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Groundwater protection in England

Groundwater protection guides covering requirements, permissions, risk assessments and controls.

If you’re carrying out an activity which could affect the quality or quantity of groundwater you will need to understand:

  • what groundwater is
  • how your activity might affect it
  • if your activity is classed as a ‘groundwater activity’

Use this guidance to work out:

  • what you need to do for your groundwater activity
  • what environmental permissions you need and how to get them
  • how to get help

These guides are relevant for:

  • developers
  • planners
  • environmental permit applicants and operators

This guidance is for England. See information about groundwater protection in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Overarching principles for groundwater protection

These guides are overarching in that they give principles that inform all of the other guides.

Managing surface water run-off and drainage to ground

Legacy contamination

How to manage risk to groundwater from historic contamination.

Overarching permitting guidance

How to protect groundwater to meet the requirements of the Environmental Permitting Regulations.

Sewage effluent discharges: environmental permits

Guidance on discharges of liquid effluent to ground.

Geothermal energy: environmental permits

Guidance on regulating and permitting groundwater activities in the geothermal energy sector.

Open and closed loop heating and cooling systems: environmental permits

Guidance on when you need a permit for open or closed loop heating and cooling systems.

Cemeteries and burials: environmental permits

Waste: environmental permits

This guidance covers waste operations that may include a groundwater activity.

Radioactive waste: environmental permits

Guidance on disposals of radioactive waste that are also groundwater activities.

Landspreading: environmental permits

This covers codes of practice for landspreading environmental permits.

Code of practice for using plant protection products

Monitoring emissions from permitted sites

Groundwater protection for business and domestic properties

How to protect groundwater in your day-to-day business operations and at home.

Code of practice for using plant protection products

Advice and feedback

If you need advice before you apply for an environmental permit or licence, you can use the Environment Agency’s pre-application advice services.

You can give anonymous feedback about whether this page was useful through the options at the bottom of this page.

Updates to this page

Published 14 March 2017
Last updated 21 April 2026 show all updates
  1. Added links to more guidance related to groundwater protection. Added categories and reorganised the page.

  2. Added a link to 'Discharge of heat to ground from a single closed loop ground source heating and cooling system supplying residential premises: RPS 307'.

  3. Added links to 'Low environmental risk cemeteries: exemption conditions', 'Closed loop ground source heating and cooling systems: when you need a permit' and 'Closed loop ground source heating and cooling systems: exemption conditions'.

  4. First published.