Guidance
High consequence infectious disease: country specific risk
Listing of countries with a known occurrence of high consequence infectious disease (HCID).
How to use this guidance
The information presented below is provided for health professionals wishing to determine if there is a known HCID risk in any particular country. It will be updated as new information arises. Data prior to 1970 is not included.
The information is intended as a guide only. For any HCID, the risk will be greatest in countries that have reported laboratory-confirmed, locally acquired human cases, particularly recent cases. For countries where the only supporting evidence of an HCID is human serology data (which is often generated by studies of asymptomatic populations), the true risk may be lower and the data should be interpreted with caution.
HCID risk assessments should also consider other factors, including exposure histories, activities undertaken whilst travelling, and the areas visited within a country.
For any particular country, the absence of previously reported HCID cases does not mean that locally acquired HCIDs cannot occur in that country in the future if the necessary transmission factors are present (for example, known vectors or potential reservoirs).
Healthcare professionals wishing to discuss a possible HCID case should contact a local infection specialist (such as a consultant in infectious diseases, microbiology or virology) in the first instance.
Infection specialists should contact the Imported Fever Service about suspected HCID cases, as appropriate, and refer to the relevant UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) guidance (for which links are provided in the tables below).
Table key
a) Community transmission or transmission from a reservoir (for example, zoonotic).
b) Limited local transmission associated with an imported or laboratory acquired case (for example, an imported case with subsequent household transmission).
c) Imported or laboratory acquired case with no onward transmission.
d) Human serology (for example, from serological studies). To note: Whilst serological evidence may indicate previous exposure to a pathogen, the exposure may not necessarily have occurred in the reporting country. Specificity limitations of serologic assays must also be considered, especially in the context of presence of related viruses. Historic record of human serology of a pathogen in a country should therefore be interpreted with caution.
e) Unknown or limited information.
Countries A to D
| Country or territory | HCID pathogen or disease | Evidence | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 2007 | |
| Albania | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2001 |
| Algeria | MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2014 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (pneumonic) | 2008 | |
| Andorra | No known HCIDs | ||
| Angola | Marburg | (a) Community transmission | 2004 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 1981 | |
| Anguilla | No known HCIDs | ||
| Antigua and Barbuda | No known HCIDs | ||
| Argentina | Junin virus | (a) Community transmission | 2024 |
| Andes virus | (a) Community transmission | 2019 (with isolated cases in 2024) | |
| Armenia | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 1974 |
| Australia | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (c) Imported cases only | 2024 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Austria | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2016 | |
| Azerbaijan | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2006 |
| Bahrain | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2016 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Bangladesh | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2008 |
| Nipah virus | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| Plague | (e) Unknown (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 1994 | |
| Barbados | No known HCIDs | ||
| Belarus | No known HCIDs | ||
| Belgium | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| Junin virus | (c) Imported cases only | 2020 | |
| Belize | No known HCIDs | ||
| Benin | Ebola | (d) Human serology | 1983 |
| CCHF | (d) Human serology | 1983 | |
| Lassa fever | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| Bermuda | No known HCIDs | ||
| Bhutan | No known HCIDs | ||
| Bolivia | Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 2018 |
| Machupo virus | (a) Community transmission | 2013 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | No known HCIDs | ||
| Botswana | Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 1990 |
| Brazil | Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 2005 |
| British Virgin Islands | No known HCIDs | ||
| Brunei | No known HCIDs | ||
| Bulgaria | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2020 |
| Burkina Faso | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 1983 |
| Lassa fever | (a) Community transmission | 2017 | |
| Burundi | No known HCIDs | ||
| Cambodia | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2025 |
| Cameroon | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2008 |
| Ebola | (d) Human serology | 2012 | |
| Lassa fever | (d) Human serology | 2021 | |
| Canada | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (e) Unknown | 2024 |
| Avian influenza A(H7N9) | (c) Imported cases only | 2015 | |
| SARS | (a) Community transmission | 2003 | |
| Cape Verde | No known HCIDs | ||
| Canary Islands | No known HCIDs | ||
| Central African Republic | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 2012 |
| Ebola | (d) Human serology | 1995 | |
| Lassa fever | (d) Human serology | 1993 | |
| Chad | Ebola | (d) Human serology | 1987 |
| Chile | Andes virus | (a) Community transmission | 2024 |
| Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2023 | |
| China | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2024 |
| Avian influenza A(H7N9) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2019 | |
| Avian influenza A(H5N6) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2024 | |
| CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2015 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (pneumonic) | 2022 | |
| SARS | (a) Community transmission | 2004 | |
| SFTS | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| Colombia | No known HCIDs | ||
| Comoros | No known HCIDs | ||
| Congo | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 1976 |
| Ebola | (a) Community transmission | 2003 | |
| Lassa fever | (d) Human serology | - | |
| Congo (Democratic Republic) | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2008 |
| Ebola | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| Marburg | (a) Community transmission | 1998 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 2024 | |
| Costa Rica | No known HCIDs | ||
| Cote d’Ivoire | Ebola | (a) Community transmission | 1994 |
| Lassa fever | (d) Human serology | 2008 | |
| Croatia | No known HCIDs | ||
| Cuba | No known HCIDs | ||
| Cyprus | No known HCIDs | ||
| Czechia | No known HCIDs | ||
| Denmark | No known HCIDs | ||
| Djibouti | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2023 |
| Dominica | No known HCIDs | ||
| Dominican Republic | No known HCIDs |
Countries E to H
| Country or territory | HCID pathogen or disease | Evidence | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| East Timor | No known HCIDs | ||
| Ecuador | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2023 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (pneumonic) | 1998 | |
| Egypt | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2017 |
| CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2012 | |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2014 | |
| El Salvador | No known HCIDs | ||
| Equatorial Guinea | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 1985 |
| Ebola | (d) Human serology | 1987 | |
| Marburg | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| Eritrea | No known HCIDs | ||
| Estonia | No known HCIDs | ||
| Eswatini | No known HCIDs | ||
| Ethiopia | Ebola | (d) Human serology | 1983 |
| Falkland Islands | No known HCIDs | ||
| Faroe Islands | No known HCIDs | ||
| Fiji | No known HCIDs | ||
| Finland | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| France | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| Lassa fever | (c) Imported cases only | 2024 | |
| MERS | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2013 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| French Guiana | No known HCIDs | ||
| Gabon | Ebola | (a) Community transmission | 2001 |
| Georgia | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2023 |
| Germany | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| CCHF | (c) Imported cases only | 2009 | |
| Lassa fever | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2016 | |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2015 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Ghana | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 2011 |
| Lassa fever | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| Marburg | (a) Community transmission | 2022 | |
| Gibraltar | No known HCIDs | ||
| Greece | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2008 (with serology in 2012) |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2014 | |
| Greenland | No known HCIDs | ||
| Grenada | No known HCIDs | ||
| Guadeloupe | No known HCIDs | ||
| Guam | No known HCIDs | ||
| Guatemala | No known HCIDs | ||
| Guinea | Ebola | (a) Community transmission | 2021 |
| Marburg | (a) Community transmission | 2021 | |
| Lassa fever | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| Guinea-Bissau | No known HCIDs | ||
| Guyana | No known HCIDs | ||
| Haiti | No known HCIDs | ||
| Honduras | No known HCIDs | ||
| Hong Kong | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 1997 |
| Avian influenza A(H7N9) | (c) Imported cases only | 2019 | |
| SARS | (a) Community transmission | 2003 | |
| Hungary | No known HCIDs |
Countries I to L
| Country or territory | HCID pathogen or disease | Evidence | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iceland | No known HCIDs | ||
| India | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (e) Unknown | 2021 |
| CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| Nipah virus | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (pneumonic) | 2002 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Indonesia | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2017 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 2007 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Iran | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 |
| MERS | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2015 | |
| Iraq | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2006 |
| CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| Ireland | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Israel | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| Lassa fever | (c) Imported cases only | 1988 | |
| Italy | Avian influenza A(H7N7) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2013 |
| No other known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | |||
| Ebola | (c) Imported cases only | 2015 | |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2013 | |
| Jamaica | No known HCIDs | ||
| Japan | SFTS | (a) Community transmission | 2024 |
| Jordan | MERS | (a) Community transmission | 2023 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (pneumonic) | 1997 | |
| Kazakhstan | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 2003 | |
| Kenya | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2020 |
| Ebola | (d) Human serology | 1983 | |
| Marburg | (a) Community transmission | 1987 | |
| MERS | (a) Community transmission | 2019 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 1990 | |
| Kiribati | No known HCIDs | ||
| Kosovo | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2016 |
| Kuwait | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 1982 |
| MERS | (a) Community transmission | 2015 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Kyrgyzstan | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2021 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 2013 | |
| Laos | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2020 |
| Avian influenza A(H5N6) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2021 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 1996 | |
| Latvia | No known HCIDs | ||
| Lebanon | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2017 | |
| Lesotho | No known HCIDs | ||
| Liberia | Ebola | (a) Community transmission | 2014 |
| Lassa fever | (a) Community transmission | 2025 | |
| Libya | Plague | (a) Community transmission (pneumonic) | 2009 |
| Liechtenstein | No known HCIDs | ||
| Lithuania | No known HCIDs | ||
| Luxembourg | No known HCIDs |
Countries M to P
| Country or territory | HCID pathogen or disease | Evidence | Year | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Macau | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | |||
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | ||
| Madagascar | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 2008 | |
| Ebola | (d) Human serology | 1989 | ||
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (pneumonic and bubonic) | 2024 | ||
| Malawi | Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 2002 | |
| Malaysia | Avian influenza A(H7N9) | (c) Imported cases only | 2014 | |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2018 | ||
| Nipah virus | (a) Community transmission | 1999 | ||
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | ||
| Maldives | No known HCIDs | |||
| Mali | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2020 | |
| Ebola | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2014 | ||
| Lassa fever | (a) Community transmission | 2019 | ||
| Malta | No known HCIDs | |||
| Martinique | No known HCIDs | |||
| Mauritania | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| Mauritius | No known HCIDs | |||
| Mexico | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (e) Unknown | 2025 | |
| Moldova | No known HCIDs | |||
| Monaco | No known HCIDs | |||
| Mongolia | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 2018 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 2023 | ||
| SARS | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2003 | ||
| Montserrat | No known HCIDs | |||
| Montenegro | No known HCIDs | |||
| Morocco | Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 1977 | |
| Mozambique | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 2016 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 1997 | ||
| Myanmar (Burma) | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2007 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission | 2010 | ||
| SFTS | Community transmission | 2019 | ||
| Namibia | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 1999 | ||
| Nauru | No known HCIDs | |||
| Nepal | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2019 | |
| Netherlands | Avian influenza A(H7N7) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2003 | |
| No other known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||||
| Lassa fever | (c) Imported cases only | 2019 | ||
| Marburg | (c) Imported cases only | 2008 | ||
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2014 | ||
| New Caledonia | No known HCIDs | |||
| New Zealand | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | |||
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | ||
| Nicaragua | No known HCIDs | |||
| Niger | No known HCIDs | |||
| Nigeria | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2007 | |
| CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2014 (human serology 2019) | ||
| Ebola | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2014 | ||
| Lassa fever | (a) Community transmission | 2025 | ||
| North Korea | No known HCIDs | |||
| North Macedonia | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| Norway | No known HCIDs | |||
| Occupied Palestinian Territories | No known HCIDs | |||
| Oman | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2017 | |
| MERS | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | ||
| Pakistan | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2007 | |
| CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | ||
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 1994 | ||
| SFTS | (d) Human serology | 2020 | ||
| Panama | No known HCIDs | |||
| Papua New Guinea | No known HCIDs | |||
| Paraguay | No known HCIDs | |||
| Peru | Andes virus | (d) Human serology | 2012 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission | 2018 | ||
| Philippines | Nipah virus | (a) Community transmission | 2014 | |
| No other known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||||
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2015 | ||
| SARS | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2003 | ||
| Pitcairn, Henderson, Ducie and Oeno Islands | No known HCIDs | |||
| Poland | No known HCIDs | |||
| Portugal | CCHF | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2024 | |
| Puerto Rico | SARS | (e) Unknown | 2003 |
Countries Q to T
| Country or territory | HCID pathogen or disease | Evidence | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Qatar | MERS | (a) Community transmission | 2022 |
| Réunion | No known HCIDs | ||
| Romania | No known HCIDs | ||
| Russia | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 |
| Ebola | (c) Laboratory acquired cases | 2004 | |
| Marburg | (c) Laboratory acquired cases | 1990 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 2016 | |
| SARS | (e) Unknown | 2003 | |
| Rwanda | Marburg | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2024 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 1994 | |
| St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha | No known HCIDs | ||
| St Kitts and Nevis | No known HCIDs | ||
| St Lucia | No known HCIDs | ||
| St Pierre and Miquelon | No known HCIDs | ||
| St Vincent | No known HCIDs | ||
| Samoa | No known HCIDs | ||
| San Marino | No known HCIDs | ||
| Sao Tome and Principe | No known HCIDs | ||
| Saudi Arabia | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 1990 |
| MERS | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 1994 | |
| Senegal | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2025 |
| Ebola | (c) Imported cases only | 2014 | |
| Lassa fever | (e) Unknown | - | |
| Serbia | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| CCHF | (c) Imported cases only | 1999 | |
| Seychelles | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| Plague | (b) Limited local transmission (pneumonic) (associated with a case import) | 2017 | |
| Sierra Leone | Ebola | (a) Community transmission | 2014 |
| Lassa fever | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| Singapore | Nipah virus | (a) Community transmission | 1999 |
| SARS | (a) Community transmission | 2003 | |
| Slovakia | No known HCIDs | ||
| Slovenia | No known HCIDs | ||
| Solomon Islands | No known HCIDs | ||
| Somalia | No known HCIDs | ||
| South Africa | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2019 |
| Ebola | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 1996 | |
| Lassa fever | (c) Imported cases only | 2002 | |
| Lujo virus | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2008 | |
| Marburg | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 1975 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 1982 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands | No known HCIDs | ||
| South Korea | MERS | (a) Community transmission | 2018 |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| SFTS | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| South Sudan | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2013 |
| Ebola | (a) Community transmission | 2004 | |
| Spain | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2022 |
| CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| Ebola | (c) Imported cases only | 2014 | |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2013 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Sri Lanka | No known HCIDs | ||
| Sudan | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2020 |
| Suriname | No known HCIDs | ||
| Sweden | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| Lassa fever | (c) Imported cases only | 2016 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Switzerland | No known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | ||
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Syria | No known HCIDs | ||
| Taiwan | Avian influenza A(H7N9) | (c) Imported cases only | 2019 |
| SARS | (a) Community transmission | 2003 | |
| SFTS | (a) Community transmission | 2022 | |
| Tajikistan | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2009 |
| Tanzania | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 1986 (human serology in 2016) |
| Marburg | (a) Community transmission | 2025 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 2007 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| Thailand | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2006 |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2016 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| SFTS | (a) Community transmission | 2020 | |
| The Bahamas | No known HCIDs | ||
| The Gambia | No known HCIDs | ||
| Togo | Lassa fever | (a) Community transmission | 2022 |
| Tonga | No known HCIDs | ||
| Trinidad and Tobago | No known HCIDs | ||
| Tunisia | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 2016 |
| MERS | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2013 | |
| Turkey | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2006 |
| CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 | |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2014 | |
| Turkmenistan | Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 2004 |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | No known HCIDs | ||
| Tuvalu | No known HCIDs |
Countries U to Z
| Country or territory | HCID pathogen or disease | Evidence | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Uganda | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2024 |
| Ebola | (b) Limited local transmission | 2025 | |
| Lassa fever | (d) Human serology | 1984 | |
| Marburg | (a) Community transmission | 2017 | |
| Plague | (b) Limited local transmission (pneumonic) (associated with a case import) | 2019 | |
| Ukraine | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 2020 |
| United Arab Emirates | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2010 |
| MERS | (a) Community transmission | 2023 | |
| United Kingdom | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2025 |
| Avian influenza A(H7N7) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 1996 | |
| No other known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | |||
| CCHF | (c) Imported cases only | 2014 | |
| Ebola | (c) Imported cases only | 2015 | |
| Lassa fever | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2022 | |
| MERS | (c) Imported cases only | 2018 | |
| SARS | (c) Imported cases only | 2003 | |
| United States | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2024 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 2024 | |
| No other known HCIDs; travel associated cases as below | |||
| Ebola | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2014 | |
| Lassa fever | (c) Imported cases only | 2024 | |
| Marburg | (c) Imported cases only | 2008 | |
| MERS | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2014 | |
| SARS | (b) Limited local transmission (associated with a case import) | 2003 | |
| Uruguay | No known HCIDs | ||
| Uzbekistan | CCHF | (a) Community transmission | 2017 |
| Vanuatu | No known HCIDs | ||
| Vatican City | No known HCIDs | ||
| Venezuela | No known HCIDs | ||
| Vietnam | Avian influenza A(H5N1) | (a) Community or zoonotic transmission | 2024 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 2002 | |
| SARS | (a) Community transmission | 2003 | |
| SFTS | (a) Community transmission | 2017 | |
| Wallis and Futuna Islands | No known HCIDs | ||
| Yemen | MERS | (a) Community transmission | 2014 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (pneumonic) | 2020 | |
| Zambia | Lujo virus | (a) Community transmission | 2008 |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (bubonic) | 2015 | |
| Zimbabwe | CCHF | (d) Human serology | 1980 |
| Ebola | (d) Human serology | 1980 | |
| Marburg | (d) Human serology | 1980 | |
| Plague | (a) Community transmission (not reported whether bubonic or pneumonic) | 2012 |
Updates to this page
Published 30 January 2019
Last updated 15 May 2025
show all updates
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Updated for Cameroon and Mexico.
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Mpox (clade I) has been removed due to derogation as a HCID. Ebola (Sudan virus) in Uganda has been updated for the current 2025 outbreak.
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Updated the year to 2025 for several infections across several countries. Updated Mpox clade I transmission in Kenya, Rwanda and Zambia to community transmission. Added Ireland, South Sudan and United Arab Emirates to Mpox clade I imported cases.
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Updated Uganda ebola status.
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Updated mpox information.
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Mpox (Clade I) has been amended for Cameroon from 2024 to 2022 to align with the last confirmed reports of clade I mpox.
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Belgium, China, France, Oman and Pakistan updated to reflect detection of Mpox (clade I) over December 2024 and January 2025.
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Updated information for Canada, Germany, Philippines, Rwanda and Zambia.
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Updated HCID risks for November 2024.
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Addition of section on where to find the most up to date information on the clade I mpox affected countries.
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We have updated the Rwanda entry of the ## Countries Q to T section. The update now includes "Marburg -- limited information -- 2024". Change is to provide an updated list following the ongoing Marburg virus disease incident in Rwanda
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Updated countries as per the latest monthly summary of HCIDs. Table key updated to (e) Unknown or limited information. Mpox Clade I countries updated: Burundi, Central African Republic, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda India: Nipah (year) updated Sierra Leone: Lassa fever (year) updated
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All HCIDs in countries listed have been reviewed to ensure they reflect the latest information available
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Updated list of HCIDs.
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Updated list of HCIDs.
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Updated list of HCIDs.
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Removed COVID-19 from the listing.
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Added Wuhan novel coronavirus to China, and SFTS to Taiwan.
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Added Ebola to Tanzania listing.
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Added avian influenza H5N1 to Nepal.
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Sources of evidence for each country reviewed and updated.
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First published.