Guidance

Equine viral encephalomyelitis: how to spot and report the disease

How to spot equine viral encephalomyelitis, what to do if you suspect it and how to prevent it spreading.

From:
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency
Published
27 September 2018
Last updated
18 October 2018 — See all updates

Applies to England, Scotland and Wales

Equine viral encephalomyelitis is a disease which can be caused by several viruses (known as equine encephalitis viruses). They include, but are not limited to:

Encephalomyelitis means inflammation of the brain and spinal cord.

Equine viral encephalomyelitis can be fatal, although some animals will recover from the disease.

Equine viral encephalomyelitis is a notifiable animal disease. If you suspect it, you must report it immediately by calling the Defra Rural Services Helpline on 03000 200 301. In Wales, contact 0300 303 8268. In Scotland, contact your local Field Services Office. Failure to do so is an offence.

Animals affected by the disease

Equine viral encephalomyelitis mainly affects members of the equid family, such as:

  • horses
  • donkeys
  • mules
  • zebras

Other animals can also be affected, such as:

  • cattle, sheep and goats
  • pigs
  • birds, including poultry
  • dogs
  • rodents

Humans can also be affected.

How to spot equine viral encephalomyelitis in equid species

Clinical signs can be different depending on which virus the animal has. Some animals will not show any signs at all.

You may spot these signs soon after infection:

  • fever for several days
  • lack of appetite
  • loss of weight and condition
  • depression
  • stiffness and weakness

You may spot these signs in the later stages of infection:

  • behavioural changes - such as circling, head pressing or aimless wandering
  • hyperexcitability
  • blindness
  • lack of coordination and balance
  • inability to move
  • staggering or standing with an open stance
  • seizures

Infections that have similar signs

You may also see similar clinical signs if your animal is infected with one of the following:

You must report these signs even if you think your animal does not have equine viral encephalomyelitis.

How equine viral encephalomyelitis spreads

The viruses that cause equine viral encephalomyelitis are mainly spread by mosquitoes. Other animals, including wild birds or rodents, can also carry the virus between different areas.

Only some types of mosquito can spread the virus. This means that if an infected horse did enter the UK, the possibility of the disease spreading would be low.

There has never been an outbreak of equine viral encephalomyelitis in the UK.

Risk to humans

Humans can be infected by equine encephalitis viruses if they are bitten by an infected mosquito. Most people have no symptoms.

An infected person or horse cannot pass the virus directly to others. In rare cases, the virus can be spread during surgical interventions, such as a blood transfusion.

If your animal displays signs of infection and you are worried about your health, contact your GP for advice.

Prevent and control equine viral encephalomyelitis

If you import animals, you must follow the rules to make sure they are free from disease and fit to travel.

You can help prevent the disease by:

If the disease is confirmed, the outbreak will be controlled in line with the contingency plan for exotic notifiable diseases.

Find out what happens when a notifiable disease is suspected or confirmed.

Legislation

The main legislation covering the control of equine viral encephalomyelitis, is the Infectious Diseases of Horses Order 1987.

Published 27 September 2018
Last updated 18 October 2018 + show all updates

  1. Contact details for reporting a notifiable disease updated.

  2. First published.

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