Research and analysis

Spotlight on sexually transmitted infections in the North East: 2025 data

Updated 8 October 2026

Applies to England

Introduction

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) represent an important public health problem. This report aims to provide key intelligence about STIs in the North East of England. It presents data on new diagnoses, consultations and screening in sexual health services (SHS) and the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP).

Data is mostly focused on activity in the North East in 2025. Where appropriate, data for the past 5 or 10 years is provided to understand trends and data from other regions and England as a whole is presented for comparison. Data at the upper tier local authority level is also presented. For a broader context see Sexually transmitted infections and screening for chlamydia in England: 2025 report (1).

Whilst the data shows that access to services has improved following the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is important to note that trends in STI testing, diagnoses and patterns of sexual behaviour remain difficult to interpret between 2019 and 2022.

Please note: in January 2025, due to unforeseen circumstances, SHS providers in Teesside were unable to submit surveillance data to the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA). Most data has subsequently been submitted although some data loss remains. Coupled with an unexpected disruption to service provision in the same period it is likely that there has been an underestimation of STI diagnoses in the affected local authorities and across the North East overall, particularly in 2025. This should be considered when interpreting trends presented in this report.

Main findings

Overall trends

In 2025 there were 13,078 new STIs diagnosed in the North East population, a rate of 474 diagnoses per 100,000. This is the third highest rate of the UKHSA regions in England and the same position as in 2024. Rates by upper tier local authority ranged from 302 new STI diagnoses per 100,000 in Redcar and Cleveland to 766 new STI diagnoses per 100,000 in Newcastle upon Tyne.

The number of new STIs diagnosed in the North East population decreased by 12% between 2024 and 2025. Decreases were seen in all 5 major STIs, syphilis fell by 17%, chlamydia by 15%, gonorrhoea decreased by 12%, genital herpes decreased by 3% and genital warts by 2%.

The decrease in gonorrhoea in 2025 is a continuation of the trend seen in 2024, though the number of gonorrhoea diagnoses remains significantly higher than prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The decrease is primarily seen in the 15-19 and 20-24 age groups, with smaller decreases or a small increase seen in the older age groups. Nationally, the number of gonorrhoea diagnoses has also decreased in 2025. 

Similarly, although syphilis diagnoses have decreased in 2025, numbers remain substantially higher than before the COVID-19 pandemic. Nationally, the number of syphilis diagnoses decreased by 14% in 2025 and are now similar to numbers seen in 2019. The rate of syphilis diagnoses in the North East (16 per 100,000 population) remains higher than the national rate (14 per 100,000 population).

Populations with greater sexual health needs

Young people aged 15 to 24 years

STIs disproportionately affect young people. 46% of new STI diagnoses were among those aged between 15 and 24 years in the North East in 2025.

Chlamydia is by far the most prevalent STI accounting for 51% of new STI diagnoses across all ages and 65% of new STI diagnoses in those aged 15 to 24 years in the North East in 2025. If left untreated, the infection can spread to other parts of the body leading to long term health problems, particularly in young women such as pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. UKHSA recommends that local areas should be working towards achieving a chlamydia detection rate no lower than 3,250 per 100,000 among females aged 15 to 24 years. In 2025, the chlamydia detection rate decreased by 6% (from 1,971 per 100,000 in 2024 to 1,544 per 100,000) in North East females aged 15 to 24 years. No local authority within the North East achieved the chlamydia detection rate in 2025 (see the Data sources section for further details on the NCSP and chlamydia detection rate).

The rate of gonorrhoea has decreased in 2025 compared to 2024 in those aged 15 to 24. The rate in the 15 to 19 age group remains above the England rate (173 compared to 116 per 100,000), but the rate in those aged 20 to 24 is now substantially below the England rate (285 compared to 310 per 100,000) (2). 

The rate of syphilis diagnoses in North East residents exceeds that of England in both those aged 15 to 19 (11 compared to 4 per 100,000; 150% higher) and 20 to 24 (30 compared to 22 per 100,000 population; 39% higher). 

Diagnoses of genital warts fell sharply between 2016 and 2025, decreasing by 71% from 2,989 to 861 diagnoses. The decline was driven primarily by substantial reductions among younger age groups following the introduction of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in 2008 (2). Among males and females aged 15 to 19 and 20 to 24 years, diagnoses fell by between 92% and 98%, highlighting the sustained impact of the vaccination programme.

Gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men

In 2025, gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) accounted for 36% of new STI male cases and 26% of all new STI diagnoses in the North East (using GUMCAD data only).

GBMSM are disproportionately affected by some STIs. In 2025, where gender and sexual orientation were known, GBMSM accounted for 73% of male syphilis cases and 54% of all syphilis diagnoses in the North East. Men who have sex with women (MSW) represented 21%, and women made up 19%. The proportion of GBMSM syphilis cases have declined over the past decade as diagnoses among heterosexual men and women have risen. For example, in 2016, GBMSM accounted for 64% of all cases and 78% of male cases in the region.

Similarly, in 2025, GBMSM accounted for 61% of male gonorrhoea cases and 39% of all gonorrhoea diagnoses in the North East. MSW represented 26% and women made up 29%. The proportion of cases among GBMSM has increased over the past decade. In 2016, GBMSM accounted for 46% of gonorrhoea diagnoses among men and 27% of all gonorrhoea diagnoses in the region (2). 

Ethnic minority groups

The highest number of new STI diagnoses were recorded among people of White ethnicity, accounting for 10,432 diagnoses (89% of all new STI diagnoses). Smaller numbers were reported among people of Black African ethnicity (361 diagnoses, 3%), Asian ethnicity (324 diagnoses, 3%) and Mixed ethnicity (301 diagnoses, 3%). However, given the relatively small population sizes of ethnic minority groups in the North East, rates of new STI diagnoses were generally higher among most ethnic minority groups than among people of White ethnicity, indicating a disproportionate burden of infection in these populations.

Testing and consultation rates

When reviewing trends in STI diagnoses it is important to consider any changes in testing and positivity rates as well as factors that may impact upon these rates, such as changes to testing practices and access to services. For example, the number of consultations, tests and ultimately STI diagnoses were significantly lower in 2020 and 2021 compared to preceding years due to the impact that the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions had on SHS.

Testing rates (excluding chlamydia in those aged 24 years and under) in the North East remained broadly stable between 2024 and 2025, decreasing slightly from 2,847 to 2,811 per 100,000 population. Despite this small decline, testing rates remain above that of 2016 (2,474 per 100,000 population). However, testing rates in the North East remain below that of England (4,012 per 100,000 in 2025).

Conclusion

Sexually transmitted infections remain a significant public health concern in the North East. There are encouraging trends in 2025, with decreases across all 5 main STIs in the North East. Despite this, rates of syphilis – particularly among females and young people – remain higher than the national average. Similarly, gonorrhoea rates in these groups exceed those seen across England.

Young people consistently show the highest diagnosis rates for common STIs, likely due to higher rates of partner change (3). Young women may also be disproportionately affected due to disassortative sexual mixing by age and gender (4).

Efforts to tackle syphilis continue nationally and across the region, including establishment of a multi-disciplinary Tackling Syphilis steering group and the development of a regional action plan. This group will continue to monitor the evolving epidemiology of syphilis and oversee progress against the plan’s objectives.

For all STIs, early diagnosis and effective partner notification remain crucial. The number of consultations at SHS has continued to recover following the disruption to services during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there has been a clear change in how people seek advice and testing, which is likely to impact on sexual health outcomes and infection transmission in the region. This is something we will continue to explore.

Prevention messages

Main prevention messages are:

Sexual health clinics are free, confidential and available to everyone. They provide testing, post-exposure prophylaxis and treatment for STIs and HIV, as well as vaccination and contraception.

Using condoms consistently and correctly with new or casual partners protects against HIV and other STIs.

Testing is recommended if you have had sex without a condom with a new or casual partner in the last 3 months, or if a partner has tested positive for an STI. In addition:

• women and other people with a womb aged under 25 who are sexually active should have a chlamydia test after sex with a new partner or annually
• gay and bisexual men (GBMSM) with new or casual partners should test for HIV and STIs annually or every 3 months if having sex without condoms with new or casual partners

Prevention medications (known as pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis) can prevent HIV and some STIs:

• doxycycline post-exposure prophylaxis (doxyPEP) is recommended to people at risk of syphilis to reduce their chance of infection – doxyPEP is available at specialist sexual health clinics
• HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reduces an individual’s risk of getting HIV – PrEP is available from specialist sexual health clinics
• HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) can be taken after sex to reduce the risk of getting HIV – PEP is available for free from most sexual health clinics and most emergency departments

Vaccination can prevent some STIs and blood-borne viruses:

• GBMSM can get the hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines from specialist sexual health clinics – these vaccines are also available for other people with a higher risk of exposure to these viruses
• GBMSM aged 45 years and younger can get the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine from specialist sexual health clinics – this protects against genital warts and some forms of cancer
• GBMSM who have recently had multiple sexual partners or an STI, and other people at higher risk, are eligible for a meningococcal B disease vaccine (4CMenB) which can protect against gonorrhoea
• mpox vaccination is available for people at increased risk, including GBMSM who have recently had multiple sexual partners
• hepatitis B and HPV vaccines are also part of the routine childhood vaccination programme – catch-up vaccines are available for people who missed them at school

STIs in the North East

In keeping with previous spotlight reports, many of the charts below present trends in STIs over the past 5 years. When interpreting trends it is important to consider the influence of factors such as screening programmes, changes to service provision and testing practices, vaccination programmes, and the availability of preventive interventions. Find more in the Data sources section.

Where age-specific analyses are presented, data for individuals aged under 15 years are excluded because of the high sensitivity of these data. Rates for individuals aged 65 years and over are also suppressed to minimise the risk of deductive disclosure. The burden of STIs in these age groups is low, with individuals aged under 15 years and those aged 65 years and over together accounting for just 1% of diagnoses in 2025.

Overall trends in STIs in the North East

Figure 1. New STI diagnosis rates by UKHSA region of residence, England, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

Figure 1 is a column chart showing new STI diagnosis rates by UKHSA region for the year 2025. Rates are per 100,000 population and are not age-restricted or adjusted. UKHSA regions are shown in descending order with the North East represented by a teal shading.

The chart shows that the North East had the third highest rate of new STI diagnoses across all UKHSA regions in 2025 (474 per 100,000 population). This is less than England as a whole (570).

Figure 2. Number of diagnoses of the 5 main STIs (North East, 2016 to 2025): A) all 5 STIs; B) excluding chlamydia (expanded scale)

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends.

Figures 2A and 2B are line charts showing trends in the number of diagnoses of the 5 main STIs (chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhoea and syphilis) in North East residents from 2016 to 2025. Figure 2A shows all 5 main STIs, figure 2B excludes chlamydia to expand the scale.

The charts show chlamydia (6,659 diagnoses in 2025) as the top line in the chart, which reflects the fact that this is the most prevalent STI in the North East population and accounts for 51% of new STI diagnoses in 2025.

Gonorrhoea is the second most prevalent STI in the North East population in 2025 (2,205) accounting for 17% of new STI diagnoses. Following a sharp increase in the number of gonorrhoea diagnoses between 2021 and 2022 (1,230 compared to 3,090; 151% increase), the number has decreased in 2025 but remains higher than pre-pandemic levels.

Compared to 2024, the number of syphilis diagnoses in 2025 shows a 17% decrease (from 540 to 446). This follows a continuous year on year increase in syphilis diagnoses since 2016 (excluding the pandemic period) when the number of diagnoses was 157.

The number of genital herpes (1,151) and genital warts (861) have decreased compared to 2024 (1,192 and 880, respectively).

Table 1. Percentage change in new STI diagnoses, North East

Diagnosis	2019	2024	2025	Percentage change 2019 to 2025	Percentage change 2024 to 2025
Chlamydia	8,973	7,865	6,659	-26%	-15%
Genital herpes	1,568	1,192	1,151	-27%	-3%
Genital warts	2,205	880	861	-61%	-2%
Gonorrhoea	1,958	2,513	2,205	13%	-12%
Syphilis	277	540	446	61%	-17%
Other STIs	2,133	1,864	1,756	-18%	-6%
All new STIs	17,114	14,854	13,078	-24%	-12%

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends and for a list of diagnoses that are included in the All new STIs and Other STIs categories.

Table 1 shows the number of diagnoses of each of the 5 main STIs (these correspond to the final points on the lines in Figure 2), all new STIs and other STIs for North East residents in 2019, 2024 and 2025. Two columns follow these. The first shows percentage change from 2019 (the pre-pandemic period) to 2025, while the second shows percentage change from 2024 to 2025. Together these columns summarise the changes seen in the previous chart. This is especially useful for less common STIs such as syphilis as changes for these STIs can be hard to see in charts which are scaled to include infections with much higher numbers, such as chlamydia.

The table shows a 12% decrease in the number of new STIs in 2025 compared to 2024 (13,078 vs 14,854). Reductions were seen across the 5 main STIs. The largest decline was in syphilis diagnoses, which fell by 17% from 540 to 446. Chlamydia diagnoses decreased by 15%, while gonorrhoea diagnoses decreased by 12%.

Compared with 2019, diagnoses of most STIs decreased substantially in 2025. The exceptions were syphilis and gonorrhoea, which increased by 61% and 13%, respectively.

Trends in STIs by demographic risk groups 

Figure 3. Rates of new STIs per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only) and gender, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data Sources section for further information on gender and age-specific analyses and associated data suppression.

Figure 3 is a type of bar chart called an age-sex pyramid displaying the rate of new STI diagnoses in North East residents in 2025 by age group and gender (male compared to female). Rates are by 100,000 population in each group. Five age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years. 

The chart shows that the highest rates in both females and males were in those aged 20 to 24 years (2,441 and 1,824 per 100,000, respectively), followed by 15 to 19 year olds in females (1,775) and 25 to 34 year olds in males (1,257). This pattern was similar to previous years.

Figure 4. Rates of new STIs per 100,000 by ethnic group, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021.

Figure 4 is a column chart displaying the rate of new STI diagnoses in North East residents in 2025 by ethnic group. Rates are by 100,000 population in each group. Five categories of ethnic group are displayed: Asian or Asian British, Black African, Black Caribbean, Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups, White. There are also 2 combined other groups displayed, all other Black ethnic groups and other ethnic groups.

The chart shows that rates of new STI diagnoses in 2025 varied by ethnic group, ranging from 330 per 100,000 among Asian or Asian British residents to 1,763 among Black Caribbean residents. Rates were higher in most ethnic minority groups than among White residents, whose diagnosis rate was 424 per 100,000. These findings should be interpreted with caution, as the relatively small size of some ethnic minority populations in the North East means that a small number of diagnoses can result in high rates (see Table 2). Differences in diagnosis rates may also reflect inequalities in awareness, access to prevention and testing services, and stigma associated with seeking sexual health care.

Table 2. Percentage of new STI diagnoses by ethnic group, North East, 2025

Ethnic group	Number	Percentage (excluding unknown)
Asian or Asian British	324	3%
Black African	361	3%
Black Caribbean	30	<1%
All other Black ethnic groups combined	55	<1%
Mixed or Multiple ethnic groups	301	3%
White	10,432	89%
Other ethnic groups	178	2%
Unknown	1,397

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD and ONS Census 2021.

Table 2 shows the number and percentage of new STI diagnoses among North East residents in 2025 by ethnic group. Although diagnosis rates were higher in some ethnic minority groups (Figure 4), most diagnoses occurred among people of White ethnicity (10,432), who accounted for 89% of cases where ethnicity was recorded. Other ethnic groups accounted for much smaller proportions of diagnoses. Ethnicity was not recorded for 13% of the 13,078 new STI diagnoses in 2025.

Figure 5. Percentage of new STI diagnoses by world region of birth, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD data only.

Data on country of birth is not collected by CTAD. All information about world region of birth is based on diagnoses made in specialist and non-specialist services which report to GUMCAD.

Figure 5 is a column chart showing the proportion of North East residents who were diagnosed with a new STI in 2025 by their world region of birth. Four categories are displayed: UK, sub-Saharan Africa, European Union (EU), Caribbean and Central and South America. All other world regions of birth are combined given the small numbers in the North East. 

The chart shows that of all new STI diagnoses in North East residents in 2025, 89% were among individuals born in the UK; 4% were among individuals born in sub-Saharan Africa; 2% in the EU and less than 1% in the Caribbean/Central and South American region. The remaining 4% of diagnoses were among individuals born in other world regions not displayed in the chart.

Figure 6. Rates of new STIs per 100,000 by decile of deprivation, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Index of Multiple Deprivation and Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

Deciles run from 1 to 10 in order of decreasing deprivation, with 1 being the decile for the most deprived area. See the Data sources section for details on calculation of deprivation.

Figure 6 is a column chart which shows the rate of new STI diagnoses in North East residents in 2025 by decile of deprivation. Deciles run from 1 to 10 in order of decreasing deprivation. Rates are by 100,000 population in each decile.

The chart shows that the rate of new STIs per 100,000 North East residents in 2025 was highest in the most deprived areas (1st decile of deprivation: 545 per 100,000) and lowest in the least deprived areas (10th decile of deprivation: 312).

Figure 7. Diagnoses of the 5 main STIs among GBMSM, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD data only.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends. Data on sexual orientation is not collected by CTAD. All information about GBMSM is based on diagnoses made in specialist and non-specialist services which report to GUMCAD and exclude chlamydia diagnoses via online services.

Figure 7 is a line chart displaying trends in the number of diagnoses of the 5 main STIs (chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhoea and syphilis) among GBMSM in the North East from 2016 to 2025.

The chart shows that between 2016 and 2025 there has been an increase in diagnoses for all main STIs except genital warts, which has declined by 51% since 2016. This reduction in genital warts is linked to the introduction of the HPV vaccination programme for girls aged 12 to 13 years in 2008, which was extended to boys of the same age in 2019. 

Gonorrhoea and chlamydia continue to be the most common STIs in this high-risk group. Gonorrhoea diagnoses increased by 3% in 2025 (870) compared with 2024 (846) and remain 32% higher than pre-pandemic levels in 2019 (658), following substantial increases after the pandemic. Chlamydia diagnoses increased by 11% in 2025 (514) compared with 2024 (461) and are 3% higher than in 2019 (498). 

Syphilis diagnoses decreased by 11% in 2025 (243) compared 2024 (272) but remained 71% higher than in 2019 (142). 

Diagnoses of genital herpes and genital warts decreased in 2025 compared to 2024, falling by 31% and 10%, respectively. Both infections remain below 2019 levels.

Table 3. Percentage change in new STI diagnoses among GBMSM, North East

Diagnosis	2019	2024	2025	Percentage change 2019 to 2025	Percentage change 2024 to 2025
Chlamydia	498	461	514	3%	11%
Genital herpes	51	59	41	-20%	-31%
Genital warts	102	71	64	-37%	-10%
Gonorrhoea	658	846	870	32%	3%
Syphilis	142	272	243	71%	-11%
Other STIs	224	229	219	-2%	-4%
All new STIs	1,675	1,938	1,951	16%	1%

Data sources: GUMCAD data only.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends and for a list of diagnoses that are included in the All new STIs and Other STIs categories.

Table 3 shows the number of diagnoses of each of the 5 main STIs, other STIs and new STIs among GBMSM in 2019, 2024 and 2025. Two columns follow this one. The first shows percentage change from 2019 (a pre-pandemic reference point) to 2025, while the second shows percentage change from 2024 to 2025. Together these columns summarise the changes seen in the previous chart. This is especially useful for less common STIs as changes for these STIs can be hard to see in charts which are scaled to include infections with much higher numbers.

In 2025 there were 1,951 new STI diagnoses among GBMSM; 1% more than in 2024 (1,938) and 16% higher than in 2019 (1,675).

Figure 8. Diagnoses of the 5 main STIs among heterosexual men and all women, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD data only.

Data on sexual orientation is not collected by CTAD. All information here is based on diagnoses made in specialist and non-specialist services which report to GUMCAD and exclude chlamydia diagnoses via online services. Cases are defined here as GUMCAD records where gender is specified as male and sexual orientation is specified as heterosexual, or gender was specified as female, or gender was not specified but orientation was specified as heterosexual. GUMCAD records where sexual orientation was not specified for males or unknown gender individuals are excluded. See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends.

Figure 8 is a line chart displaying trends in the number of diagnoses of the 5 main STIs (chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhoea and syphilis) among heterosexual men and all women in the North East from 2016 to 2025.

The chart shows that gonorrhoea and chlamydia remained the most commonly diagnosed STIs amongst heterosexual men and women in 2025. Between 2016 and 2025, diagnoses declined for most STIs, with the exception of syphilis, which increased by 251% from 53 diagnoses in 2016 to 186 in 2025. Gonorrhoea diagnoses returned to levels similar to those seen in 2016 (1,245 diagnoses in 2016 and 1,244 in 2025) following a marked increase after the COVID-19 pandemic. Chlamydia diagnoses fell by 45%, from 7,673 in 2016 to 4,239 in 2025, continuing the downward trend observed before the pandemic. Genital warts diagnoses declined by 73% (from 2,852 to 777), while genital herpes diagnoses decreased by 25% (from 1,444 to 1,080).

Table 4. Percentage change in new STI diagnoses among heterosexual men and all women, North East

Diagnosis	2019	2024	2025	Percentage change 2019 to 2025	Percentage change 2024 to 2025
Chlamydia	7,231	5,299	4,239	-41%	-20%
Genital herpes	1,508	1,119	1,080	-28%	-3%
Genital warts	2,088	787	777	-63%	-1%
Gonorrhoea	1,252	1,616	1,244	-1%	-23%
Syphilis	126	246	186	48%	-24%
Other STIs	1,888	1,584	1,491	-21%	-6%
All new STIs	14,093	10,651	9,017	-36%	-15%

Data sources: GUMCAD data only.

See notes for Figure 8. See the Data sources section for a list of diagnoses that are included in the All new STIs and Other STIs categories.

Table 4 shows the number of diagnoses of each of the 5 main STIs, other STIs and new STIs among non-GBMSM in 2019, 2024 and 2025. Two columns follow this one. The first shows percentage change from 2019 (a pre-pandemic reference point) to 2025, while the second shows percentage change from 2024 to 2025. Together these columns summarise the changes seen in the previous chart. This is especially useful for less common STIs as changes for these STIs can be hard to see in charts which are scaled to include infections with much higher numbers.

New STI diagnoses at local authority level

Rates across Teesside may be underestimated, and this should be considered when interpreting the geographical distribution of diagnoses.

Figure 9. Rate of new STI diagnoses per 100,000 by upper tier local authority, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

Figure 9 is a column chart which displays the rate of new STI diagnoses in 2025 by North East local authority of residence. Rates are by 100,000 population and for all ages. Local authorities are shown in descending order. The overall North East and England rates are represented as dashed and solid lines, respectively. 

In 2025, Newcastle upon Tyne had the highest new STI diagnosis rate among North East local authorities (766 per 100,000), exceeding the England rate (570). Redcar and Cleveland recorded the lowest rate (302). Compared to 2024, rates per 100,000 have decreased in all local authorities except Northumberland which has remained the same.

Figure 10. Rate of new STI diagnoses (excluding chlamydia diagnoses among people aged under 25 years) per 100,000 by upper tier local authority, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data Sources section for details on the exclusion of chlamydia diagnoses among individuals aged 15 to 24 years.

Like Figure 9, Figure 10 is a column chart displaying the rate of new STI diagnoses in 2025 by North East local authority. However, diagnoses of chlamydia among people aged under 25 years have been excluded. This age group is actively targeted through the NCSP, and variations in local screening activity can affect observed diagnosis rates. Excluding these diagnoses provides a more comparable measure of STI burden across areas. As in Figure 9, the North East and England rates are shown as dashed and solid lines, respectively, for comparison.

The ordering of local authorities by rate of new STI diagnoses is not markedly different in this version of the chart. Newcastle upon Tyne had the highest rate (457 per 100,000) and Redcar and Cleveland the lowest (209).

Figure 11. Map of new STI rates per 100,000 by upper tier local authority, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

Figure 11 is a map showing the rate of new STI diagnosis per 100,000 population for North East local authorities in 2025, as presented in chart 9 above. Again, it shows that Newcastle upon Tyne had the highest rate of new STI diagnoses across the region in 2025 while Redcar and Cleveland had the lowest.

Figure 12. Map of new STI rates per 100,000 by middle super output area (MSOA21), North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

Figure 12 is a map showing the rate of new STI diagnoses per 100,000 population by Middle Super Output Area (MSOA) in the North East in 2025. MSOAs are small statistical areas that typically contain between 5,000 and 15,000 residents and are smaller than local authorities, allowing geographical patterns within communities to be examined in greater detail. Darker shading indicates higher diagnosis rates, while lighter shading indicates lower rates.

The map shows substantial geographical variation in new STI diagnosis rates across the North East in 2025. The highest rates were concentrated in urban MSOAs, particularly within Newcastle upon Tyne and parts of Gateshead, South Tyneside, Sunderland and Middlesbrough. In contrast, lower rates were generally observed in more rural MSOAs across Northumberland, County Durham and the southern parts of the region. Caution should be exercised when interpreting variation between individual MSOAs, particularly where populations are small and rates may be based on relatively few diagnoses.

Testing

Figure 13. STI testing rate (excluding chlamydia in under-25-year-olds) per 100,000, North East, 2012 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates

See the Data Sources section for details on the exclusion of chlamydia diagnoses among individuals aged 15 to 24 years.

Figure 13 is a line chart showing trends in the STI testing rate for the North East and England from 2012 to 2025. Rates are per 100,000 residents aged 15 to 64 years but excludes tests for chlamydia in those aged less than 25 years, as previously described in Figure 10.

The chart shows that STI testing rates in 2025 were broadly unchanged from 2024 at both local and national levels, following sustained increases after disruptions to SHS during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, testing rates in the North East remained below the national rate for England.

Figure 14. STI testing positivity rate (excluding chlamydia in under-25-year-olds), North East, 2012 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD.

See the Data Sources section for details on the exclusion of chlamydia diagnoses among individuals aged 15 to 24 years.

Figure 14 is a line chart showing trends in STI testing positivity for the North East and England from 2012 to 2025. Whereas Figure 13 showed the STI testing rate, this chart shows the proportion of tests that were positive.

The chart shows that STI test positivity decreased further in 2025 in both the North East and England, with both areas reporting a positivity rate of 6%.

Sexual health services

Table 5. Number of diagnoses of new STIs by UKHSA region of residence, data source and sexual health service type, 2025

UKHSA region of residence	GUMCAD: specialist SHSs	GUMCAD: non-specialist SHSs	CTAD	Total
East Midlands	13,724 (61%)	4,076 (18%)	4,711 (21%)	22,511
East of England	17,420 (68%)	2,042 (8%)	6,139 (24%)	25,601
London	79,241 (72%)	10,529 (10%)	19,826 (18%)	109,596
North East	9,111 (70%)	1,703 (13%)	2,264 (17%)	13,078
North West	31,340 (77%)	4,738 (12%)	4,816 (12%)	40,894
South East	28,757 (75%)	1,649 (4%)	7,914 (21%)	38,320
South West	14,333 (64%)	3,777 (17%)	4,360 (19%)	22,470
West Midlands	20,450 (74%)	4,133 (15%)	2,877 (10%)	27,460
Yorkshire and Humber	18,720 (72%)	1,636 (6%)	5,467 (21%)	25,823

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD.

Diagnoses from enhanced GPs reporting to GUMCAD are included in the ‘Non-specialist sexual health services (SHSs)’ total.

Table 5 summarises new STI diagnoses for each UKHSA region in 2025 by the surveillance system through which they were reported and, for GUMCAD, whether they were reported by specialist or non-specialist SHSs.

Of the 13,078 new STI diagnoses in North East residents, 70% were reported by specialist SHSs via GUMCAD while 13% were reported via the same system but by non-specialist SHSs. The remaining 17% of new STI diagnoses were reported through CTAD.

Table 6. Number of diagnoses of the 5 main STIs by STI, data source and sexual health service type, North East, 2025

Five main STIs	GUMCAD: specialist SHSs	GUMCAD: non-specialist SHSs	CTAD	Total
Chlamydia	3,190 (48%)	1,205 (18%)	2,264 (34%)	6,659
Genital herpes	1,151 (100%)	0 (0%)	-	1,151
Genital warts	861 (100%)	0 (0%)	-	861
Gonorrhoea	1,710 (78%)	495 (22%)	-	2,205
Syphilis	446 (100%)	0 (0%)	-	446

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD.

Diagnoses from enhanced GPs reporting to GUMCAD are included in the ‘Non-specialist sexual health services (SHSs)’ total.

Table 6 summarises diagnoses of the 5 main STIs for North East residents in 2025 by the surveillance system through which they were reported and, for GUMCAD, whether they were reported by specialist or non-specialist sexual health services (SHSs).

CTAD collects information on chlamydia diagnoses only and accounted for 34% of the 6,659 diagnoses reported in the North East in 2025.

All diagnoses of genital herpes, genital warts and syphilis were made in specialist SHSs in the North East. For gonorrhoea, 78% of diagnoses were made in specialist SHS with the remaining 22% diagnosed in non-specialist services reporting through GUMCAD.

Figure 15. Consultations by service medium, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, NHS Fingertips.

Figure 15 is a column chart that shows the number of sexual health consultations for North East residents between 2016 to 2025 by consultation medium. Three categories are presented: face-to-face clinic appointment, online and telephone appointments.

The chart shows that the number of face-to-face consultations increased in 2025 compared to 2024 whilst the number of online consultations has decreased. The number of telephone consultations rose in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to facilitate access to services during the first lockdown. Since 2020, numbers of telephone consultations have declined.

In 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic, 96% of consultations were face-to-face (113,607 of 118,723), with 4% online and less than 1% by telephone. Although face-to-face consultations have increased since pandemic restrictions ended, their share has fallen to 68%, while online consultations now account for 28% and telephone for 4%.

When all consultation mediums are combined, the total number remained broadly unchanged in 2025 (143,767) compared to 2024 (144,081).

Figure 16. All consultations by age group, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, NHS Fingertips.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends and details regarding age-specific analysis.

Figure 16 is a line chart displaying trend lines of all consultations of North East residents, by age group between 2016 and 2025. Rates are by 100,000 population in each age group. As in previous figures, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years and 45 to 64 years.

The chart shows that sexual health clinic consultation rates declined among younger age groups and increased among older age groups between 2016 and 2025. Consultation rates among those aged 15 to 19 years decreased by 29%, from 4,612 to 3,264 per 100,000 population, while rates among those aged 20 to 24 years decreased by 5%, from 6,705 to 6,391 per 100,000. Despite this decline, those aged 20 to 24 years continued to have the highest consultation rates throughout the period.

In contrast, consultation rates increased among all age groups aged 25 years and over. The largest increase was among those aged 35 to 44 years, where rates rose by 94%, from 1,321 to 2,563 per 100,000 population. Rates increased by 39% among those aged 25 to 34 years (from 3,370 to 4,693 per 100,000) and by 84% among those aged 45 to 64 years (from 409 to 752 per 100,000). By 2025, those aged 25 to 34 years had the second highest consultation rate after those aged 20 to 24 years.

Chlamydia

Figure 17. Number of chlamydia diagnoses, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends.

Figure 17 is a line chart showing the trend in the number of diagnoses of chlamydia, in North East residents from 2016 to 2025. 

The chart shows chlamydia diagnoses have decreased by 25%, from 8,863 in 2016 to 6,659 diagnoses in 2025.

Figure 18. Rates of chlamydia per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only), North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends and for details regarding age-specific analysis.

Figure 18 is a line chart displaying trend lines of the rate of chlamydia diagnoses in North East residents by age group over the past 10 years (2016 to 2025). Rates are by 100,000 population in each age group. As in previous charts, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years and 45 to 64 years.

The chart shows that those aged 20 to 24 years continue to have the highest rate of chlamydia in 2025 (1,366 per 100,000) followed by those aged 15 to 19 years (908). Compared to 2024, chlamydia rates declined across most age groups, with the largest drops in younger cohorts (20 to 24 years: 20%; 15 to 19 years: 21%).

Figure 19. Rates of chlamydia per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only) and gender, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for details regarding age-specific analysis. 

Figure 19 is an age-sex pyramid displaying the rate of chlamydia diagnoses in North East residents in 2025 by age group and gender (male compared to female). Rates are by 100,000 population in each group. As in previous graphs, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years. 

The chart shows that the highest rates in both females and males were in those aged 20 to 24 years (1,745 and 964 per 100,000 respectively), followed by 15 to 19 year olds in females (1,333) and 25 to 34 year olds in males (487).

Figure 20. Chlamydia detection rate per 100,000, females aged 15 to 24 years by upper tier local authority of residence, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, CTAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

Figure 20 is a column chart which displays the chlamydia detection rate in 2025 by North East local authority of residence. Rates are by 100,000 population for females aged 15 to 24, the target demographic group for the NCSP. Local authorities are shown in descending order. The overall North East and England rates are represented as dashed and solid lines, respectively.

In 2025, Newcastle upon Tyne had the highest chlamydia diagnosis rate among North East local authorities (1,849 per 100,000), exceeding the England rate (1,348). Middlesbrough recorded the lowest rate (1,104). The North East rate (1,544) is higher than the national rate for England (1,348). No local authority within the North East achieved the recommended chlamydia detection rate of 3,250 per 100,000 among this target population group in 2025.

Gonorrhoea

Figure 21. Number of gonorrhoea diagnoses, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends.  

Figure 21 is a line chart showing the trend in the number of diagnoses of gonorrhoea, in North East residents from 2016 to 2025. 

The chart shows that gonorrhoea diagnoses rose sharply between 2021 and 2022, increasing from 1,230 to 3,090 (151%), following the COVID-19 pandemic. Although diagnoses decreased to 2,205 by 2025, they continue to exceed pre-pandemic levels.

Figure 22. Rates of gonorrhoea per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only), North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends and details regarding age-specific analysis. 

Figure 22 is a line chart displaying trend lines of the rate of gonorrhoea diagnoses in North East residents by age group over the past 10 years (2016 to 2025). Rates are by 100,000 population in each age group. As in previous charts, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years and 45 to 64 years. 

The chart shows that those aged 20 to 24 years continue to have the highest rate of gonorrhoea in 2025 (285 per 100,000). In 2025 those aged 25 to 34 have the second highest rate (194 per 100,000) for the first time due to decreases in the rate of those aged 15 to 19 (173 per 100,000). Compared to 2024, gonorrhoea rates declined across most age groups, with the largest drops in younger cohorts (15 to 19 years: 35% decrease; 20 to 24 years: 24% decrease). In contrast, among those aged 45 to 64 years the rate of gonorrhoea diagnoses increased from 30 per 100,000 in 2024 to 40 per 100,000 in 2025 (34% increase).

Figure 23. Rates of gonorrhoea per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only) and gender, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for details regarding age-specific analysis.

Figure 23 is an age-sex pyramid displaying the rate of gonorrhoea diagnoses in North East residents in 2025 by age group and gender (male compared to female). Rates are by 100,000 population in each group. As in previous graphs, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years. 

The chart shows that the highest rates in both females and males were in those aged 20 to 24 years (228 and 316 per 100,000 respectively), followed by 15 to 19 year olds in females (192) and 25 to 34 year olds in males (276).

Figure 24. Rate of gonorrhoea diagnoses per 100,000 by upper tier local authority, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

Figure 24 is a column chart which displays the rate of gonorrhoea diagnoses in 2025 by North East local authority of residence. Rates are by 100,000 population and for all ages. Local authorities are shown in descending order. The overall North East and England rates are represented as dashed and solid lines, respectively. 

In 2025, Newcastle upon Tyne had the highest gonorrhoea diagnosis rate among North East local authorities (137 per 100,000), exceeding the England rate (109). Northumberland recorded the lowest rate (53). The rate across the North East (80 per 100,000) is lower than the national rate for England (109).

Genital warts

Figure 25. Number of genital warts diagnoses, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends. 

Figure 25 is a line chart showing the trend in the number of genital warts diagnoses in North East residents over the past 10 years (2016 to 2025). 

The chart shows a substantial reduction in genital warts diagnoses, with numbers falling by 71% from 2,989 in 2016 to 861 in 2025. Although diagnoses have continued to decrease annually, declining from 880 in 2024 to 861 in 2025, the rate of decline has slowed in recent years.

Figure 26. Rates of genital warts per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only), North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends and for details regarding age-specific analysis. 

Figure 26 is a line chart displaying trend lines of the rate of genital warts diagnoses in North East residents by age group over the past 10 years (2016 to 2025). Rates are by 100,000 population in each age group. As in previous charts, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years and 45 to 64 years.

The chart shows that the decline in genital warts diagnoses was largely driven by substantial decreases among younger age groups. Between 2016 and 2025, diagnosis rates fell by 97% among those aged 15 to 19 and by 92% among those aged 20 to 24 years. Rates among those aged 25 to 34 years decreased by 57%, while smaller declines were observed among those aged 35 to 44 (35%) and those aged 45 to 64 (13%).

HPV vaccines that protect against the types of human papillomavirus responsible for most genital warts were first offered routinely to girls aged 12 to 13 years through the national vaccination programme in September 2008. The programme has since expanded, including the replacement of the bivalent vaccine with the quadrivalent vaccine in September 2012, introduction of a targeted HPV vaccination programme for GBMSM aged up to 45 years in April 2018, and extension of routine vaccination to boys aged 12 to 13 years in September 2019. Consequently, by 2025 all females aged 15 to 29 years and males aged 15 to 18 years would have been routinely offered HPV vaccination at 12 to 13 years. Older individuals would have benefited primarily from indirect protection through reduced circulation of vaccine-type HPV.

Figure 27. Rates of genital warts per 100,000 aged 15 to 19 and 20 to 24 years by gender, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

Figure 27 is line graph showing the rate per 100,000 of genital warts in the North East, split by male and female in the 15 to 19 (solid line) and 20 to 24 (dashed line) age groups.

The chart shows that the largest reductions in genital warts diagnosis rates were observed among younger age groups in both females and males. Among females, rates fell by 98% among those aged 15 to 19 (from 509.7 to 7.5 per 100,000) and by 94% in those aged 20 to 24 years (from 590.1 to 38.1 per 100,000). Among males, rates decreased by 94% among those aged 15 to 19 (from 245.9 to 15.4 per 100,000) and by 92% among those aged 20 to 24 years (from 710.2 to 58.8 per 100,000). These findings are consistent with the impact of the HPV vaccination programme described above.

Figure 28. Rates of genital warts per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only) and gender, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for details regarding age-specific analysis.

Figure 28 is an age-sex pyramid displaying the rate of genital wart diagnoses in North East residents in 2025 by age group and gender (male compared to female). Rates are by 100,000 population in each group. As in previous graphs, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years.

The chart shows that the highest genital warts diagnosis rates in 2025 were among those aged 25 to 34 years in both females and males (68.9 and 133.4 per 100,000 population, respectively). This age group includes individuals who were not routinely offered HPV vaccination and therefore may have benefited primarily from indirect protection.

Syphilis

Figure 29. Number of syphilis diagnoses, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends.

Figure 29 is a line chart showing the trend in the number of diagnoses of syphilis, in North East residents over the past 10 years (2016 to 2025).

The chart shows that syphilis diagnoses increased markedly between 2016 and 2023, rising from 157 to a peak of 571 diagnoses, an increase of 264%. Following this peak, diagnoses declined to 446 by 2025. Despite this recent reduction, the number of diagnoses in 2025 remained almost 3 times higher than in 2016 and substantially above pre-pandemic levels (277 in 2019, 61% higher), indicating a sustained increase in the burden of syphilis in the region.

Figure 30. Rates of syphilis per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only), North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends and for details regarding age-specific analysis.

Figure 30 is a line chart displaying trend lines of the rate of syphilis diagnoses in North East residents by age group over the past 10 years (2016 to 2025). Rates are by 100,000 population in each age group. As in previous charts 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years and 45 to 64 years.

The chart shows that syphilis diagnosis rates increased across all age groups between 2016 and 2023, with the highest rates observed among those aged 20 to 24 years (65 per 100,000 population) and 25 to 34 years (63 per 100,000) in 2023. Rates subsequently declined in most age groups during 2024 and 2025, falling to 11 per 100,000 among those aged 15 to 19 years, 30 per 100,000 among those aged 20 to 24, 42 per 100,000 among those aged 25 to 34 years and 30 per 100,000 among 35 to 44 years in 2025. Although rates declined in these age groups after 2023, they remained substantially higher than pre-pandemic levels. In contrast, rates among those aged 45 to 64 years continued to increase, rising from 14 per 100,000 in 2024 to 16 per 100,000 in 2025.

Figure 31. Rates of syphilis per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only) and gender, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for details regarding age-specific analysis.

Figure 31 is an age-sex pyramid displaying the rate of syphilis diagnoses in North East residents in 2025 by age group and gender (male compared to female). Rates are by 100,000 population in each group. As in previous graphs, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years.

The chart shows that the highest rates in males are in those aged 25 to 34 (64.7 per 100,000 population) and in females the rate is highest in those aged 20 to 24 (23.8 per 100,000 population). Overall, there is a higher burden of disease in males than females.

Genital herpes

Figure 32. Number of genital herpes diagnoses, North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends.

Figure 32 is a line chart showing the trend in the number of diagnoses of genital herpes, in North East residents over the past 10 years (2016 to 2025).

The chart shows that genital herpes diagnoses fluctuated between 2016 and 2025, with an overall downward trend. The number of diagnoses decreased by 22%, from 1,474 in 2016 to 1,151 in 2025. Between 2024 and 2025, diagnoses fell by 3%, declining from 1,192 to 1,151.

Figure 33. Rates of genital herpes per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only), North East, 2016 to 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for guidance in interpreting trends and for details regarding age-specific analysis.

Figure 33 is a line chart displaying trend lines of the rate of genital herpes diagnoses in North East residents by age group over the past 10 years (2016 to 2025). Rates are by 100,000 population in each age group. As in previous charts, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years and 45 to 64 years.

The chart shows that genital herpes diagnosis rates by age group fluctuated between 2016 and 2025. Overall, rates declined among younger age groups but remained relatively stable or increased slightly among older age groups. Compared with 2016, rates fell by 49% among those aged 15 to 19 years (from 176 to 91 per 100,000 population), by 40% among those aged 20 to 24 years (from 276 to 167 per 100,000 population), and by 17% among those aged 25 to 34 years (from 131 to 108 per 100,000 population). Conversely, rates increased by 11% among those aged 35 to 44 years (from 48 to 54 per 100,000 population) and by 6% among those aged 45 to 64 years (from 18 to 19 per 100,000 population), indicating that the overall decline in genital herpes diagnoses was driven primarily by reductions among younger age groups.

Figure 34. Rates of genital herpes per 100,000 by age group (for those aged 15 to 64 years only) and gender, North East, 2025

Data sources: GUMCAD, ONS Census 2021 mid-year estimates.

See the Data sources section for details regarding age-specific analysis.

Figure 34 is an age-sex pyramid displaying the rate of genital herpes diagnoses in North East residents in 2025 by age group and gender (male compared to female). Rates are by 100,000 population in each group. As in previous graphs, 5 age groups are displayed: 15 to 19 years, 20 to 24 years, 25 to 34 years, 35 to 44 years, 45 to 64 years.

The chart shows that the highest rates in both females and males were in those aged 20 to 24 years (226.0 and 102.1 per 100,000, respectively), followed by 15 to 19 year olds in females (139.1 per 100,000) and 25 to 34 year olds in males (70.5 per 100,000).

Data sources

Find more information on local sexual health data sources in the UKHSA guide.

GUMCAD surveillance system

This disaggregate reporting system collects information about attendances and diagnoses at specialist (Level 3) and non-specialist (Level 2) sexual health services. Information about the patient’s area of residence is collected along with demographic data and other variables. GUMCAD superseded the earlier KC60 system and can provide data from 2009 onwards. GUMCAD is the main source of data for this report.

Due to limits on how much personally identifiable information sexual health clinics are able to share, it is not possible to deduplicate between different clinics. There is a possibility that some patients may be counted more than once if they are diagnosed with the same infection (for infection specific analyses) or a new STI of any type (for new STI analyses) at different clinics during the same calendar year.

CTAD surveillance system

CTAD collects data on all local authority and NHS or NHS-commissioned chlamydia testing carried out in England. CTAD is comprised of all chlamydia (NAATs) tests for all ages (with the exception of conjunctival samples), from all venues and for all reasons. CTAD enables unified, comprehensive reporting of all chlamydia data, to effectively monitor the impact of the NCSP through estimation of the coverage of population screening, proportion of all tests that are positive and detection rates.

For services which report to GUMCAD and for which CTAD does not receive data on the patient’s area of residence (for example, SHSs), information about chlamydia diagnoses is sourced from GUMCAD data.

CTAD does not collect information about sexual orientation or country of birth. Reports from CTAD are excluded from figures in this report which relate to analyses by sexual orientation or world region of birth.

National Chlamydia Screening Programme

The NCSP is an opportunistic screening programme designed to control the transmission and, most importantly, reduce the long term harms from untreated chlamydia infection in females aged 15 to 24 years. To reflect the importance of controlling chlamydia infection in this age group, the chlamydia detection rate indicator (DRI) is included as one of the health protection indicators within the national Public Health Outcomes Framework. It is a measure of chlamydia control activity: achieving a higher chlamydia DRI reflects improved control of chlamydia infection and reproductive sequelae.

Definitions

New STIs

New STI diagnoses comprise diagnoses of the following:

• chancroid
• Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
• donovanosis
• chlamydia
• gonorrhoea
• genital herpes (first episode)
• HIV (acute and AIDS defining)
• Molluscum contagiosum
• non-specific genital infection (NSGI)
• non-specific pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and epididymitis
• chlamydial PID and epididymitis (presented in chlamydia total)
• gonococcal PID and epididymitis (presented in gonorrhoea total)
• scabies
• pediculosis pubis
• syphilis (primary, secondary and early latent)
• trichomoniasis and genital warts (first episode)
• Mycoplasma genitalium
• shigella

Other STIs

Other STI diagnoses comprise those STIs listed above excluding the 5 main STIs, specifically:

• chancroid
• LGV
• donovanosis
• HIV (acute and AIDS defining)
• Molluscum contagiosum
• non-specific genital infection (NSGI)
• non-specific pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and epididymitis
• scabies
• pediculosis pubis
• trichomoniasis
• Mycoplasma genitalium
• shigella

Analysis and calculations

Interpreting trends

When interpreting trends in STI diagnoses, it is important to consider factors that may influence both testing activity and case ascertainment. These include screening programmes (for example, the NCSP), changes in service provision and testing practices (such as restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic and changes in service providers), vaccination programmes (for example, HPV vaccination), and the availability of preventive interventions such as prophylaxis.

In addition, testing and screening practices are not uniform across all areas. For example, some regions undertake extra-genital screening in GBMSM, while some laboratories use highly sensitive nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for the diagnosis of gonorrhoea and genital herpes. Where implemented, these practices are likely to increase case ascertainment and should be taken into account when comparing trends across areas and over time.

Gender and age groups

In GUMCAD, gender is self-reported by the patient and may not correspond to the sex assigned at birth.

Age group analyses are restricted to those aged 15 to 64 years as information about STIs in those aged under 15 years is considered highly sensitive. Analyses specific to this group are not provided in routine outputs. Rates for those aged 65 or older are also withheld to prevent deductive disclosure. The proportion of STIs in those aged under 15 years or older than 64 years is very low accounting for 1% of diagnoses in 2025.

Some analyses and charts exclude chlamydia diagnoses among people aged under 25 years. This age group is actively targeted through the NCSP, and variations in local screening activity can affect observed diagnosis rates. Excluding these diagnoses provides a more comparable measure of STI burden across areas.

Confidence intervals

Confidence Intervals were calculated using Byar’s method for numerators >= 10. For small numerators Byar’s method is less accurate and so an exact method based on the Poisson distribution is used.

Population estimates

ONS mid-year population estimates for 2024 were used as a denominator for rates (other than by ethnic group) for 2025.

ONS estimates of population by ethnic group for the year 2021 were used as a denominator for rates by ethnic group for 2025. This is the first time that new estimates of population by ethnic group have been available since 2011. This must be considered if comparing rates for 2025 in this report with rates by 2024 in last year’s report, as the rates in the last report used the 2011 estimates.

Index of multiple deprivation

2021 LSOA (lower super output area) boundaries of residence are reported by GUMCAD and linked to the 2019 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD). As the 2019 IMD is published at 2011 LSOA boundaries, IMDs are not available for all 2021 LSOAs. 95% of data reported to GUMCAD in 2025 had corresponding IMD scores. Hence, rates per decile may be underestimated.

LSOA: is a unit of geography across England containing around 1,500 residents.

More information

As of 2020, all analyses for this report include data from non-specialist (Level 2) SHSs and enhanced GP services as well as specialist (Level 3) SHSs.

For more information, see the online Sexual and Reproductive Health Profiles.

For more information on HIV data, see the separate HIV Spotlight report.

For more information on local sexual health data sources, see the UKHSA guide.

Local authorities have access to The Summary Profile of Local Authority Sexual Health (SPLASH) Reports (accessible from the Sexual and Reproductive Health Profiles) and the SPLASH supplement reports via the HIV and STI Data exchange.

About the Field Services

The Field Services were established in 2018 as a national service comprising geographically dispersed multi-disciplinary teams integrating expertise in Field Epidemiology, Real-time Syndromic Surveillance and Public Health Microbiology to strengthen the surveillance, intelligence and response functions of UKHSA.

You can contact your local FS team at FES.NorthEast@ukhsa.gov.uk

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following:

• local SHSs for supplying the SHS data
• local laboratories for supplying the CTAD data
• UKHSA Blood Safety, Hepatitis, Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) and HIV Division for collection, analysis and distribution of data

References

1. Stephanie J Migchelsen, Ubah Daahir, Clare Macdonald, Ana-Karina Harb, Lana Drisdale-Gordon, Stephen Duffell, Marta Checchi, Hridhya Vijayan, Giulia Habib Meriggi, Tika Ram, Kate Soldan, Kate Folkard, Helen Fifer, Katy Sinka, Hamish Mohammed and contributors. ‘Sexually transmitted infections and screening for chlamydia in England, 2025’ UKHSA (2026)

2. UKHSA (June 2026). National STI surveillance data 2025: Table 2

3. Mercer CH and others. ‘Changes in sexual attitudes and lifestyles in Britain through the life course and over time: findings from the National Surveys of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal)’ The Lancet November 2013: volume 382, issue 9,907, pages 1,781 to 1,794

4. Geary RS and others. ‘Sexual mixing in opposite-sex partnerships in Britain and its implications for STI risk: Findings from the third National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-3)’ International Journal of Epidemiology 2019: volume 48, issue 1, pages 228 to 242