Guidance

References to TB guidance

Published 6 October 2026

References

1. British Association for Paediatric Tuberculosis (2023). ‘Clinical guidance: care of children and young people exposed to or infected with tuberculosis’
2. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2016). ‘Tuberculosis (NICE guideline NG33)’
3. Royal College of Nursing (2023). ‘A case management tool for TB prevention, care and control in the UK’
4. Braganza Menezes D, Menezes B, Dedicoat M (2019). ‘Contact tracing strategies in household and congregate environments to identify cases of tuberculosis in low- and moderate-incidence populations’ Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5. UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) (2023). ‘Contact tracing strategies for detecting tuberculosis in people exposed to tuberculosis in low-incidence countries: a rapid review’
6. Baxter S, Goyder E, Chambers D, Johnson M, Preston L, Booth A. ‘Interventions to improve contact tracing for tuberculosis in specific groups and in wider populations: an evidence synthesis’ Health Services and Delivery Research (2017)
7. Fox GJ, Nhung NV, Sy DN, and others. ‘Household-contact investigation for detection of tuberculosis in Vietnam’ New England Journal of Medicine (2018)
8. MMWR Recommendations and Reports (2005). ‘Guidelines for the investigation of contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis’
9. Health Protection Surveillance Centre (2010, amended 2014). ‘Guidelines on the prevention and control of tuberculosis in Ireland’
10. Migliori GB, Nardell E, Yedilbayev A, and others. ‘Reducing tuberculosis transmission: a consensus document from the WHO Regional Office for Europe’ European Respiratory Journal (2019)
11. Public Health England (now UKHSA) (2014). ‘Guidance on notifying tuberculosis (TB) cases’
12. UK Government. ‘The Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010’
13. UKHSA (2025). ‘Tuberculosis in England: 2025 report
14. UKHSA (2023).’Tuberculosis (TB): action plan for England, 2021 to 2026’
15. UKHSA (2023). ‘TB prevention in England’
16. UKHSA (2018 update). ‘Tuberculosis: the green book, chapter 32’
17. Coussens AK, Zaidi SMA, Allwood BW, and others. ‘Classification of early tuberculosis states to guide research for improved care and prevention: an international Delphi consensus exercise’ Lancet Respiratory Medicine (2024)
18. Dolezalova K, Maliskova B, Honegerova M, Hromadkova M, Wallenfels J. ‘TB index case tracing in the Roma community in the Czech Republic’ Epidemiology and Infection (2024)
19. Comstock GW, Livesay VT, Woolpert SF. ‘The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence’ American Journal of Epidemiology (1974)
20. Vynnycky E, Fine PE. ‘The natural history of tuberculosis: the implications of age-dependent risks of disease and the role of reinfection’ Epidemiology and Infection (1997)
21. Behr MA, Edelstein PH, Ramakrishnan L. ‘Revisiting the timetable of tuberculosis’ BMJ (2018)
22. World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). ‘Latent tuberculosis infection: updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic management’
23. Kim JK, Kim TY, Kim DH, Yoon MS. ‘Three Cases of Primary Inoculation Tuberculosis as a Result of Illegal Acupuncture’ Annals of Dermatology (2010)
24. Lee SW, Oh DK, Lee SH and others. ‘Time interval to conversion of interferon-gamma release assay after exposure to tuberculosis’ European Respiratory Journal (2011)
25. Smieja MJ, Marchetti CA, Cook DJ, Smaill FM. ‘Isoniazid for preventing tuberculosis in non-HIV infected persons’ Cochrane Database (2000)
26. Lalvani A, Pareek M. ‘A 100 year update on diagnosis of tuberculosis infection’ British Medical Bulletin (2009)
27. Jonas DE, Riley SR, Lee LC and others. ‘Screening for Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force’ JAMA (2023)
28. WHO (2013) ‘Definitions and reporting framework for tuberculosis – 2013 revision: updated December 2014 and January 2020’
29. European Commission (2018). ‘Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2018/945’
30. Costantini L, Marando M, Gianella P. ‘Long-Term GeneXpert Positivity after Treatment for Pulmonary Tuberculosis’ European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine (2020)
31. Theron G, Venter R, Smith L, and others. ‘Xpert MTB/RIF Results in Patients With Previous Tuberculosis: Can We Distinguish True From False Positive Results?’ Journal of Clinical Microbiology (2018)
32. Thomas TA. ‘Tuberculosis in children’ Pediatric Clinics of North America (2017)
33. Asadi L, Croxen M, Heffernan C and others. ‘How much do smear-negative patients really contribute to tuberculosis transmissions? Re-examining an old question with new tools’ EClinicalMedicine (2022)
34. NHS England (2025) ‘National infection prevention and control manual for England’
35. Sultan L, Nyka W, Mills C and others. ‘Tuberculosis disseminators. A study of the variability of aerial infectivity of tuberculous patients’ American Review of Respiratory Disease (1960)
36. Riley RL. ‘Airborne pulmonary tuberculosis’ Bacteriological Reviews (1961)
37. Fitzwater SP, Caviedes L, Gilman RH and others. ‘Prolonged infectiousness of tuberculosis patients in a directly observed therapy short-course program with standardized therapy’ Clinical Infectious Diseases (2010)
38. Ko Y, Shin JH, Lee H-K, and others. ‘Duration of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Infectiousness under Adequate Therapy, as Assessed Using Induced Sputum Samples’ Tuberculosis and Respiratory Disease (2017)
39. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2005) ‘Guidelines for the investigation of contacts of persons with infectious tuberculosis’
40. Lange C, Abubakar I, Alffenaar J-WC and others. ‘Management of patients with multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a TBNET consensus statement’ European Respiratory Journal (2014)
41. WHO (2019). ‘WHO consolidated guidelines on drug-resistant TB treatment’
42. Borrell S, Gagneux S. ‘Infectiousness, reproductive fitness and evolution of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis’ International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2009)
43. Veen J. ‘Microepidemics of tuberculosis: the stone-in-the-pond principle’ Tubercle and Lung Disease (1992)
44. CDC (2014). ‘Self-study module 9: TB outbreak detection and response’
45. Asare-Baah M, Seraphin MN, Salmon-Trejo LAT and others. ‘Cluster investigations vs contact tracing’ BMC Infectious Diseases (2025)
46. CDC (2019). ‘Self-study module 1: transmission and pathogenesis’
47. Dinkele R, Gessner S, McKerry A and others. ‘Aerosolization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Tidal Breathing’ American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2022)
48. Muecke C, Isler M, Menzies D and others. ‘The use of environmental factors as adjuncts to traditional tuberculosis contact investigation’ International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (2006)’
49. Riley EC, Amundson DE. ‘Laryngeal tuberculosis revisited’ American Family Physician (1992)
50. CDC (2005). ‘Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005’
51. Emery JC, Dodd PJ, Banu S and others. ‘Estimating the contribution of subclinical tuberculosis disease to transmission: An individual patient data analysis from prevalence surveys’ eLife (2023)
52. Public Health Agency of Canada (2014). ‘Canadian tuberculosis standards 8th edition’
53. Tostmann A, Kik SV, Kalisvaart NA and others. ‘Tuberculosis transmission by patients with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in a large cohort in the Netherlands’ Clinical Infectious Diseases (2008)
54. Lee HS, Kee SJ, Shin JH and others. ‘Xpert MTB/RIF Assay as a Substitute for Smear Microscopy in an Intermediate-Burden Setting’ American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2019)
55. O’Shea MK, Koh GC, Munang M and others. ‘Time-to-detection in culture predicts risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission: a cohort study’ Clinical Infectious Diseases (2014)
56. Melsew YA, Doan TN, Gambhir M, and others. ‘Risk factors for infectiousness of patients with tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis’ Epidemiology and Infection (2018)
57. Acuña-Villaorduña C, Schmidt-Castellani LG, Marques-Rodrigues P and others. ‘Cough-aerosol cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the prediction of outcomes after exposure: a household contact study in Brazil’ PLoS One (2018)
58. Sloot R, Schim van der Loeff MF, Kouw PM, Borgdorff MW. ‘Risk of tuberculosis after recent exposure. A 10-year follow-up study of contacts in Amsterdam’ American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)
59. Jensen PA, Lambert LA, Iademarco MF, Ridzon R. ‘Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005’ Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) (2005)
60. WHO (2009). ‘WHO policy on TB infection control in health-care facilities, congregate settings and households’
61. Golub JE, Cronin WA, Obasanjo OO and others. ‘Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through casual contact with an infectious case’ Archives of Internal Medicine (2001)
62. Migliori GB, Nardell E, Yedilbayev A and others. ‘Reducing tuberculosis transmission: a consensus document from the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe’ European Respiratory Journal (2019)
63. Bell LCK, Noursadeghi M. ‘Pathogenesis of HIV-1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis co-infection’ Nature Reviews Microbiology (2018)
64. Asare-Baah M, Johnston L, Dominique L and others. ‘Timing and predictors of disease incidence among named contacts of reported tuberculosis patients in a low incidence setting’ PLoS One (2025)
65. Martinez L, Cords O, Horsburgh CR, Andrews JR. ‘The risk of tuberculosis in children after close exposure: a systematic review and individual-participant meta-analysis’ Lancet (2020)
66. Wingfield T, MacPherson P, Cleary P, Ormerod LP. ‘High prevalence of TB disease in contacts of adults with extrapulmonary TB’ Thorax (2018)
67. UKHSA (2021). ‘TB whole-genome sequencing and cluster investigation handbook’
68. UKHSA (2025). ‘Management of tuberculosis in secure settings in England’
69. Mangu CD, Clowes P, van den Hombergh J and others. ‘New admissions and asymptomatic TB cases seem to fuel TB epidemic in prisons, a cross sectional survey in Tanzania’ PLOS Global Public Health (2024)
70. UKHSA (2024). ‘Tuberculosis in England: 2024 report’
71. Nguyen DT, Teeter LD, Graves J, Graviss EA. ‘Characteristics Associated with Negative Interferon-γ Release Assay Results in Culture-Confirmed Tuberculosis Patients, Texas, USA, 2013–2015’ Emerging Infectious Diseases (2018)
72. Elsevier (2009). ‘Tuberculosis: a comprehensive international approach’
73. NHS (2022). ‘A rapid review of aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs)’
74. Lule SA, Gupta RK, Krutikov M and others. ‘The relationship between social risk factors and latent tuberculosis infection among individuals residing in England: a cross-sectional study’ BMJ Global Health (2020)
75. van Geuns D, Arts RJW, de Vries G and others. ‘Screening for tuberculosis infection and effectiveness of preventive treatment among people with HIV in low-incidence settings’ AIDS (2024)
76. Anaraki S, Bell AJ, Perkins S and others. ‘Expected background rates of latent TB infection in London inner city schools: lessons from a TB contact investigation exercise in a secondary school’ Epidemiology and Infection (2018)
77. Aldridge RW, Hayward AC, Hemming S and others. ‘High prevalence of latent tuberculosis and bloodborne virus infection in a homeless population’ Thorax (2018)
78. Tchakounte Youngui B, Tchounga BK, Graham SM, Bonnet M. ‘Tuberculosis Infection in Children and Adolescents’ Pathogens (2022)
79. Gardy JL, Johnston JC, Ho Sui SJ and others. ‘Whole-genome sequencing and social-network analysis of a tuberculosis outbreak’ New England Journal of Medicine (2011)
80. Erkens CGM, Kamphorst M, Abubakar I, and others. ‘Tuberculosis contact investigation in low prevalence countries: a European consensus’ European Respiratory Journal (2010)
81. CDC (2010). ‘Updated Guidelines for Using Interferon Gamma Release Assays to Detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection, United States, 2010’
82. Anderson C, White J, Abubakar I and others. ‘Raising standards in UK TB control: introducing cohort review’ Thorax (2014)
83. Jonsson J, Kühlmann-Berenzon S, Berggren I, Bruchfeld J. ‘Increased risk of active tuberculosis during pregnancy and postpartum: a register-based cohort study in Sweden’ European Respiratory Journal (2020)
84. Miele K, Bamrah Morris S, Tepper NK. ‘Tuberculosis in pregnancy’ Obstetrics and Gynecology (2020)
85. WHO (2024). ‘WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis module 3: Diagnosis: rapid diagnostics for tuberculosis detection’
86. PHE (2020). ‘UK standards for microbiology investigations’
87. Xie YL, Eichberg C, Hapeela N and others. ‘Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis’ Lancet Microbe (2024)
88. WHO (2020). ‘Meeting report of the WHO expert consultation on the definition of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis’
89. WHO (2022). ‘WHO consolidated guidelines on tuberculosis module 4: Treatment: drug-resistant tuberculosis treatment’

Contributors

• Dr Suzi Coles, Public Health Medicine Consultant, UKHSA TB Unit
• Dr Emily Shaw, Infectious Diseases Consultant, UKHSA TB Unit
• Dr Esther Robinson, Head of TB Unit Microbiology Consultant, UKHSA TB Unit
• Dr Martin Dedicoat, Infectious Diseases Consultant, UKHSA TB Unit
• Dr Lauren Ahyow, Public Health Medicine Consultant, UKHSA TB Unit
• Jessica Townsend, TB Nurse Specialist, UKHSA TB Unit
• Tracey Langham, Lead TB Nurse, UKHSA TB Unit
• Sarah Murphy, TB Nurse Specialist, UKHSA TB Unit
• Dr Anna Ayree, Infectious Diseases Consultant, UKHSA Acute Respiratory Infection Unit
• Carla Hobart, Public Health Speciality Registrar, UKHSA
• Dr Catherine Alber, Public Health Specialty Registrar, UKHSA
• Dr Anita Roche, Consultant in Communicable Disease Control, UKHSA South London Health Protection Team
• Alexis Stevens, Senior Health Protection Nurse, UKHSA South East Health Protection Team Gail Morgan, TB Specialist, UKHSA London Health Protection Teams
• Jackie Gilbey, TB & AMR Programme Manager, UKHSA East of England Health Protection Team
• Dr William Proto, Consultant in Health Protection, UKHSA West Midlands Health Protection Team
• Dr Sudy Anaraki, Consultant in Communicable Disease Control, UKHSA North London Health Protection Team
• Katie Spence, Regional Deputy Director, West Midlands, UKHSA
• Dr Simon Howard, Consultant in Health Protection, UKHSA North East Health Protection Team
• Dr Claire Winslade, Consultant in Health Protection, UKHSA South East Health Protection Team
• Sara Atkin, Consultant in Health Protection, UKHSA London Region
• Claudia Salvagno, Clinical Nurse Specialist, UKHSA Infection Prevention and Control
• Esther Taborn, Infection Prevention and Control Consultant Nurse, UKHSA Infection Prevention and Control
• Dr Paul Collini, Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant in Infectious Diseases Consultant, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust on behalf of British Infection Association
• Dr Tumena Corrah, Infectious Diseases Consultant, London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust (Northwick Park Hospital), on behalf of British Infection Association
• Helen Durkan, TB nurse, Imperial NHS Healthcare Trust
• Dr Jonathan Cohen, Consultant in Paediatric Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Evelina London Children’s Hospital on behalf of British Association of Paediatric Tuberculosis
• David Thomas, TB Consultant Nurse, University Hospitals Dorset TB Service
• Comments were provided by British Thoracic Society (BTS) as a stakeholder