Kazakhstan: migrant health guide
Advice and guidance on the health needs of migrant patients from Kazakhstan for healthcare practitioners.
Main messages
If the patient is new to the UK:
- explain to them how the NHS works
- discuss how this compares to the healthcare system they’ve been used to
Ensure that all patients are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule.
Screen all new entrants, including children, for tuberculosis (TB).
Consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly among those who have recently arrived. Kazakhstan has an intermediate prevalence.
Consider screening for hepatitis C, because Kazakhstan has a considerably higher prevalence than the UK.
Ask about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), or the Health Protection Scotland websites (TRAVAX and fitfortravel), for travel advice.
There is a risk of typhoid infection in Kazakhstan.
Consider nutritional and metabolic concerns.
Find out more about children’s health.
Infectious diseases
Immunisation
Ensure that all patients, especially children, are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule. See Immunisation collection with complete schedules.
Tuberculosis
There is a high incidence of TB in Kazakhstan (40 to 499 cases per 100,000), so:
- screen all new entrants (including children) for TB according to NICE guidelines
- refer to TB services promptly if screening is positive
- maintain long term vigilance for symptoms of TB even if initial screening is negative
- be aware that TB is a notifiable disease
Sexually transmitted infections and HIV
Take a sexual history, and:
- screen for STIs and HIV according to risk as specified in the UK national standards and guidelines
- test all sexually active patients under the age of 25 for chlamydia
Kazakhstan has a low rate of HIV (≤1%), so:
- offer and recommend an HIV test if the patient:
- falls into a high risk group
- is newly registering in a high prevalence area
- be advised that national guidelines do not recommend routine consideration of HIV testing of infants and children who have recently arrived in the UK
Hepatitis B
Kazakhstan has an intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B, so:
- consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly those who have recently arrived
- offer screening for hepatitis B to all pregnant women during each pregnancy
- immunise appropriately babies born to mothers who are hepatitis B positive, and follow-up accordingly
- be aware that the UK has a universal infant immunisation programme for hepatitis B and a selective immunisation programme for higher risk groups
Hepatitis C
Kazakhstan has a considerably higher prevalence of hepatitis C than the UK, so consider screening for hepatitis C.
Travel plans and advice
Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin, and see National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC), or the Health Protection Scotland websites (TRAVAX and fitfortravel), for travel advice.
Typhoid
There is a risk of typhoid infection in Kazakhstan, so:
- ensure that travellers to Kazakhstan are offered typhoid immunisation and advice on prevention of enteric fever
- remember enteric fever in the differential diagnosis of illness in patients with a recent history of travel to-or-from Kazakhstan
Women’s health
Reproductive health indicators
| Reproductive health indicator | UK | Kazakhstan |
|---|---|---|
| Number of children per woman¹ | 2 | 2 |
| Breast examination or mammography² | 75% | 35% |
| Cervical cancer screening² | 70% | 79% |
¹lifetime average; ²women aged 50 to 69 years; ³women aged 20 to 69 years
No data are available on:
- contraceptive use
Find out more about women’s health.
Nutritional and metabolic concerns
Anaemia
There is a moderate risk of anaemia in adults (estimated prevalence in non-pregnant women is 20 to 40%) and a high risk in pre-school children (estimated prevalence is >40%), so:
- be alert to the possibility of anaemia in recently arrived migrants, particularly women and pre-school children
- test as clinically indicated
Vitamin D
Consider the possibility of vitamin D deficiency in people who may be at risk due to:
- covering their body for cultural or religious reasons (lack of sunlight)
- skin colour
- diet (vegan or vegetarian)
Vitamin A
There is a high risk of vitamin A deficiency in Kazakhstan.
Iodine
People from Kazakhstan may be at risk of mild iodine deficiency due to inadequate intake.
Country profile
Health indicators and health care
WHO Global Health Observatory has a summary of health indicators and health care in Kazakhstan.
Culture, politics and history
BBC News and The World Factbook provide background information on the culture, politics and history of Kazakhstan.
Languages
| Language | Population (%) |
|---|---|
| Kazakh¹ | 64.4 |
| Russian² | 95 |
¹Qazaq, state language; ²official, used in everyday business, designated the “language of interethnic communication”
Source: The World Factbook
Find out about language interpretation.
Religions
| Religion | Population (%) |
|---|---|
| Muslim | 70.2 |
| Christian | 26.2 |
| Other | 0.2 |
| Atheist | 2.8 |
| Unspecified | 0.5 |
Source: The World Factbook.
Migration to the UK
There were almost 5,000 people from Kazakhstan living in England and Wales at the time of the 2011 Census.
Source: Office for National Statistics.
Last updated 27 October 2017 + show all updates
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Updated and made editorial changes to meet GOV.UK style.
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First published.