National statistics

MOD Departmental resources: 2022

Published 1 December 2022

The Finance and Economics Statistical Bulletin series provides figures on the composition and scope of the Department’s expenditure, information on the impact of defence spending on the wider economy, and compares MOD spending to that of other departments and countries.

Departmental Resources sets out Defence spending over time and by type of expenditure, comparing it to other areas of government. This bulletin presents expenditure on equipment, Research and Development (R&D), MOD’s commitment to conflict prevention, value of our non-current assets, external income earned by MOD and expenditure on consultancy. The statistics are consistent with the MOD Annual Report and Accounts, and are produced as part of the transparency and accountability of the MOD to Parliament and the public.

1. Key Points and Trends

£45.9 billion	Defence spending (Resource DEL plus Capital DEL minus Depreciation) in 2021/22.
	This is an increase of £3.6 billion from the previous year, which when adjusted for inflation is an 8.9% increase.
5th	Largest area of government expenditure (Resource DEL plus Capital DEL plus AME).
	The fifth highest spending area of UK government during 2021/22, up from sixth position in 2020/21.
£13.4 billion	Service and civilian personnel costs in 2021/22.
	This is nominally unchanged from the previous year and represents 29% of defence expenditure, down from 32% in 2020/21.
£20.9 billion	Estimated MOD equipment expenditure in 2021/22.
	This is a nominal increase of £2.1 billion from the previous year, which when adjusted for inflation is a 12% increase.
£1.8 billion	MOD net expenditure on Research and Development in 2021/22.
	This is an increase of nearly £0.8 billion on the previous year.
£502 million	Cost of operations and peacekeeping in 2021/22.
	This is a decrease of £89 million from the previous year.

Responsible Statistician: Analysis-Expenditure Head of Branch

Telephone: 030 015 86554

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Background Quality Report: Background Quality Report

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2. Introduction

This bulletin provides statistics on the composition and scope of the Department’s expenditure. It is produced as part of the transparency and accountability of the Ministry of Defence to Parliament and the public. Detailed statistics and historic time series can be found in the related data tables.

2.1 Context

The information in this bulletin has a wide range of users including the media, politicians, academic researchers and the general public who use the information to:

• set the context for other information on Defence.
• assist in understanding the impact of changes in Defence policy.
• look at trends in Defence expenditure not reported in the MOD Annual Report and Accounts.

2.2 A National Statistics publication

The United Kingdom Statistics Authority has designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 and signifying compliance with the Code of Practice for Official Statistics.

The continued designation of these statistics as National Statistics was confirmed in December 2017 following a compliance check by the Office for Statistics Regulation. The statistics last underwent a full assessment against the Code of Practice in 2012 when it was part of the UK Defence Statistics Compendium publication.

Designation can be broadly interpreted to mean that the statistics:

• meet identified user needs.
• are well explained and readily accessible.
• are produced according to sound methods.
• are managed impartially and objectively in the public interest.

Once statistics have been designated as National Statistics it is a statutory requirement that the Code of Practice shall continue to be observed.

3. Defence Expenditure Outturn – Defence Spending

Defence Expenditure Limits (DELs) are expenditure which is subject to limits set in Spending Reviews, and which it is assumed government departments can control. Separate DELs are set for each Government Department’s Resource and Capital spending each year.

DELs are made up of Resource DEL (RDEL), money that is spent on day to day resources and administration costs, and Capital DEL (CDEL), money that is spent on investment and things that will create growth in the future. Departmental spending which is not part of DEL is included in the departmental Annually Managed Expenditure (AME), which is typically demand-led items such as social security benefits, certain pension allowances and tax credits for individuals. Both resource and capital budgets are divided into DEL and departmental AME.

Figure 1: Breakdown of Management of Defence Finances

Defence Spending is presented as the sum of resource and capital expenditure, minus depreciation and impairments and fixed assets written on/off. This definition is consistent with HM Treasury guidance (section 1.111-113), reflecting the resources required plus the net investment, but avoids double counting the writing down of the existing capital stock and cash outlay on new assets.

Defence spending calculations are set out below and in 2021/22 totalled £45.9 billion, which is an increase of £3.6 billion when compared to 2020/21.

Figure 2: Defence Spending 2021/22^{[footnote 1]}

Source: MOD Annual Report and Accounts 2021 to 2022

4. Defence Expenditure Outturn Over Time

This section outlines changes in Defence expenditure over time. The chart below presents the MOD cash figures from 1981/82 until 2000/01 and then, from 2001/02 onwards, the Net Cash Requirement (NCR). The NCR is the actual money that MOD requests from the government in order to fund its activities and takes account of movements in working capital levels (for example, debtors, creditors and stock) whilst excluding all non-cash costs (such as depreciation). The NCR is the closest comparable figure to the cash totals previously estimated, enabling presentation of a longer time series, but is not directly comparable to the defence spending estimate presented in the previous section. Estimates are presented in both current prices and at constant 2021/22 prices.

Defence spending, when using NCR, was £43.9 billion in 2021/22. This is a nominal increase of £2.0 billion on the year before, or 5% when adjusted for inflation.

There were real term increases up to the mid-1980s to reflect NATO’s commitments in the Cold War. This was followed by a fall due to the ‘Peace Dividend’, with the Gulf War in 1991 causing a temporary rise.

More recently, between 2000 and 2010, defence expenditure increased quite sharply due to the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. This resulted in a peak NCR figure, when adjusted for inflation, of £47.0 billion in 2009/10. Real term defence expenditure then decreased year-on-year up until 2015/16.

Between 2017/18 and 2019/20, small annual increases have been made to Defence expenditure in both real and actual terms when using NCR. This rise in spending continued into 2021/22 in nominal terms but figures have fluctuated more when expenditure is adjusted for inflation. This is partly due to inflation being particularly high in 2020/21 followed by a deflation rate of 0.5% in 2021/22, when using the GDP deflator.

Figure 3: UK Defence Expenditure 1981/82 to 2021/22^{[footnote 2][footnote 3][footnote 4][footnote 5]}

Source: MOD Annual Report and Accounts and HM Treasury GDP Deflators (30 September 2022)

5. Public Expenditure by Departmental Grouping

This section examines expenditure on defence within the wider public expenditure framework. It presents total expenditure, comprised of RDEL, CDEL, and AME by Departmental Grouping.

Defence expenditure as presented in the HM Treasury Public Spending Statistical Analyses cannot be directly compared to the Defence spending estimates presented in the previous section as they use different definitions. The difference can be attributed in part to HMT’s inclusion of depreciation, impairments and fixed assets written on/off and the Armed Forces Pension Scheme (AFPS).

Under HMT accounting, Defence spending in 2021/22 was £71.4 billion, making it the fifth highest spending area of UK government in 2021/22 and accounting for 5.9% of total government spending.

Figure 4: Public Expenditure by Departmental Grouping 2021/22^{[footnote 6]}

Source: HM Treasury Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses 2022

6. Public Expenditure for Top Six Departmental Groups

This section compares the top six spending areas of UK government in 2021/22 by the component parts of their expenditure; RDEL, CDEL, and AME.

Defence has moved up the rankings of largest spending government departments from sixth place in 2020/21 to fifth in 2021/22, recently overtaking the total spend of HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). Only Health and Social Care, Work and Pensions, Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS), and Education are placed above.

Defence expenditure increased by 18% on 2020/21 spending levels to £71.4 billion. This ranked Defence above that of HMRC, where spending decreased substantially by 52% to £58.5 billion. Spending in HMRC was significantly higher in 2020/21 due to the support provided during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic through the Coronavirus Job Retention and Self-Employment Income Support Schemes. Continuing last year’s rise in department spending, a significant increase was once again seen in BEIS expenditure, climbing from £54.6 billion^r in 2020/21 to £139.9 billion in 2021/22. Rather than the apparent one-off increase in HMRC expenditure seen in 2020/21, however, spending with BEIS is much more variable year-to-year.

96% of Work and Pensions expenditure is AME which includes social security benefits, certain pension allowances, and tax credits for individuals. As can be seen in Figure 5, both BEIS and HMRC also have a high proportion of AME spend, with 80% and 89% of their respective expenditure categorised in this area.

In the case of Health and Social Care and Education, 67% and 60% of their respective expenditure is Resource DEL. This is expenditure associated with running costs such as staffing, infrastructure, and inventory consumption.

Resource DEL also accounts for the majority of Defence expenditure at 56%. In terms of percentage, Defence also has one of the largest proportions of Capital DEL expenditure across government, behind DLUHC - Housing and Communities (a part of the wider DLUHC), Transport, Single Intelligence Account, and Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. This is despite Capital DEL only accounting for 20% of MOD’s expenditure in 2021/22.

Figure 5: Public Expenditure for Top Six Departmental Groups in 2021/22

Source: HM Treasury Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses 2022

7. Defence Expenditure by Commodity Block

This section presents a breakdown of Defence Spending by Commodity Block. The main MOD expenditure categories are presented as Commodity Blocks to provide a more meaningful description of the Department’s expenditure.

The overall rise in Defence expenditure in 2021/22 was driven through increased Capital DEL spending, which rose from £11.7 billion in 2020/21 to £14.2 billion. Spending on capital breakdowns of Specialist Military Equipment, Other Capital (Fiscal), and Research and Development Costs all increased by over £780 million.

In 2021/22, 29.3% of MOD expenditure was on personnel costs. Although spending on Civilian Personnel increased by 3.0% (£66 million) on the year before, expenditure on Service Personnel, which starts at a much higher baseline, decreased by 0.8% (£85 million). This, along with substantial increases in expenditure in other Commodity Blocks, has caused the overall percentage of MOD spending that falls under personnel costs to decrease from the 31.8% share reported in 2020/21.

There was significant expenditure on MOD capital projects covering procurement of Specialist Military Equipment, meaning equipment which can only be used for military purposes. Spending against this Commodity Block increased by 10.2% when compared to the previous year, and its share of total defence expenditure now represents 18.4% compared to 18.1% in 2020/21.

Expenditure on Equipment Support increased by 3.7% on last year and remains the third largest Commodity Block for defence expenditure. The share of spending attributable to this category has decreased marginally from 17.7% in 2019/20 to 16.9%.

Property and Other Equipment has seen the largest nominal increase in expenditure. Spending against this commodity block increased by £919 million compared to the previous year, which equates to a one-third spending increase.

Only the Commodity Blocks of DE&S BTE and Service Personnel recorded decreases in their overall spending compared to 2020/21, both down 1%.

Figure 6: Defence Expenditure by Commodity Block in 2021/22^{[footnote 7][footnote 8]}

Source: MOD Annual Report and Accounts 2021 to 2022

8. Estimated MOD Equipment Expenditure

This section presents estimates of MOD equipment expenditure broken down by the main categories of expenditure. Aggregate MOD equipment expenditure here has been used to indicate expenditure on acquisition, maintenance repair and update of items such as plant, machinery, vehicles and fighting equipment plus associated R&D, and expenditure on administrative computers. It is therefore a wider definition to that used by the MOD Equipment and Equipment Support Plans and covers both military and non-military equipment (including dual-use equipment) used by MOD service and civilian personnel.

In 2021/22, estimated MOD expenditure on equipment was £20.9 billion. This is a nominal increase of £2.1 billion on the previous year, principally driven by an increase in Capital Expenditure on Equipment of £1.3 billion.

Figure 7: Estimated MOD Equipment Expenditure 2003/04 to 2021/22^{[footnote 2][footnote 9][footnote 10]}

Source: MOD Annual Report and Accounts and HM Treasury GDP Deflators (30 September 2022)

9. MOD Research and Development Expenditure

This section details MOD annual expenditure on R&D activity. Expenditure is broken down into intramural (R&D activity undertaken within the Department) and extramural (R&D activity undertaken outside the Department). Statistics on R&D expenditure provide an important guide to the levels of investment in the economy, provide a key indicator of future growth and competitiveness, and allow for international comparisons to be undertaken. Details of how Defence expenditure contributes to wider government expenditure on R&D is published by the Office for National Statistics (ONS).

The data included in this section are derived from an annual survey of MOD R&D expenditure conducted by MOD and using information from MOD accounting systems. The survey seeks to classify R&D activity within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s (OECD) Frascati Guidelines (i.e. R&D considered to be new, novel or innovative), which align to National Accounts definitions. Definitions of what constitute Research or Development under these guidelines can be found in the Background Quality Report.

In 2019/20 the MOD R&D survey underwent a methodology review. As a result of the review, MOD R&D expenditure figures for 2018/19 should be considered the end of the previous time series and data from 2019/20 and onwards considered a new time series, with the two datasets being strictly not comparable. This is highlighted in Figure 8 by the discontinuity of the two constant price trend lines.

In 2021/22, MOD net expenditure on R&D activity, identified as meeting the Frascati definition, totalled £1.8 billion. This is a nominal increase of £769 million on the previous year.

The R&D spending increase in 2021/22 followed from commitments made on R&D expenditure in the Spending Review. There was also a shift in the breakdown of R&D expenditure between intramural and extramural, with £131 million of R&D expenditure with AWE PLC now being classified as intramural following AWE PLC becoming an Executive Non-Departmental Public Body during 2021/22.

Figure 8: MOD Research and Development Expenditure 2003/04 to 2021/22^{[footnote 2][footnote 11][footnote 12]}

Source: Analysis Directorate (Analysis-Expenditure Team) and HM Treasury GDP Deflators (31 March 2020 and 30 September 2022)

10. MOD Operations and Peacekeeping Costs

This section presents a breakdown of the total costs in recent years for MOD operations against Daesh, in Afghanistan, in the Wider Gulf and in other areas such as Libya, Mali and the Balkans. Expenditure from the Conflict Stability and Security Fund (CSSF) and Deployed Military Activity Pool (DMAP) are included in the figures. The CSSF is the Government’s mechanism for funding conflict prevention, stabilisation, security and peacekeeping activities, under the strategic direction of the National Security Council. DMAP is a joint HMT and MOD initiative to make resources available to fund the initial and short-term costs of any unforeseen military activities, as authorised by the National Security Council.

These costs cover the net additional costs (both direct and indirect) incurred by the Department as a result of major military operations: that is, those costs over and above those that the Department would have incurred had the operation not been undertaken. For example, expenditure on pay, or savings from cancelled training exercises, are deducted from the total cost of the operation.

In 2021/22, a total of £502 million was spent on operations, a decrease of £89 million^r from 2020/21^{[footnote 13]}.

Between 2004/05 and 2021/22, expenditure on operations peaked at a high of £4.2 billion in 2009/10. This was due to operations in Afghanistan, which accounted for £3.8 billion (91%) of the total expenditure. In the period between 2015/16 and 2021/22 it was Counter Daesh operations that had the single largest contribution to MOD’s operations, although overall costs were substantially lower than earlier years.

Figure 9: Annual Audited Cost of Operations 2004/05 to 2021/22^{[footnote 13][footnote 14]}

Source: MOD Annual Report and Accounts and Defence Resources Team

11. MOD Non-Current Assets

This section presents a detailed breakdown of the net book value of MOD’s non-current assets by category. Non-current assets (formerly known as “fixed assets”) are assets, tangible or intangible, acquired for continued and long-term use by the MOD. They include assets such as land, buildings and equipment.

The MOD is one of the largest owners of non-current assets in the United Kingdom. The stewardship and efficient management of the Department’s assets are the responsibility of Top Level Budget (TLB) Holders. MOD non-current assets are formally revalued on a five-yearly basis but are uplifted annually using indexation.

This valuation method complies with financial reporting standards with values being on an existing use basis rather than market value at disposal. Overseas estates for which the Crown holds no legal title, but which are used for garrison and training purposes by British Forces, are included in the MOD non-current assets register. UK bases occupied by visiting forces are also included.

As at 31 March 2022, the value of MOD non-current assets stood at £161 billion, which is an increase of £9.7 billion compared to the figure of the previous year.

The largest value non-current assets were Single Use Military Equipment at £44.0 billion followed by Land and Buildings worth £40.8 billion. The smallest values were Financial Assets at £76 million and Retirement Benefit Scheme Assets at £9 million.

Figure 10: MOD Non-Current Assets at 31 March 2022

Source: MOD Annual Report and Accounts 2021 to 2022

12. External Income Earned by MOD

This section provides a breakdown of the revenue earned by MOD shown by income source. Where the Department has spare capacity, it provides a range of services to external organisations. The majority of these services are in the form of military support to foreign governments and other government departments. Where appropriate, costs are recovered in accordance with Managing Public Money guidance set out by HMT. On a smaller scale, the Department provides services to support charities, local community initiatives, as well as commercial companies, where there is a defence interest.

In 2021/22 MOD earned £1.7 billion from external sources. This is a nominal increase of £131 million compared to 2020/21.

Figure 11: MOD Total Income Earned 2005/06 to 2021/22^{[footnote 2]}

Source: MOD Annual Report and Accounts and HM Treasury GDP Deflators (30 September 2022)

20% of MOD external income in 2021/22 came from receipts through NATO, UN, US Forces and foreign governments. This is the second year running that this has been the largest income category although it is a considerably smaller share than the 31% received in 2020/21.

Outside of the category of receipts from NATO, UN, US Forces and foreign governments (which decreased by £152 million), the largest change in MOD income in 2021/22 was in proceeds from the sale of property, plant, equipment, and intangible assets which increased by £150 million on the previous year.

Figure 12: MOD Income Earned in 2021/22 (inc. non-recoverable VAT)^{[footnote 15]}

Source: MOD Annual Report and Accounts 2021 to 2022

13. MOD Expenditure on Consultancy

Consultancy is the term used by the MOD to cover a range of contracted support. It extends beyond traditional management consultancy to include other specialised services such as legal, accountancy, IT and estates specialist advice, and civilian/military training, where the service is provided by non-MOD personnel.

In 2021/22 MOD spent £245 million on consultancy, an increase of £135 million compared to 2020/21. This rise is mainly a result of the addition of AWE PLC as an Executive Non-Departmental Public Body of MOD following its restructuring in July 2021.

There are standard Cabinet Office categories for reporting consultancy, and in 2021/22 MOD expenditure was highest on Technical Services at £108 million. This is considerably greater than the £23 million recorded against this category the year before, principally due to the inclusion of AWE PLC in the accounts. Last year’s highest spending category of Programme and Project Management is now the third highest category in 2021/22 at £37 million after Organisation and Change Management increased from £6 million in 2020/21 to £46 million.

Over the past few years, to help achieve the level of transformation necessary, MOD has needed, for the short term, to bring in specialist skills from outside the Department which cannot be found among the permanent workforce of the Department or elsewhere within Central Government.

Increased spending levels on consultancy in 2013/14 and 2014/15 mainly reflected the implementation of the Levene Reforms.

A review of consultancy expenditure in 2019/20 brought MOD figures in line with Cabinet Office definitions. Analysis was backdated to assess figures from 2018/19 which resulted in additional expenditure being categorised as consultancy compared to that of earlier years. In terms of the scale of changes, overall consultancy spend for 2018/19 went from £65 million to £117 million.

It should be noted that the consultancy numbers reported in Departmental Resources for 2021/22 are £40 million higher than those published in MOD Annual Report and Accounts following a post consultancy review adjustment actioned by Strategic Command TLB.

Figure 13: MOD Expenditure on Consultancy 2009/10 to 2021/22^{[footnote 16][footnote 17][footnote 18]}

Source: MOD Annual Report and Accounts and Defence Resources Team

14. Methodology

This short section on methodology sets out processes and methods used in the compilation of some of the tables and charts presented in this bulletin. More detailed explanations of the data sources and methodologies used can be found in the related data tables and in the Background Quality Report.

14.1 Resource Accounting and Budgeting

Although most of the terminology used in this bulletin appears in the glossary, it is thought that a summary of the terminology used in relation to MOD expenditure would be useful:

What is the DEL?

Departmental Expenditure Limits (DEL): These are fiscal limits, set during the Government Spending Review process, for discretionary spending within the Department – effectively the majority of MOD’s budget. They are made up of Resource DEL and Capital DEL and are both planned, budgeted and accounted for on an accruals basis in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).

Resource DEL (RDEL): This is split into two categories:

• Cash Resource DEL: Current expenditure and receipts. These include personnel, equipment support, inventory, infrastructure and other cash costs. These items have an effect on the Net Cash Requirement of the Department.
• Non Cash Resource DEL: Depreciation and impairment of property, plant, equipment and intangibles. The budgets for these are referred to as ringfenced by HMT.

Capital DEL (CDEL): Non-current expenditure and receipts, both intangible and tangible. There are two broad subcategories:

• Fiscal CDEL: Expenditure on equipment that may have other civilian uses, for example a building or IT equipment.
• SUME: Expenditure on equipment which only has a military role, for example a warship. Dual Use Military Equipment is included in Fiscal CDEL.

With the adoption of the ESA 10 Framework, in September 2014, SUME has now become Capital both for MOD accounts purposes and National Accounts produced by the ONS. Previously, under ESA 95, it had been Capital for the purposes of MOD budgets and accounts and was reported as current expenditure in the National Accounts.

Total DEL: Total DEL is calculated by adding RDEL and CDEL less Depreciation and Impairments. This is almost the same as the MOD term ‘Near Cash’. See glossary for full definitions.

What is presented in this bulletin is only the MOD element of Defence in the HMT framework, and does not include the significant Armed Forces Pension and Compensation Scheme (AFPCS) costs. Nor is it based on wider definitions of Defence used across Central Government in other frameworks such as the Spend on Services or Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG) which are presented in the HMT Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses (PESA) document. These frameworks have strong and objective governance by organisations such as HMT, ONS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and UN, not directed by MOD.

There are also several other international statistical frameworks of Defence spending outside the formal HMT Budgetary Framework and National Accounts. In view of the differences between this and national definitions, the figures shown may appear to diverge considerably from those which are quoted by national authorities or given in national budgets at both total or commodity breakout level. Furthermore, the reporting cycle may have timelines different to the UK budgetary and financial cycle so there may be considerable timing differences.

IMPORTANT NOTE: Please refer to the Resource Accounting and Budgeting section of UK Defence Statistics 2012 to view information relating to the introduction of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), the implementation of the Clear Line of Sight (CLoS) alignment project, and accounting changes in 2011/12 which have led to presentational changes to the reporting of MOD accounts.

There have been no significant changes to the way the 2021/22 accounts have been produced.

14.2 Research and Development (R&D)

The Analysis-Expenditure Team runs an annual survey of MOD expenditure on R&D to identify R&D expenditure that meet the international definition of R&D called Frascati. The survey response is sent to the ONS who use the data to produce cross government statistics on R&D, and the UK estimates are used in international comparisons of R&D expenditure. See the ONS R&D webpage for details of the publications this data supports.

In short, Frascati seeks to identify expenditure on R&D that is new, novel or innovative and this definition aligns with the definition used to identify Capital R&D in the MOD Annual Report and Accounts. The survey seeks to identify the new, novel or innovative work from the total R&D expenditure reported in the Annual Report and Accounts, as well as provide additional details in order to support ONS reporting requirements.

14.3 MOD Equipment Expenditure

Estimates of MOD equipment expenditure have been calculated to indicate expenditure on acquisition, maintenance, repair and update of items such as plant, machinery, vehicles and fighting equipment plus associated R&D (using the wider definition of R&D used in the MOD Annual Report and Accounts) and administrative computers. This is a wider definition than used in the MOD Equipment and Equipment Support Plans.

The overall equipment expenditure total is made up of three figures. The first two (equipment support and R&D) are numbers reported in the MOD Annual Report and Accounts while some aggregating of data is used to compile the capital expenditure on equipment. This number is taken from the following categories of in-year expenditure reported in the MOD Annual Report and Accounts which are all pan-MOD totals: Assets Under Construction (AUC) Single Use Military Equipment (SUME), plant and machinery, SUME Fighting Equipment, transport, IT and communications. In addition, the equipment element of AUC – Other is also incorporated into the total after identified expenditure on non-equipment elements such as dwellings and infrastructure have been removed.

Since 2018/19, it has not been possible to identify DE&S expenditure by category within AUC - Other and consequently the calculation now includes an element of spend on non-equipment items, which has resulted in a break in series.

15. Glossary

Arm’s Length Bodies Executive Agencies and Non-Departmental Public Bodies details of which are published annually in the MOD accounting officer system statement.

Assets can be financial or non-financial. Financial assets include monetary gold, bank deposits, IMF special drawing rights, loans granted bonds, shares, accounts receivable, and the value of the government’s stake in public corporations. Non-financial assets consist of fixed capital (such as buildings and vehicles), stock, land and valuables.

Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG) classifies government expenditure data from the System of National Accounts by the purpose for which the funds are used.

Clear Line of Sight, the method for reporting and controlling defence spending changed in 2010/11 (for Budgets) and in 2011/12 (for Estimates and Accounts (Outturns)) following Treasury plans to simplify the control framework. The Clear Line of Sight (CLoS) Alignment Project aims to ensure consistency in presentation as well as promoting better value for money. See Resource Accounting & Budgeting Section in Chapter 1 of UK Defence Statistics 2012 for further information.

Commodity Blocks, under Clear Line of Sight the main MOD expenditure categories are now presented in Commodity Blocks. These provide a more meaningful description of the Department’s planned and actual spend, and include categories such as personnel costs, equipment support costs and infrastructure costs.

Conflict Stability and Security Fund (CSSF) is the government’s mechanism for funding conflict prevention, stabilisation, security and peacekeeping activities, under the strategic direction of the National Security Council. Prior to 2015/16, the CSSF was known as the Conflict Pool.

Constant Prices indicate a value from which the effects of inflation have been removed. They will refer to a year as the basis for the calculation, for example, “constant 2021/22 prices”.

Core Department entities within MOD Departmental Boundary but excluding the Trading Fund UKHO.

Defence Budget under Cash Accounting, the amount of money planned to be spent during a financial year is the defence budget. Under Resource Accounting and Budgeting (RAB), the sum of resources planned to be consumed during a financial year is the defence budget. This excludes the additional expenditure on current operations that are funded from year to year by HM Treasury. See Resource Budgeting.

Defence Equipment and Support Bespoke Trading Entity (DE&S BTE) became an arm’s-length body of the MOD on 1 April 2014. DE&S BTE has a distinct operating cost cap as a financial control and reporting mechanism. This is to reflect its Arm’s Length management from the MOD Head Office and exclusion from the MOD’s Administration targets. The DE&S BTE is an Executive Agency in terms of classification by the ONS but will still be part of the MOD Vote and will publish separate plans and annual accounts at the end of each financial year.

Departmental Annually Managed Expenditure (AME) is spending that is outside the DEL but included in departmental budgets. This includes the provision for Armed Forces Pensions and non-cash items such as depreciation and cost of capital charges.

Departmental Expenditure Limit (DEL) is a firm plan for three years for a specific part of a department’s expenditure. In general, the DEL will cover all running costs and all programme expenditure except, in certain cases, where spending is included in departmental AME because it cannot reasonably be subject to close control over a three-year period. DELs are divided into current resource and capital budgets.

Departmental Grouping from 2011/12 the MOD accounting boundary now includes not just the Core Department but also the Departments’ Arm’s Length Bodies. See Arm’s Length Bodies.

Deployed Military Activity Pool (DMAP) is a joint HM Treasury and MOD initiative to make available resources to fund the initial and short-term costs of any unforeseen military activities, as authorised by the National Security Council.

Depreciation is also termed capital consumption. Total Managed Expenditure (TME) includes public sector expenditure gross of the depreciation of capital assets used to produce non-market services. Public sector net investment deducts an aggregate charge for all depreciation (market and non-market) from gross capital spending.

Donated Asset the notional cost of a donated asset is now treated as income and not a credit to the reserves. This better reflects the receipt of an asset that is essentially free to the Department.

Frascati Manual is an internationally recognised methodology for collecting and using R&D statistics. It includes definitions of basic concepts, guidelines for collecting data and the classifications to be used in compiling statistics, which in turn allows for international comparisons to be made. See also SSAP 13.

Gross Domestic Product Deflator is an implicit price deflator for the Gross Domestic Product and is derived by dividing the estimate of GDP at current prices by the estimate of GDP at constant prices. The GDP deflator is commonly used as a measure of inflation in the economy for the country to which it refers.

Intangible Assets most if not all of MOD’s intangible assets are development costs. Under Statement of Standard Accounting Practice 13 (SSAP 13), pure research costs, and applied research costs which are not immediately linkable to a product cannot be put in the Balance Sheet as assets. Only development costs which lead to the introduction into service of new products or systems can be put on the Balance Sheet. SSAP 13 defines “development” as “use of scientific or technical knowledge in order to produce new or substantially improved materials, devices, products or services, to install new processes or systems prior to the commencement of commercial production or commercial applications, or to improve substantially those already produced or installed.” See also Tangible Assets.

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are a set of international accounting standards stating how particular types of transactions and other events should be reported in financial statements. See Resource Accounting & Budgeting Section in Chapter 1 of UK Defence Statistics 2012 for further information.

Ministry of Defence (MOD) is the United Kingdom government department responsible for implementation of government defence policy. It is the headquarters of the British Armed Forces. The principal objective of the MOD is to defend the United Kingdom and its interests. The MOD manages day to day running of the armed forces, contingency planning and defence procurement.

MOD Annual Report and Accounts the Department is required to prepare resource accounts for each financial year detailing the resources acquired, held, or disposed of, during the year, and the way it has used them during the year.

Near Cash describes departmental resource budgets less non-cash charges. The main non-cash charges currently included in budgets are depreciation and impairments, cost of capital, stock write-off, national audit fees, bad debts, profit and loss on disposal of fixed assets, and movement in provisions. The term near cash is used rather than cash because it remains on an accruals basis and does not reflect the timing of actual cash payments.

Net Cash Requirement (NCR) is the amount of actual money that MOD requires from the government in order to fund its activities. It takes account of the movements in working capital levels (debtors, creditors and stocks) but not non-cash costs.

Non-Cash Items in Annually Managed Expenditure (AME) include various notional transactions such as depreciation and cost of capital, that appear in the operating cost statement under RAB, and are recorded in AME for the period of the Spending Review, rather than in DEL.

Non-Current Assets, previously called Fixed Assets, is the term used to describe the assets owned by MOD, with the assets being valued on an annual basis and updated each year using indexation.

Office for National Statistics (ONS) is responsible for the production of a wide range of independent economic and social statistics. The statistics are there to improve understanding of the United Kingdom’s economy and society, and for planning the proper allocation of resources, policy-making and decision-making. It is the executive office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department which reports directly to Parliament. ONS is the UK government’s single largest statistical producer.

Operating Cost Statement is the public sector’s equivalent of a commercial organisation’s Profit and Loss Account. It provides detail of the cost of the operations of a Management Grouping in the period, net of receipt income, and identifies the net resource outturn.

Outturn and Estimated Outturn describes expenditure actually incurred, whereas estimated outturn describes estimated expenditure on the basis of actual expenditure to date.

Outturn Prices are the prices of the period when the expenditure actually occurred; also described as Current Prices.

Parliamentary Annual Estimates the ‘Main Estimates’ start the supply procedure and are presented to Parliament around the start of the financial year to which they relate. Main Estimates are contained in the annual Departmental Reports and can be found on departmental websites.

Private Finance Initiative (PFI) is a system for providing capital assets for the provision of public services. Typically, the private sector designs, builds and maintains infrastructure and other capital assets (such as buildings, vehicles, equipment and water systems) and then operates those assets to sell services to the public sector. In most cases, the capital assets are accounted for on the balance sheet of the private sector operator.

Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses (PESA) is a compendium by HM Treasury that gathers recent outturn data, estimated outturns for the latest year, and spending plans over the entire range of UK public expenditure.

Real Defence Spending are estimates adjusted for the effect of general price inflation relative to a base year, as measured by the GDP deflator.

Resource Accounting (RAB) is the accounting system that has been used since 2001/02 and comprises a set of accruals accounting techniques for reporting on central government expenditure and a framework for analysing expenditure by organisational aims and objectives, relating these to outputs where possible.

Resource Budget is the sum of a department’s resource Departmental Expenditure Limit and resource Annually Managed Expenditure. It is the budget for current expenditure on an accruals basis.

Resource Budgeting is the budgeting regime adopted for the spending plans set in the 2000 Spending Review. It is derived from resource accounting rules, but there are several differences in treatment between resource accounts and resource budgets. See Introduction to Chapter 1 of UK Defence Statistics 2012.

Single Use Military Equipment (SUME) are MOD held assets which are only suitable for military purposes (such as warships), as opposed to dual-use equipment, such as non-combat helicopters, which can also be used for non-military purposes.

Statement of Standard Accounting Practices No.13 (SSAP 13) gives guidance on the accounting policies to be followed in respect of Research and Development expenditure. This guidance aligns to the OECD Frascati definitions for measuring Research and Experimental Development. See also Frascati Manual.

Tangible Assets are physical assets such as land, vehicles or equipment. See also Intangible Assets.

Total Managed Expenditure (TME) is a definition of aggregate public spending derived from notional accounts. It is the consolidated sum of current and capital expenditure of central and local government, and public corporations. TME is the sum of the Departmental Expenditure Limit and Annually Managed Expenditure.

Trading Funds were introduced by the government under the Trading Funds Act 1973 as a “means of financing trading operations of a government department which, hitherto, have been carried out on Vote”. They are self-accounting units that have greater freedom, than other government departments, in managing their own financial and management activities. They are free to negotiate their own terms and conditions with their staff. For this reason, their grading structures do not always match that of the rest of the Ministry. From 2017/18, the UK Hydrographic Office operates as MOD’s only Trading Fund.

UK Statistics Authority (UKSA) is an independent body and is directly accountable to Parliament. It was established on 1 April 2008. The Authority’s overall objective is to promote and safeguard the quality of Official Statistics that serve the public good. It is also required to safeguard the comprehensiveness of Official Statistics and ensure good practice in relation to Official Statistics. The UK Statistics Authority has three main functions: oversight of the Office for National Statistics (ONS) (its executive office), monitoring and reporting on all UK Official Statistics, and independent assessment of Official Statistics.

16. Further Information

16.1 Symbols

Figures marked with ^r are revised from the previous edition.

Data visualisations marked with “//” indicate there is a break in the data series. Surrounding commentary will declare the impact on the figures and whether the break in series arises from a data issue, or a change in methodology or process.

16.2 Rounding

Where rounding has been used, totals and sub-totals have been rounded separately and so may not equal the sums of their rounded parts.

16.3 Revisions

Corrections to the published statistics will be made if errors are found, or if figures change as a result of improvements to methodology or changes to definitions. When making corrections, we will follow the Ministry of Defence Statistics Revisions and Corrections Policy. All corrected figures will be identified by the symbol ^r, and an explanation will be given stating the reason and size of the revision. Corrections which would have a significant impact on the utility of the statistics will be corrected as soon as possible, by reissuing the publication. Minor errors will also be corrected, but for convenience these corrections may be timed to coincide with the next annual release of the publication.

16.4 Contact Us

The Analysis-Expenditure team welcomes feedback on our statistical products. If you have any comments or questions about this publication or about our statistics in general, you can contact us as follows:

Analysis Directorate (Analysis-Expenditure)

Telephone: 030 015 86554

Email: Analysis-Expenditure-PQ-FOI@mod.gov.uk

If you require information which is not available within this or other available publications, you may wish to submit a Request for Information to the Ministry of Defence under the Freedom of Information Act 2000.

If you wish to correspond by mail, our postal address is:

Analysis Directorate (Analysis-Expenditure)
Ministry of Defence
Oak 0 West, #6028
MOD Abbey Wood North
Bristol
BS34 8QW

For general MOD enquiries, please call: 020 7218 9000

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1. Defence Spending excludes AME and is calculated as follows: RDEL plus CDEL minus Depreciation and Impairments, and Fixed Assets/Inventory Written On/Off. ↩

2. Conversion to constant 2021/22 prices uses the latest available forecast GDP deflator series published by HM Treasury dated 30 September 2022. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴

3. All historical data are sourced from UK Defence Statistics Chapter 1 or, more recently, from the Departmental Resources Statistical bulletins. ↩

4. This chart includes expenditure on Conflict Prevention. ↩

5. A break in series applies between 2000/01 and 2001/02. Figures are presented as Cash Figures up until 2000/01. From 2001/02 onwards the Net Cash Requirement figure has been used. ↩

6. The Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government (MHCLG) became the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC) in September 2021. ↩

7. Other includes travel and subsistence, professional services and fees, training, receipts from various sources, costs recoveries, dividends, interest, release of provisions, Conflict Stability and Security Fund, War Pension Benefits and spend on Arm’s Length Bodies. ↩

8. Expenditure by Commodity Block will not match the breakdown of expenditure as reported in the ‘Where we spend our money’ section of the MOD Annual Report and Accounts, due to slight differences in the way some categories are calculated. ↩

9. The breaks in series highlighted between 2008/09 and 2011/12 were caused by the introduction of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and the Clear Line of Sight (CLoS) Alignment project. ↩

10. The break in series highlighted between 2017/18 and 2018/19 has been caused by a change in the methodology used to calculate Capital Expenditure on Equipment. ↩

11. Conversion to constant 2018/19 prices use forecast GDP deflator series published by HM Treasury dated 31 March 2020. ↩

12. The break in series highlighted between 2018/19 and 2019/20 is the result of a methodology change around the classification of Frascati R&D. Comparisons of MOD R&D prior to 2018/19 should not be made with later years. More details can be found in the Background Quality Report. ↩

13. Operations expenditure in 2020/21 has been revised to include DMAP figures which were excluded in the MOD Annual Report and Accounts 2020 to 2021. The revision has brought these figures in line with previously reported operations expenditure and ensures a consistent time series. As a result 2020/21 operations figures will differ from those reported in the MOD Annual Report and Accounts. ↩ ↩²

14. Other includes operations in Libya; Mali; the Balkans; CSSF; DMAP; Enhanced ISR; Europe, Enhanced Forward Presence and NATO Reassurance; Hurricane Irma Relief; and EU Counter Migrant Smugglers. ↩

15. Other Income includes income from Arm’s Length Bodies, commercial exploitation levies and sundry sales. ↩

16. Prior to 2015/16 the totals included small levels of expenditure incurred by Dstl, UK Hydrographic Office and Defence Support Group. From 2015/16 onwards, and due to the small levels of expenditure incurred by the Trading Funds on this type of activity, the Trading Funds data has not been included and for consistency the totals shown in this table now match those published in the MOD Annual Report and Accounts. ↩

17. In 2019/20, a review of consultancy expenditure was made in order to bring MOD figures in line with Cabinet Office definitions. This was initially actioned on figures for 2018/19 and 2019/20 and resulted in additional expenditure being categorised as consultancy compared to that of earlier years. A decision was made to not revise figures prior to 2018/19 given the large resource requirements of the review. In terms of the scale of changes, overall consultancy spend for 2018/19 went from £65 million to £117 million. ↩

18. Total consultancy expenditure reported in 2021/22 is £40 million higher than the £205 million figure published in MOD Annual Report and Accounts 2021 to 2022. This is the result of a post consultancy review adjustment made by Strategic Command TLB. ↩