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Guidance

Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds

The signs of bird flu and how to report it in poultry and other captive birds.

Applies to England, Scotland and Wales

Signs of bird flu

There are 2 categories of bird flu – highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) or low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI).

HPAI is the most serious type of bird flu. Birds with HPAI usually show some (or all) of the following signs:

  • sudden death
  • lying down and unresponsiveness
  • lethargy and depression
  • drooping of the wings
  • discoloured or loose watery droppings
  • eating less than usual
  • drinking less or more than usual
  • closed and runny eyes
  • a stop or significant reduction in egg production (egg abnormalities)
  • head and body shaking
  • fever or noticeable increase in body temperature
  • breathing difficulties such as gaping (mouth breathing), nasal snicking (coughing sound), sneezing, gurgling or rattling
  • swelling and blue discolouration of comb and wattles
  • swollen head
  • lack of co-ordination
  • dragging of legs
  • twisting of the head and neck
  • bleeding or redness on shanks of the legs and under the skin of the neck

LPAI is the less serious type of bird flu. Birds with LPAI may not show clear signs of infection. They may have mild breathing problems. These signs can indicate bird flu, but the avian influenza virus can only be confirmed through laboratory tests.

You can refer to some photos of the clinical signs of bird flu on Flickr.

Some species such as ducks, geese and swans can carry the bird flu virus and spread it without showing any signs of illness.

What to do if you are concerned about your birds

Speak to your private vet if you are concerned about the health of your birds.

If you suspect bird flu, you or your vet must report it immediately – even if the signs are mild.

How to report suspected bird flu in poultry or other captive birds

If you suspect bird flu in poultry or other captive birds, you must report it immediately to the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) by calling:

  • 03000 200 301 if you’re in England
  • 03003 038 268 if you’re in Wales
  • your local Field Services Office if you’re in Scotland

Bird flu is a notifiable disease in poultry and other captive birds. If you do not report it, you’re breaking the law.

Find out what happens when you report bird flu.

Report dead wild birds

When to report dead wild birds and how to report them.

How to prevent bird flu spreading

Find out how to prevent bird flu and stop it spreading.

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