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Medical radiation: uses, dose measurements and safety advice

The use of ionising radiation in medicine, including recommended dose measurements and guidance on safe radiology practice.

Published 1 August 2014
Last updated 22 December 2016 — see all updates

• From: Public Health England

Ionising radiation is used in medicine in 3 ways:

• diagnostic radiology, which uses x-ray machines to obtain images of the inside of the patient’s body
• nuclear medicine, which uses radioactive substances introduced into the patient for diagnosis or treatment
• radiotherapy, which uses many types and sources of ionising radiation to cure or relieve symptoms of cancer and other diseases

These 3 areas are covered by the Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2017, which provide a framework to protect patients.

Guidance on the practical implementation of the ionising radiation (medical exposure) regulations for diagnostic and interventional radiology, was produced in a collaboration between the Society and College of Radiographers, The Royal College of Radiologists and the British Institute of Radiology. Staff from Public Health England were substantially involved in its development. The guidance is relevant for all staff groups working in diagnostic and interventional radiology, including radiographers, radiologists and radiology managers and includes practical examples of scenarios covering the implementation of the regulations.

Medical radiation: risks and safety advice

1. Ionising radiation from medical imaging examinations: safety advice
   • 1 August 2014
   • Guidance
2. Medical radiation: patient doses
   • 4 September 2008
   • Guidance
3. Medical x-rays: radiation risks by age and sex of patient
   • 1 October 2011
   • Research and analysis
4. Diagnostic radiology: national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs)
   • 22 January 2016
   • Guidance

Diagnostic radiology

1. Computed tomography (CT): national patient dose audits
   • 1 September 2014
   • Research and analysis
2. Radiographic, fluoroscopic and dental x-rays: patient dose audits
   • 1 June 2012
   • Research and analysis
3. Medical and dental x-rays: frequency and collective doses in the UK
   • 1 December 2010
   • Research and analysis
4. Dental practitioners: safe use of x-ray equipment
   • 1 June 2001
   • Guidance
5. Dental cone beam computed tomography: safe usage
   • 17 September 2015
   • Research and analysis
6. Diagnostic radiology: national protocol for patient dose measurements
   • 14 November 1992
   • Guidance
7. Computed tomography (CT): data analysis software to assess radiation doses
   • 1 January 2014
   • Research and analysis
8. Hand-held dental X-ray equipment: guidance on safe use
   • 9 February 2016
   • Guidance

Nuclear medicine

There’s a dedicated committee, Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC), to advise the government on nuclear medicine.

1. ARSAC notes for guidance: good clinical practice in nuclear medicine
   • 30 January 2018
   • Guidance

Radiotherapy

1. Radiotherapy: learning from errors
   • 22 December 2016
   • Guidance
2. Safer radiotherapy: error data analysis
   • 31 May 2018
   • Research and analysis
3. Radiotherapy: good practice in error reporting
   • 1 August 2010
   • Guidance
4. Radiotherapy errors and near misses: biennial report
   • 2 September 2016
   • Research and analysis
5. Safer radiotherapy: supplementary survey analysis
   • 23 December 2014
   • Research and analysis

Published 1 August 2014
Last updated 22 December 2016 + show all updates

1. 22 December 2016 Added: Development of learning from radiotherapy errors.
2. 22 January 2016 Added Medical radiation: national diagnostic reference levels (NDRLs), based on existing research.
3. 23 December 2014 The 'Safer radiotherapy: supplementary survey analysis' has been added under 'Radiotherapy'.
4. 1 September 2014 The 'Doses from computed tomography (CT) examinations in the UK report' has been uploaded.
5. 1 August 2014 First published.