also see the purpose of the survey. The table gives an indication of survey timings and requirements for individual species. For full details read the relevant individual species guidance.
Table 2. Survey timetable
| Species | When to survey (dependent on weather conditions) |
|---|---|
| Badgers (required for impact assessments) | Any time of year February to April or October to November for bait marking surveys to establish territories |
| Bats (preliminary roost assessment) | Any time of year (trees are best surveyed without foliage) |
| Bats (hibernation roosts) | November to mid-March |
| Bats (summer roosts) | May to August |
| Bats (foraging or commuting) | April to October for spring, summer and autumn behaviour |
| Bats (swarming) | August to October |
| Beavers | October to March |
| Birds (breeding) | March to August (species dependent) |
| Birds (winter behaviour) | October to March |
| Birds (migration) | March to May, August to November (dependent on species) |
| Hazel dormice | April to November |
| Great crested newts | Mid-March to mid-June (mid-April to end of June for eDNA) |
| Invertebrates | April to September |
| Natterjack toads | April to May (aquatic survey) July to September (terrestrial survey) |
| Otters | Any time of year |
| Protected plants, fungi and lichens | Spring or summer for vascular plant surveys (depending on species, habitat and location) October to April for bryophyte surveys |
| Reptiles | April to mid-October |
| Water voles | Mid-April to September |
| White-clawed crayfish | July to September |
1. Discuss survey requirements with developers
Before you consider a development proposal, you should discuss the survey requirements with the developer.
Natural England can advise developers on their development proposal, including what surveys are needed, and give expert ecological advice.
You can also get best practice survey guidance from professional bodies including:
- CIEEM
- species conservation bodies
- the British Standards Institute – see their Smart guide to biodiversity in planning and development (PDF, 195KB)
- information on protected species from Local Environmental Records Centres (LERC) and local groups.
You should ask for a survey if one or more of the following applies:
- there’s suitable habitat or foraging areas on the development site to support protected species
- it’s likely that protected species are present and may be affected by the proposed development
- protected species are present but you’re not sure if they’ll be affected
Preliminary ecological appraisals are useful for assessing if more detailed species or habitat surveys are required.
You should explain to the developer that they may not need to provide a detailed survey if they are able to show that protected species are unlikely to be affected even if they are on or near a development site. They could demonstrate this by explaining any of the following:
- their working methods
- the timing of development
- the life cycle and sensitivity of the specific species
European protected species (EPS) have full protection under The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2017. It’s an offence to deliberately capture, injure or kill, or deliberately disturb EPS. It may be possible to use licensing policy 4 which allows, in certain circumstances, for reduced survey work and worst-case scenario compensation to be proposed.
You should:
- make sure developers use a suitably qualified and licensed ecologist to carry out surveys at the right time of year using appropriate methods
- not decide on planning applications until you have received all the necessary surveys
Planning conditions
You should not usually attach planning conditions that ask for surveys. This is because you need to consider the full impact of the development proposal on protected species before you can grant planning permission. You can add an ‘informative’ note to the planning permission to make it clear that a licence is needed.
In exceptional cases, you may need to attach a planning condition for additional surveys. For instance, to support detailed mitigation proposals or if there will be a delay between granting planning permission and the start of development. In these cases a planning condition should be used to provide additional or updated ecological surveys to make sure that the mitigation is still appropriate. This is important for outline applications or multi-phased developments.
2. Assess the information provided with the planning application
You should check the developer has:
- submitted enough information for you to fully consider the effect on protected species and their habitats
- as far as possible, planned to avoid harm or disturbance to protected species and their habitats with the location, layout, design and timing of the development
If the information is not adequate you should ask for further information, such as further surveys or mitigation measures.
You can refuse planning permission if surveys:
- are carried out at the wrong time of year
- are not up to date
- do not follow standard survey guidelines without appropriate justification
- do not provide enough evidence to assess the likely negative effects on protected species
3. Agree avoidance, mitigation or compensation measures
You’ll need to agree with the developer, any measures which aim to avoid, mitigate or compensate for harm to protected species and secure these as part of the planning permission using planning conditions or planning obligations.
Avoid harm or disturbance
To avoid harming or disturbing protected species development proposals could:
- reduce the size of the development or alter its layout to retain the site’s important habitat features
- plan for construction work to be carried out at specific times to avoid sensitive times, such as the breeding season for wild birds
If it’s not possible to completely avoid harm, disruption should be as minimal as possible.
Mitigate for negative effects
If it’s not possible to avoid harm, you should discuss suitable mitigation measures with the developer. For example, moving protected species out of the development site.
You should agree a mitigation strategy with the developer to:
- remove or reduce the negative effects of their development proposal
- show how they will carry out the mitigation measures
You should make sure the mitigation strategy is all of the following:
- effective against the likely effects of the proposed development on the protected species
- adequate for the affected species
- reliable, carried out at the right time and completed in full
- established sufficiently in advance of the development works to benefit the affected species
- measurable - a management and monitoring plan (if required) must be comprehensive and adaptable - it must make sure that it’s possible to maintain and measure the population and geographical distribution of the species in the short and long term
- secured - legal agreements must be in place to make sure that the mitigation measures can be maintained in the long term
Use the mitigation plan checklist to help you and developers decide if the proposed measures are appropriate.
Compensate for negative effects
If avoidance or mitigation measures are not possible, as a last resort you should agree compensation measures with the developer and put these in place as part of the planning permission. These should:
- make sure that no more habitat is lost than is replaced (‘no net loss’) and aim to provide a better alternative in terms of quality or area compared to the habitat that would be lost
- provide like-for-like habitat replacements next to or near existing species populations and in a safe position to provide a long-term habitat
- provide alternative habitats further away from the impacted population if the natural range of the species is not going to be adversely affected
- include proposals to connect similar habitats to allow normal species movement
You should ask developers to provide alternative habitats, where appropriate, far enough in advance that the compensation measures are in place before the species are harmed.
Examples of compensation measures include:
- bat lofts or other structures if roosts are destroyed
- new ponds for great crested newts
- new aquatic habitats for water voles
You should:
- attach a planning condition or agree a planning obligation (known as a ‘section 106 agreement’) with the developer so that they can put the avoidance, mitigation or compensation measures in place. These can include paying for long-term management, monitoring or maintenance of the site or restricting development
- ask for a monitoring and review plan so that agreed measures can be adjusted if they do not work as intended
- attach an ‘informative’ note to the planning permission, for example to explain that the developer needs to take action if protected species are discovered during development
Enhance biodiversity
To meet your biodiversity duty, you should suggest ways for the developer to:
- create new or enhanced habitats on the development site
- achieve improvements in biodiversity through good design
- follow other relevant plans and strategies for nature
4. Consider if a licence is likely to be granted before you give permission
Protected species licensing requirements are in addition to the requirements for planning permission. Licences are subject to separate processes and specific policy and legal tests.
You should tell the developer if they’re likely to need a protected species licence from Natural England or Defra to allow activities that would otherwise be illegal.
You do not need to consult Natural England about the wording or discharge (approval) of planning conditions or planning obligations relating to protected species. Natural England cannot provide advice on this.
A licence will not generally be issued until planning conditions relating to protected species, which are intended to be and are capable of being discharged before development begins, have been discharged.
Natural England will only confirm if you need a licence when the development proposal is a Nationally Significant Infrastructure Project (NSIP).
For protected animals and plants, including EPS, the developer needs to check that all the following apply:
- the activity is for a certain purpose, for example it’s in the public interest to build a new residential development
- there’s no other satisfactory solution that will cause less harm to the species
- the development does not harm the long-term conservation or survival of any population of the licensed species
If the developer does not meet the 3 licensing tests for EPS or licensing tests for species protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, Natural England or Defra cannot issue them with a licence for their activity. The developer may not be able to implement their planning permission.
Licensing policies for EPS allow flexibility from industry standards. They aim to reduce unnecessary costs, delays and uncertainty for developers and achieve better conservation outcomes. Where a developer relies on these policies you need to take into account whether Natural England or Defra are likely to grant a licence for the proposed development.
District level licensing (DLL) is a type of strategic mitigation licence for great crested newts (GCN) granted in certain areas at a local authority or wider scale. A DLL scheme for GCN may be in place at the location of the development site. If a DLL scheme is in place developers can make a financial contribution to strategic, off-site habitat compensation instead of applying for a separate licence or carrying out individual detailed surveys.
5. Make a decision about a planning application
If the development proposal is likely to affect a protected species you can grant planning permission where:
- a qualified ecologist has carried out an appropriate survey (where needed) at the correct time of year
- there’s enough information to assess the impact on protected species
- all appropriate avoidance and mitigation measures have been incorporated into the development and appropriately secured
- a protected species licence is needed it is likely to be granted by Natural England or Defra
- any compensation measures are acceptable and can be put in place
- monitoring and review plans are in place, where appropriate
- all wider planning considerations are met
The can help support planning decisions.
Standing advice for protected species
Advice for making planning decisions for development proposals that affect:
- bats, all species
- beavers
- great crested newts
- badgers
- hazel or common dormice
- water voles
- otters
- wild birds
- reptiles
- protected plants, fungi and lichens
- white-clawed crayfish
- invertebrates
- fish
- freshwater pearl mussels
- natterjack toads
There is also standing advice provided by Natural England and the Forestry Commission for development proposals that affect ancient woodland, ancient and veteran trees.
Consult Natural England or the Environment Agency
Natural England
Natural England is a statutory consultee for development proposals that affect sites of special scientific interest and other protected sites. For all other development proposals that might affect protected species, you should use the guidance on this page. Natural England will only provide advice if consulted on other cases in exceptional circumstances.
Email: consultations@naturalengland.org.uk
Natural England Consultation Service
Hornbeam House
Electra Way
Crewe Business Park
Crewe
Cheshire
CW1 6GJ
Environment Agency
Contact the Environment Agency if a development proposal is likely to:
- significantly affect aquatic species or water dependent species not covered by this advice
- affect a river or canal and need an environmental impact assessment
- pollute the air, water or land, increase flood risk or affect land drainage and need an environmental permit
Email: enquiries@environment-agency.gov.uk
Environment Agency
PO Box 544
Rotherham
Yorkshire
S60 1BY
Updates to this page
-
This guidance has been improved and updated. This includes the following changes: In the section on how the species are protected, the list of offences has been updated to match the relevant legislation. In ‘Planning and licence conditions’, new wording has been included about planning conditions, including the discharge of conditions and issuing of licences. Table 1. Likely habitat for protected species – lists of habitat types and species have been updated. Table 2. Survey timetable - updated to include species and timings not previously included. In the section ‘discuss survey requirements with developers’, added new information outlining Natural England’s offer to developers regarding surveys.
-
Page updated because of new requirements for protected species mitigation licences for animals and plants in schedule 5 and schedule 8 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (brought in by the Environment Act 2021).
-
Added link to 'Habitats and species of principal importance in England' in the introduction.
-
Updated links to revised species standing advice for individual and groups of protected species. Updated links to European protected species licensing policies. Minor changes, including when to contact Natural England.
-
Correcting an error in section 4 in relation to the timing of species licences.
-
Biennial review of guidance to meet the regulations.
-
Protected species standing advice updated.
-
First published.