Hepatitis B in the East of England: 2025 report
Published 14 May 2026
Applies to England
© Crown copyright 2026
This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gov.uk.
Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.
This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hepatitis-b-regional-surveillance-reports-2025/hepatitis-b-in-the-east-of-england-2025-report
Introduction
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a blood-borne virus that can cause an acute or chronic infection of the liver. Chronic infection can lead to liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and even death.
Prevention and treatment efforts have been combined to combat HBV infection and progress towards elimination of HBV as a public health threat by 2030 (set out in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis). The National Strategic Group on Viral Hepatitis, a cross-agency expert advisory body supported by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) provides strategic guidance on viral hepatitis in England, and supports progress toward achieving the WHO goal of HBV elimination.
UKHSA publishes a national report on the scale of HBV infection and related disease in England (the latest report for Hepatitis B in England), presenting disease surveillance and programme data to support monitoring of England’s progress towards WHO HBV elimination targets.
This report complements the UKHSA Hepatitis B in England report and presents further information on HBV disease surveillance, trends in HBV diagnosis and testing and related diseases in the East of England UKHSA region with data up to end of 2024. Although this report uses national data sources, regional figures may differ from the national figures for a given metric. For further details about data sources see information on data sources.
Summary
Trends in HBV testing and diagnosis in the general population and risk groups
Main trends are:
- 809 new laboratory reports of hepatitis B in residents of East of England, representing a rate of 11.8 reports per 100,000 population in 2024
- The number of new laboratory reports has increased by 12.2% between 2023 and 2024, and increased by 27.2% over the past 10 years
- in 2024, the number of new laboratory reports in males was 449 (55.5%) and in females was 320 (39.6%)
- in 2024, the highest number of new laboratory reports was in males aged 35 to 44 and females aged 35 to 44
- in 2024, the number of new positive laboratory reports by upper tier local authority of residence ranged from 20 in Central Bedfordshire to 141 in Hertfordshire; rates were highest in Peterborough at 46.5 new laboratory reports per 100,000 population and lowest in Norfolk with 2.4 per 100,000 population
- the estimated incidence of acute (or probable acute) infection was 0.2 per 100,000 population. This was lower than the England average of 0.5 per 100,000 (details of case definitions are given below)
- there have been 42,346 individuals tested for hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) in sentinel laboratories in East of England UKHSA region in 2024, of which 0.77% tested positive - the proportion positive was higher for tests referred through GP surgeries, higher for tests through sexual health services, higher for tests through drug services and higher for tests through emergency departments; the total number of tests conducted has likely increased since 2022 as a result of a new ‘opt-out’ blood-borne virus testing programme for at selected emergency departments (details of the sentinel surveillance laboratory network are available online)
Monitoring HBV-related morbidity
Main trends are:
- there have been 900 hospital admissions for individuals with a diagnosis code for acute or chronic hepatitis B in East of England UKHSA region in 2024 which was higher than the 670 in 2023
- the number of hospital admissions with a diagnosis code for hepatitis B-related end-stage liver disease (HBV-related ESLD) and hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-related HCC) was 25 and 15 respectively in 2024
Prevention of infection by immunisation
Main trends are:
- routine hepatitis B vaccine coverage of 3 doses at 24 months in the East of England was 93% for financial year (FY) 2024 to 2025
- reported level of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among people who inject drugs (PWID) in East of England UKHSA region increased by 8.6% from 64.2% in 2022 to 72.9% for 2023 (the most recently reported data)
Trends in HBV testing and diagnosis in the general population and risk groups
Estimated prevalence of HBV
Table 1. Estimated hepatitis B prevalence and number of people living with chronic hepatitis B, UKHSA regions and England, 2024
| Region | Estimated number of individuals with chronic hepatitis B, (95% confidence interval (CI)) | Estimated HBsAg prevalence (%), (95% CI) | Estimated SSBBV coverage (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| England | 268,767 (227,896 to 314,004) |
0.58 (0.50 to 0.68) |
45 |
| East of England | 19,584 (6,282 to 48,679) |
0.38 (0.12 to 0.95) |
40 |
| East Midlands | 7,584 (3,633 to 15,369) |
0.19 (0.09 to 0.38) |
64 |
| London | 99,067 (78,415 to 120,263) |
1.39 (1.10 to 1.69) |
75 |
| North East | 7,950 (2,700 to 20,289) |
0.36 (0.12 to 0.93) |
32 |
| North West | 25,406 (17,060 to 37,303) |
0.42 (0.28 to 0.62) |
43 |
| South East | 25,678 (12,326 to 53,207) |
0.34 (0.16 to 0.70) |
34 |
| South West | 15,978 (8,336 to 32,977) |
0.34 (0.18 to 0.70) |
30 |
| West Midlands | 24,756 (14,343 to 41,647) |
0.52 (0.30 to 0.87) |
35 |
| Yorkshire and Humber | 16,720 (9,012 to 29,921) |
0.37 (0.20 to 0.67) |
39 |
Data source: Modelling based on Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources and Hepatitis B in England national report.
The modelling methodology used to calculate these estimates has been published in the Journal of Viral Hepatitis. It is important to note that there is less confidence in the regional estimates compared to the national estimate and, as the estimates are based on data from the Sentinel Surveillance of Blood Borne Viruses (SSBBV), the accuracy of regional estimates may be influenced by the coverage of SSBBV in that region.
Table 1 displays the estimated number of people living with chronic hepatitis B, estimated prevalence of HBsAg, and the estimated Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus (SSBBV) testing coverage, in all UKHSA Regions and England as a whole. The region with the highest estimated number of individuals with chronic hepatitis B was London with 99,067 (95% CI: 78,415 to 120,263), while the region with the lowest was the East Midlands with 7,584 (95% CI: 3,633 to 15,369), the East of England reported 19,584 (95% CI: 6,282 to 48,679). The region with the highest estimated HBsAg prevalence was London with 1.39% (95% CI: 1.10 to 1.69), the lowest was the West Midlands with 0.19% (95% CI: 0.09 to 0.38), the East of England reported a prevalence of 0.38% (95% CI: 0.12 to 0.95), and the national estimated HBsAg prevalence was 0.58% (95% CI: 0.50 to 0.68). The region with the highest estimate SSBBV coverage was London with 75%, while the lowest was the South West on 30%, the East of England reported 40% coverage, and nationally England’s coverage was 45%.
New laboratory-confirmed diagnoses of HBV
Figure 1. Number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic), residents of East of England UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024
Data source: Second Generation Surveillance System (SGSS). For further information, see information on data sources.
In 2022, a new bloodborne virus (BBV) testing programme was introduced in selected emergency department (ED) sites in areas of high HIV diagnosed prevalence across England. This ‘opt-out’ programme may have led to increases in new diagnoses, however since the start of the ED opt-out programme, only approximately 11% of new hepatitis B diagnoses nationally where testing location is known have been made in ED.
Figure 1 illustrates the number new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) in the East of England. This rose from 721 in 2023, to 809 reports, continuing a trend of increasing laboratory reports year-on-year observed since 2020.
Figure 2. New laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) rate per 100,000 population [note 1], residents of East of England UKHSA region and England, 2015 to 2024
Data sources: SGSS and Office for National Statistics (ONS) mid-year population estimates (MYE). For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 1: the error bands represent 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 2 illustrates the rate of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) per 100,000 population in the East of England rose from approximately 10.1 in 2023 to approximately 11.5 in 2024, its highest point since surveillance began. The national rate of new laboratory reports per 100,00 also increased from around 20.1 in 2024 to around 21 per 100,000.
Table 2. Number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by UKHSA region of residence, 2015 to 2024
| Area | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East Midlands | 281 | 407 | 574 | 590 | 535 | 339 | 426 | 556 | 675 | 675 |
| East of England | 636 | 674 | 616 | 513 | 616 | 495 | 511 | 650 | 721 | 809 |
| London | 5,581 | 6,666 | 4,875 | 2,851 | 3,302 | 2,531 | 2,703 | 3,830 | 5,291 | 5,359 |
| North East | 155 | 192 | 228 | 199 | 206 | 112 | 144 | 205 | 271 | 275 |
| North West | 780 | 761 | 715 | 830 | 1,123 | 750 | 794 | 771 | 1,137 | 1,736 |
| South East | 712 | 684 | 830 | 726 | 966 | 533 | 734 | 978 | 1,072 | 1,077 |
| South West | 385 | 431 | 569 | 445 | 371 | 348 | 547 | 697 | 590 | 656 |
| West Midlands | 858 | 889 | 890 | 850 | 868 | 557 | 627 | 860 | 1,188 | 1,081 |
| Yorkshire and Humber | 864 | 699 | 683 | 755 | 764 | 451 | 548 | 731 | 804 | 886 |
| England [note 2] | 10,252 | 11,406 | 9,991 | 7,829 | 8,806 | 6,149 | 7,107 | 9,427 | 11,910 | 12,566 |
Data source: SGSS. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 2: sum of all regional cases may not equal the number of England cases as some cases may not have been able to be assigned to a region.
Table 2 shows the number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by UKHSA region of residence and for England as a whole. In 2024 the region with the highest number of new laboratory reports was London with 5,359, the lowest was the North East with 275. The East of England reported 809 new laboratory reports, the highest number since surveillance began.
Table 3. Rate per 100,000 population of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by UKHSA region of residence, 2015 to 2024
| Area | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| East Midlands | 6.0 | 8.6 | 12.0 | 12.3 | 11.0 | 7.0 | 8.7 | 11.3 | 13.5 | 13.3 |
| East of England | 10.0 | 10.5 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 9.4 | 7.5 | 7.7 | 9.7 | 10.6 | 11.8 |
| London | 64.4 | 76.2 | 55.5 | 32.3 | 37.1 | 28.5 | 30.7 | 43.2 | 58.8 | 59.0 |
| North East | 5.9 | 7.3 | 8.7 | 7.6 | 7.8 | 4.2 | 5.4 | 7.6 | 9.9 | 10.0 |
| North West | 10.9 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 11.3 | 15.3 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 14.9 | 22.4 |
| South East | 8.2 | 7.8 | 9.4 | 8.2 | 10.8 | 6.0 | 8.1 | 10.7 | 11.6 | 11.5 |
| South West | 7.0 | 7.8 | 10.2 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 9.6 | 12.1 | 10.1 | 11.1 |
| West Midlands | 14.9 | 15.3 | 15.2 | 14.4 | 14.7 | 9.4 | 10.5 | 14.3 | 19.5 | 17.5 |
| Yorkshire and Humber | 16.1 | 12.9 | 12.6 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 8.2 | 10.0 | 13.2 | 14.3 | 15.6 |
| England | 18.7 | 20.6 | 18.0 | 14.0 | 15.7 | 10.9 | 12.6 | 16.5 | 20.6 | 21.4 |
Data sources: SGSS and ONS MYE. For further information, see information on data sources.
Table 3 shows the rate per 100,000 population of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by UKHSA region of residence and for England as a whole. In 2024 the region with the highest rate of new laboratory reports was London with 59.0, the lowest was the North East with 10.0. In the East of England, the rate rose from 10.6 in 2023, to 11.8 in 2024. This regional increase was observed nationally, as the rate in England rose from 20.6 in 2023 to 21.4 in 2024, a trend observed since 2020.
Figure 3. Age group and sex of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) [note 3], residents of East of England UKHSA region, 2024
Data source: SGSS. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 3: cases reported in children under one year old have been removed. 40 Hepatitis B cases in East of England region in 2024 had no age and/or sex data and have not been included in this age-sex pyramid.
Figure 3 shows the number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) in residents of the East of England in 2024, by age group and sex. Across all age groups the number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B was higher among males than females. The highest number of reports, for both Females and Males, was in the 35-44 age group, and the lowest among the 65 and over age-group in males and the 1 to 24 age group for females.
Figure 4. Ethnicity distribution of new laboratory reports of new diagnoses of HBV [note 4], residents of East of England UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024
Data source: SGSS. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 4: this figure excludes cases of unknown ethnicity.
Figure 4 shows the distribution of new laboratory reports of new diagnoses of HBV among residents of the East of England by ethnicity. It shows a reduction in the percentage of new HBV diagnosis among the ‘Asian or Asian British’, and ‘Any Other White Background’ ethnic groups. The Black or Black British group saw increased percentages in 2023 and 2024. The White British, and Any Mixed Background groups saw a small increase in the percentage of new HBV diagnoses between 2023 and 2024.
Table 4. Number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by upper tier local authority of residence [note 5], East of England UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024
| Upper tier local authority | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bedford | 9 | 32 | 19 | 19 | 12 | 25 | 19 | 48 | 66 | 62 |
| Cambridgeshire | 68 | 68 | 98 | 62 | 69 | 78 | 68 | 90 | 70 | 104 |
| Central Bedfordshire | 12 | 16 | 15 | 20 | 12 | 15 | 16 | 29 | 22 | 20 |
| Essex | 85 | 85 | 75 | 61 | 85 | 70 | 64 | 70 | 109 | 127 |
| Hertfordshire | 127 | 138 | 125 | 93 | 114 | 92 | 95 | 140 | 189 | 141 |
| Luton | 52 | 55 | 57 | 31 | 104 | 72 | 89 | 87 | 87 | 86 |
| Milton Keynes | 53 | 60 | 60 | 77 | 72 | 48 | 57 | 70 | 75 | 68 |
| Norfolk | 19 | 40 | 35 | 50 | 40 | 20 | 25 | 37 | 20 | 23 |
| Peterborough | 47 | 41 | 55 | 34 | 50 | 23 | 33 | 20 | 26 | 104 |
| Southend-on-Sea | 13 | 10 | 5 | 14 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 26 |
| Suffolk | 17 | 33 | 37 | 26 | 25 | 22 | 26 | 28 | 11 | 21 |
| Thurrock | 28 | 20 | 15 | 26 | 23 | 20 | 15 | 24 | 35 | 27 |
Data source: SGSS. See information on data sources. Note 5: this table excludes cases with unknown UTLA.
Table 4 shows the number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by upper tier local authority of residence, in the East of England. The upper tier local authority with the largest count of new reports was Hertfordshire with 141, while the lowest was Central Bedfordshire with 20. The largest increase was observed in Peterborough, with an increase of 78, from 26 in 2023 to 104 in 2024, whilst the largest decrease was observed in Hertfordshire, from 189 new reports in 2023 to 141 in 2024.
Table 5. Rate per 100,000 population of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by upper tier local authority of residence [note 6], East of England UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024
| Upper tier local authority | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bedford | 5.3 | 18.4 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 6.6 | 13.7 | 10.2 | 25.6 | 34.5 | 31.8 |
| Cambridgeshire | 10.4 | 10.3 | 14.8 | 9.3 | 10.3 | 11.6 | 10.0 | 13.0 | 10.0 | 14.6 |
| Central Bedfordshire | 4.4 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 7.1 | 4.2 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 9.6 | 7.1 | 6.3 |
| Essex | 5.9 | 5.8 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 5.7 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 7.1 | 8.1 |
| Hertfordshire | 10.9 | 11.7 | 10.5 | 7.8 | 9.6 | 7.7 | 7.9 | 11.6 | 15.5 | 11.4 |
| Luton | 23.9 | 24.9 | 25.8 | 14.0 | 46.6 | 32.1 | 39.6 | 38.2 | 37.2 | 36.0 |
| Milton Keynes | 19.6 | 21.9 | 21.7 | 27.6 | 25.6 | 16.9 | 19.8 | 23.9 | 25.0 | 22.2 |
| Norfolk | 2.2 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 5.5 | 4.4 | 2.2 | 2.7 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 2.4 |
| Peterborough | 23.5 | 20.0 | 26.4 | 16.1 | 23.5 | 10.8 | 15.2 | 9.2 | 11.7 | 46.5 |
| Southend-on-Sea | 7.3 | 5.5 | 2.8 | 7.7 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 2.2 | 3.9 | 6.0 | 14.0 |
| Suffolk | 2.3 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 2.7 |
| Thurrock | 16.8 | 11.8 | 8.8 | 15.0 | 13.1 | 11.4 | 8.5 | 13.6 | 19.5 | 14.9 |
Data sources: SGSS & ONS MYE. See information on data sources. Note 6: this table excludes cases with unknown UTLA.
Table 5 shows the rate of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) per 100,000 population by upper tier local authority of residence, in the East of England. The upper tier local authority with the highest rate of new reports was Peterborough with 46.5, while the lowest was Norfolk with 2.4. The largest increase was observed in Peterborough, with an increase from 11.7 in 2023 to 46.5 per 100,000 in 2024. The largest decrease was observed in Thurrock, from 19.4 per 100,000 in 2023 to 14.9 in 2024.
Figure 5. Test location of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic), residents of East of England UKHSA region, 2024
Data sources: SGSS. For further information, see information on data sources.
The percentage of new HBV diagnosis per laboratory location in the East of England region is show in Figure 5. In 2024 there was a decrease in percentage of new HBV diagnoses in general practice locations, and an increase in Hospital locations, whilst all other locations were unchanged.
Acute or probable acute diagnoses of HBV
Figure 6. Estimated incidence of acute or probable acute hepatitis B per 100,000 population by UKHSA region [note 7], 2024
Data sources: SGSS, UKHSA Case and Incident Management System (CIMS) and ONS MYE. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 7: UKHSA transitioned to a new case management system for notifiable diseases in 2024 which has impacted the identification of people with acute hepatitis B and likely resulted in underreporting.
Figure 6 shows the estimated incidence of acute or probable acute hepatitis B per 100,000 population by UKHSA region, the region with the lowest estimated incidence of acute or probable hepatitis B per 100,000 population is the East of England at below 0.2 per 100,000, and highest in London at 0.8 per 100,000.
Figure 7. Estimated incidence of acute or probable acute hepatitis B per 100,000 population [note 8], East of England UKHSA region and England, 2015 to 2024
Data sources: SGSS, CIMS and ONS MYE. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 8: UKHSA transitioned to a new case management system for notifiable diseases in 2024 which has impacted the identification of people with acute hepatitis B and likely resulted in underreporting.
Figure 7 depicts the estimated incidence of acute or probable acute hepatitis B per 100,000 population, for the East of England region and England. The estimated incidence in the East of England dropped sharply from around 0.35 per 100,00 in 2023 to around 0.15 per 100,000 in 2024. This trend was mirrored nationally but the reduction less dramatic, from around 0.51 per 100,000 in 2023 to around 0.48 per 100,000 in 2024.
HBV testing in the wider population
Figure 8. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive in sentinel laboratories [note 9] in East of England UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024
Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.
From 2022 to 2024, the opt-out ED BBV testing programme was scaled-up, leading to increased numbers of tests being conducted in these sentinel surveillance sites.
There are currently 23 laboratories in the SSBBV network in total, of which one is a central laboratory for the East of England region. More information regarding the SSBBV can be found in the Sentinel Surveillance of bloodborne viruses (BBVs) section, below. In the East of England’s sentinel laboratories the number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing), and the proportion positive both increased in 2024 to their highest level compared with the previous 9 years. The number of individuals tested rose from 30,000 in 2023 to just over 40,000 in 2024, while the percentage of positive results rose from 0.6% in 2023 to 0.75% in 2024.
Figure 9. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive, through GP surgeries in sentinel laboratories [note 9] in East of England UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024
Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 9 illustrates that in the East of England’s sentinel laboratories the number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) through GP surgeries, remained quite stable in 2024 at around 7,000. The percentage of individuals testing positive for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) through GP surgeries in sentinel laboratories in the East of England rose from around 0.95% in 2023, to around 1.1% in 2024.
Testing and diagnoses in sexual health services (SHS)
Figure 10. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive, through sexual health services in sentinel laboratories [note 9] in East of England UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024
Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.
In the East of England’s sentinel laboratories the number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) through sexual health services fell from 44 in 2023 to 41 in 2024. The percentage of individuals testing positive for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive, through sexual health services in sentinel laboratories remained near around 1%.
Testing and diagnoses in people who inject drugs and/or attend drug services
Figure 11. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive, through drug services in sentinel laboratories [note 9] [note 10] in East of England UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024
Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.
Note 10: Between 2023 and 2024, there was underreporting of hepatitis testing data from a sentinel laboratory which undertakes a large proportion of testing for drug treatment services, making it difficult to monitor trends in drug treatment services over this period.
Figure 11 shows the number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and the proportion positive, through drug services in the East of England’s sentinel laboratories. The number of individuals tested fell from around 600 in 2023 to around 50 in 2024, whilst the positivity rate rose from around 0.3% in 2023 to around 1% in 2024.
Testing and diagnoses in people attending emergency departments
Figure 12. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year and proportion positive, through emergency departments in sentinel laboratories [note 9] in East of England UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024
Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 12 shows the number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive, through emergency departments in sentinel laboratories in East of England UKHSA region. The number of individuals tested rose sharply from around 1,700 in 2023 to around 2,900 in 2024, whilst the percentage of those tests positive also rose from just below 0.5% in 2023 to around 0.75% in 2024.
Coverage of maternal hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing
Figure 13. Coverage of hepatitis B antenatal screening by NHS region: Screening Standard IDPS-S02, NHS East of England region, between financial years 2021 to 2022 and 2023 to 2024
Data source: Infectious Disease in Pregnancy Screening (IDPS) (for further information, see information on data sources)
Figure 13 shows the coverage of hepatitis B antenatal screening - Screening Standard IDPS-S02, in the East of England by financial year, the number of eligible women fell from around 73,000 in FY 2022 to 2023 to around 63,000 in FY 2023 to 2024. The percentage of eligible women screen remained constant across financial years 2022 to 2023 and 2023 to 2024 at around 99.75%.
Monitoring HBV-related morbidity
Hospital admissions from HBV
Figure 14. Number of hospital admissions [note 11] and admission rate per 100,000 population [note 12] for individuals with a diagnosis code for acute or chronic hepatitis B [note 13], residents of East of England UKHSA region [note 14], 2015 to 2024
Data source: Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), NHS England. Produced by the UK Health Security Agency. Copyright © 2025, re-used with the permission of NHS England. All rights reserved. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 11: data has been suppressed in accordance with NHS disclosure control guidance for sub-national breakdowns. Numbers between 1 and 7 (inclusive) are suppressed and (where applicable) represented in the figure by asterisks (*). All other numbers are rounded to the nearest 5. Zeroes are unchanged. Due to data quality issues around HES identifiers, data has been omitted for 2017 and 2018 (grey box).
Note 12: rates have been calculated using ONS mid-year population estimates.
Note 13: hepatitis B is defined by ‘International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision’ (ICD-10) codes B16.0, B16.1, B16.2, B16.9, B18.0 and B18.1.
Note 14: there is a high proportion of missing data in the HES data for the geographies of residence for people admitted to hospital with acute and chronic hepatitis B (approximately 25% for 2024 admissions). This means that the regional admission counts and rates are likely an underestimate of the true number.
Figure 14 shows the number of hospital admissions and the admission rate per 100,000 population for individuals with a diagnosis code for acute or chronic hepatitis B in the East of England. The number of hospital admissions for individuals with a diagnosis code for acute or chronic hepatitis B stayed constant across 2023 and 2024 at approximately 900, while the national number rose above 10,000. The admission rate per 100,000 population for individuals with a diagnosis code for acute or chronic hepatitis B in the East of England rose from around 12 per 100,000 in 2023 to around 14 per 100,000 in 2024, this trend was mirrored nationally as the rate rose from around 17 per 100,000 in 2023 to 20 per 100,000 in 2024.
Figure 15. Number of hospital admissions [note 15] for individuals with a diagnosis code for hepatitis B-related end-stage liver disease (HBV-related ESLD) or hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-related HCC) [note 16] [note 17], residents of East of England UKHSA region [note 18], 2015 to 2024
Data source: Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), NHS England. For further information, see information on data sources. See Note 17 re: methodology.
Note 15: data has been suppressed in accordance with NHS disclosure control guidance for sub-national breakdowns. Numbers between 1 and 7 (inclusive) are suppressed and (where appropriate) represented in the figure by asterisks (*). All other numbers are rounded to the nearest 5. Zeroes are unchanged. Due to data quality issues around HES identifiers, data has been omitted for 2017 and 2018 (grey box).
Note 16: end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is defined by ICD-10 codes for ascites (R18), bleeding oesophageal varices (I85.0 and I98.3), hepato-renal syndrome (K76.7), hepatic encephalopathy (K72.9) or hepatic failure (K72.0, K72.1 and K70.4). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is defined by ICD-10 code for hepatocellular carcinoma (C22.0).
Note 17: the methodology used to calculate hepatitis B-related ESLD and HCC admissions has been updated for this report. The previous method using only HES data may under-report hepatitis B as it relies on a diagnosis of hepatitis B being recorded in HES. The updated methodology, which follows the ‘upper bound’ methodology outlined in Hepatitis B in England 2025 report, links HES data to laboratory diagnoses of hepatitis B from SGSS and SSBBV from any year.
Note 18: there is a high proportion of missing data in the HES data for the geographies of residence for people admitted to hospital with ESLD and/or HCC (approximately 23% for ESLD admissions in 2024 and approximately 26% for HCC admissions in 2024). This means that the regional admission counts are likely an underestimate of the true number.
Figure 15 shows the number of hospital admissions for individuals with a diagnosis code for hepatitis B-related end-stage liver disease (HBV-related ESLD) or hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-related HCC), in the East of England. The number of admissions for HBV-related ESLD in the East of England continued to drop from the peak of around 55 in 2022, around 42 in 2023, to around 25 in 2024. The number of admissions for HBV-related HCC in the East of England also fell in 2024 from around 24 in 2023 to around 15.
Monitoring HBV-related mortality
Figure 16. Rate of deaths with ESLD [note 19] or HCC in those with HBV mentioned on their death certificate [note 20] by UKHSA region, 2020 to 2024
Data sources: ONS Mortality and ONS MYE. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 19: ESLD is defined by codes or text entries for ascites, bleeding oesophageal varices, hepato-renal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy or hepatic failure. Patients were identified via ICD-10 codes and text searching.
Note 20: the methodology used to calculate hepatitis B-related mortality has been updated for this report, as the previous method of only counting deaths where ESLD and/or HCC and hepatitis B were reported in ONS death registrations may lead to underreporting. The updated methodology, which follows the ‘upper estimate’ methodology outlined in Hepatitis B in England 2025 report, links ONS deaths registrations data to HES hospital admissions data and laboratory diagnoses of hepatitis B from SGSS and SSBBV from any year to yield a maximum number of deaths attributable to hepatitis B-related ESLD and/or HCC.
Figure 16 shows that the rate of deaths with ESLD HCC in those with HBV mentioned on their death certificate by UKHSA Region from 2020 to 2024. In the East of England this rate of deaths was 0.201 to 0.4 per 100,000 population.
Prevention of infection by immunisation
Coverage of hepatitis B vaccine 3 doses (HepB3) in universal programme
Figure 17. Routine hepatitis B vaccine coverage of 3 doses of the hexavalent vaccine at 12 months, East of England UKHSA region and England, financial years 2019/2020 to 2024/2025
Data source: NHS Childhood Vaccination Coverage Statistics (COVER). For further information, see information on data sources.
Figure 17 shows the percentage of routine hepatitis B vaccine coverage of 3 doses of the hexavalent vaccine at 12 months, in the East of England and England, by financial year (FY). The percentage of vaccine coverage at 12 months remained unchanged in FY 2024 to 2025 from FY 2023 to 2024 at around 90%.
Figure 18. Routine hepatitis B vaccine coverage of 3 doses of the hexavalent vaccine at 24 months, East of England UKHSA region and England, FY 2020/2021 to FY 2024/2025
Data source: NHS COVER. For further information, see information on data sources.
Figure 18 shows the percentage of routine hepatitis B vaccine coverage of 3 doses of the hexavalent vaccine at 24 months, in the East of England and England, by FY. The percentage of vaccine coverage at 12 months remained unchanged in FY 2024/2025 from FY 2023/2024, at around 90%.
Coverage of hepatitis B vaccine 3 doses (HepB3) in selective programme
Table 6. Children born to mothers positive for hepatitis B vaccinated against hepatitis B by their first birthday by upper tier local authority: vaccine coverage (5 doses routine and selective combined [note 21]) and eligible population, East of England UKHSA region, FY 2024 to 2025
| Local authority | Eligible population | Number vaccinated | Percentage covered (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bedford | 12 | 8 | 66.70% |
| Cambridgeshire | 9 | 9 | 100.00% |
| Central Bedfordshire | 5 | [note 22] | 70% to 100% |
| Essex | 33 | 28 | 84.80% |
| Hertfordshire | 38 | 36 | 94.70% |
| Luton | 21 | 19 | 90.50% |
| Milton Keynes | 30 | 25 | 83.30% |
| Norfolk | 13 | 12 | 92.30% |
| Peterborough | 19 | 15 | 78.90% |
| Southend-on-Sea | [note 22] | [note 22] | 70% to 100% |
| Suffolk | 11 | 10 | 90.90% |
| Thurrock | 7 | 7 | 100.00% |
Data source: NHS COVER. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 21: babies received 2 monovalent vaccines (at birth and at 4 weeks), and 3 doses of hexavalent vaccines (at 8, 12 and 16 weeks).
Note 22: denotes that data is suppressed due to potential disclosure issues associated with small numbers. Small number suppression is carried out on data in this table, adhering to the following methodology; suppress all data (that is, eligible population, number vaccinated and coverage) where the eligible population is 1 or 2, and where the eligible population is greater than 2 and the number of children vaccinated is 0 or 1, suppress the number of children vaccinated and the coverage.
Table 6 shows the number of children at high risk of maternal transmission vaccinated against hepatitis B by their first birthday by upper tier local authority (UTLA): vaccine coverage (5 doses routine and selective combined) and the eligible population in the East of England. The UTLA with the largest eligible population was Hertfordshire with 38, and the UTLA with the smallest was Southend-on sea with 2 or less (data suppressed due to potential disclosure issues associated with small numbers). The UTLA with the largest number vaccinated was Hertfordshire with 36, the UTLA with the smallest reportable was Central Bedfordshire and Southend-on Sea with 2 or less. The UTLA with the largest percentage covered (%) was Cambridgeshire and Thurrock, both on 100%, whilst the UTLA with the smallest was Bedford on 66.70%.
Table 7. Children born to mothers positive for hepatitis B vaccinated against hepatitis B by their second birthday by upper tier local authority: vaccine coverage (6 doses routine and selective combined [note 23]) and eligible population, East of England UKHSA region, FY 2024 to 2025
| Local authority | Eligible population | Number vaccinated | Percentage covered (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bedford | [note 24] | [note 24] | 70% to 100% |
| Cambridgeshire | 14 | 14 | 100.00% |
| Central Bedfordshire | 7 | 7 | 100.00% |
| Essex | 26 | 26 | 100.00% |
| Hertfordshire | 41 | 39 | 95.10% |
| Luton | 22 | 20 | 90.90% |
| Milton Keynes | 17 | 16 | 94.10% |
| Norfolk | 9 | 9 | 100.00% |
| Peterborough | 11 | 11 | 100.00% |
| Southend-on-Sea | [note 24] | [note 24] | 35% to 69% |
| Suffolk | 19 | 19 | 100.00% |
| Thurrock | 15 | 14 | 93.30% |
Data source: NHS COVER. For further information, see information on data sources.
Note 23: babies received 3 monovalent vaccines (at birth, 4 weeks and 12 months), and 3 doses of hexavalent vaccines (at 8, 12 and 16 weeks).
Note 24: denotes that data is suppressed due to potential disclosure issues associated with small numbers. Details of this data suppression can be found in the Cover of Vaccination Evaluated Rapidly (COVER) section, below.
Table 7 shows the number of children at high risk of maternal transmission vaccinated against hepatitis B by their second birthday by upper tier local authority (UTLA): vaccine coverage (6 doses routine and selective combined) and the eligible population in the East of England. The UTLA with the largest eligible population was Hertfordshire with 41, and the UTLA with the smallest reportable was Central Bedfordshire with 7. The UTLA with the largest number vaccinated was Hertfordshire with 39, the UTLA with the smallest reportable was Central Bedfordshire with 7. The UTLAs with the largest percentage covered (%) was Cambridgeshire, Central Bedfordshire, Essex, Norfolk, Peterborough, and Suffolk all on 100%, whilst the UTLA with the smallest was Southend-on-Sea on 35 to 69%.
Vaccine uptake in people who inject drugs
Figure 19. Reported level of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among people who inject drugs (PWID), East of England UKHSA region, 2014 to 2023
Data source: Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring (UAM) survey. For further information, see information on data sources.
Figure 19 illustrates the reported level of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the East of England and England. In the East of England, the percentage PWID reporting vaccine uptake rose from around 65% in 2022, to around 72% in 2023. In England the percentage PWID reporting vaccine uptake remained the same in 2023, the most recent year of data available, as it was in 2022, around 62%.
Prevention of infection by harm reduction
Figure 20. Reported level of direct sharing of needles and/or syringes among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the preceding 4 weeks, East of England UKHSA region and England, 2014 to 2023
Data source: UAM survey. For further information, see information on data sources.
Figure 20 shows the reported level of direct sharing of needles and/or syringes among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the preceding 4 weeks, in the East of England and England. In the East of England, the percentage of direct sharing needles and syringes rose slightly from around 21% in 2022 to around 23% in 2023. In England, the percentage of direct sharing needles and syringes also rose from around 20% in 2022 to around 25% in 2023, the most recent year data is available for.
Figure 21. Reported level of direct and indirect sharing of injecting equipment among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the preceding 4 weeks, East of England UKHSA region and England, 2014 to 2023
Data source: UAM survey. For further information, see information on data sources.
Figure 21 shows the reported level of direct and indirect sharing of injecting equipment among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the preceding 4 weeks, in the East of England and England. In the East of England, the percentage of direct and indirect sharing needles and syringes rose sharply from around 27% in 2022 to around 50% in 2023. In England, the percentage of direct sharing needles and syringes rose slightly from around 40% in 2022 to around 43% in 2023.
Information on data sources
Second Generation Surveillance System (SGSS)
Brief description
SGSS captures routine laboratory surveillance data on infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance from laboratories within England. Along with a number of other organisms, hepatitis B is notifiable under the Health Protection (Notifications) Regulations (2010).
Technical notes
Data extracted from Sentinel Surveillance of blood borne virus testing (SSBBV) and SGSS will vary for several reasons and should not be compared: the 2 systems have collected data over different historical periods, with data reported to SGSS and predecessor systems since 1995, whereas SSBBV has been running since 2002. Data reported to SSBBV reflects the timeframe from when the laboratory joined the surveillance system, with laboratories joining more recently having less data available than laboratories who have been reporting since 2002. Furthermore, whilst SGSS collects national level data, SSBBV collects data from a subset of laboratories. There are 35 laboratories which report to SSBBV with an estimated 45% coverage testing in the GP registered population in England.
Data completeness for ethnicity within this dataset declines over time, due to changes in methodology. ONOMAP, an ethnicity estimator which classifies ethnicity based on name is no longer used. Ethnicity is assigned using data reported through the test request form and through linkage to healthcare datasets and represents ethnicity that is assigned rather than estimated. Data will improve over time as additional information is reported, older records are more likely to be more complete.
Laboratory reports of new diagnoses of HBV include positive test results for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and are submitted to UKHSA or predecessor organisations via SGSS/CoSurv.
Data includes laboratory reports for both acute and chronic hepatitis B infections and therefore cannot be used to estimate incidence.
Data is assigned to local authority and UKHSA region by patient postcode where present, if patient postcode is unknown, data is assigned to local authority and UKHSA region of registered general practice; where both patient postcode and registered general practice are unknown data is assigned to local authority and UKHSA region of laboratory.
Dates are assigned based on earliest positive specimen date.
Patient identifiable data submitted by NHS laboratories is variable, particularly from sexual health and drug and alcohol services, which limits the ability to deduplicate.
Laboratory reports for children under one year of age are excluded from the analyses to rule out detecting maternal antibody.
Rates per 100,000 have been calculated using mid-year population estimates supplied by the Office for National Statistics (ONS).
Caveat: SGSS data in this report may differ from data shown in the Hepatitis B in England report and from data reported in other surveillance outputs at a different point in time. This is due to the SGSS dataset being a live system and a number of cleaning, deduplication, remapping and other operational processes being routinely applied to the data to improve data quality.
HPZone/CIMS
Brief description
HPZone was a case and outbreak management system used by the health protection teams (HPTs) in UKHSA until mid-2024, when it was replaced by a new Case and Incident Management System (CIMS). Details related to cases of hepatitis A, B, C and E are stored on this system in addition to details of other infections reported to the HPTs.
HPZone and CIMS are secure systems. Where acute hepatitis B cases are reported, HPTS used HPZone historically and CIMS currently to capture data about these cases and relevant risk factors to inform public health action. As a result of the transition from HPZone to CIMS in mid-2024, there is a known issue that has likely impacted the identification of people with acute hepatitis B and likely resulted in the underreporting of cases.
Hepatitis B case definitions using SGSS and HPZone/CIMS data
The definition for acute hepatitis B is ‘HBsAg positive and anti-HBc IgM positive and abnormal liver function tests with a pattern consistent with acute viral hepatitis’. As information on liver function is not usually available to UKHSA, for the purpose of this analysis the following case definitions were used:
- cases classified as acute viral hepatitis B by the local UKHSA region or the laboratory and/or with a documented positive anti-HBc IgM were classified as acute cases
- cases classified as acute viral hepatitis B by the local UKHSA region but without an anti-HBc IgM test result or not classified but a positive anti-HBc IgM reported were assumed to be probable acute hepatitis B cases
- cases initially classified as acute by the local UKHSA region but with contradictory laboratory evidence were reclassified as chronic infections
- cases classified as chronic infections or those not classified where anti-HBc IgM was negative or equivocal or missing were assumed to be chronic infections
The case definitions were derived using the following methodology: cases reported to UKHSA regions via HPZone/CIMS were extracted from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2024 and matched using identifiers to SGSS data. The SGSS data was used to determine final classification of any cases reported from the UKHSA region via HPZone/CIMS. A final reconciled data set including cases classified as acute or probable acute was used for this report.
Technical notes
UKHSA transitioned to a new case management system for notifiable diseases in 2024 which has impacted the identification of people with acute hepatitis B and likely resulted in underreporting.
Sentinel Surveillance of bloodborne viruses (BBVs)
Brief description
The sentinel surveillance study of hepatitis, HIV and HTLV began in 2002 and provides information on testing, individual risk exposures and clinical symptoms. The study collects information on blood borne virus testing carried out in participating sentinel laboratories regardless of result. In 2022 there were 24 participating laboratories and at the time this report was produced there were 28 participating laboratories, some of the new laboratories have provided legacy data if they were able to.
Technical notes
See first technical note for SGSS.
Excludes dried blood spot, oral fluid, reference testing and testing from hospitals referring all samples. Data is de-duplicated subject to availability of date of birth, Soundex and first initial.
Individuals under one year old are excluded from the analysis.
Regional and England data is aggregated data for all organisations who provided complete data for all 4 quarters. Data is assigned to UKHSA region by the location of the requesting testing site.
Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy Screening (IDPS)
Brief description
NHSE’s IDPS Programme has commissioned the Integrated Screening Outcomes Surveillance Service (ISOSS). ISOSS monitors pregnancies where the mother is screen positive or is already known to have hepatitis B. Monitoring is also conducted for HIV, syphilis as well as continuing monitoring cases of congenital rubella syndrome
Technical notes
Published data can be found at Antenatal screening standards: data report 2020 to 2021.
Hospital Episode Statistics (HES)
Brief description
HES is a database containing details of all admissions, A&E attendances and outpatient appointments at NHS hospitals in England. This data is used to calculate the number of individuals per year that have a hospital admission related to hepatitis B associated end stage liver disease (ESLD) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is also used to calculate incidence of HBV related ESLD and HCC.
Technical notes
Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), NHS England. Produced by the UK Health Security Agency. Copyright © 2025, re-used with the permission of the NHS England. All rights reserved.
Data is based on Hospital Episode Statistics as at October 2025.
Patients who have had more than one hospital episode with a diagnosis of HBV in any one year and who have moved residence within that year have been grouped into the UKHSA region of their latest hospital episode in that year.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is defined by ICD-10 code for hepatocellular carcinoma (C22.0). End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is defined by ICD-10 codes for ascites (R18), bleeding oesophageal varices (I85.0 and I98.3), hepato-renal syndrome (K76.7), hepatic encephalopathy (K72.9) or hepatic failure (K72.0, K72.1 and K70.4).
Data for 2017 and 2018 has been omitted. This is due an interrupt in the supply of identifiers in the HES year April 2017 to March 2018 making it impossible to distinguish repeat hospital episodes for the same person within the same year, and thus determine the number of prevalent cases of HBV and HBV-related HCC/ESLD in 2017 and 2018.
Office for National Statistics (ONS) Mortality data
Brief description
Data from the Mortality and Birth Information System is used to calculate the number of deaths from end stage liver disease (ESLD) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with hepatitis B mentioned on the death certificate.
Technical notes
Published data about deaths can be found on the ONS website.
Data on the number of deaths from ESLD and HCC in this report was identified by searching the ONS Mortality dataset using a combination of 2 methodologies described below, deaths that met either of these criteria were included in this report:
- searching for all causes of mortality using the following ICD-10 codes - ‘C220’, ‘R18’, ‘K767’, ‘K729’, ‘K720’, ‘K721’, ‘K704’, ‘I850’, ‘I983’
- searching all free-text variables for the following terms - “hepatocellular c%”, “primary liver c%”, “hcc”, “ascites”, “encephal%”, “liver failure”, “hepatorenal syndrome”, “hepatic failure”, “hepatic coma”, “bleeding o%”, “ruptured oesoph%”, “haemorrhage from oesoph%”, where ICD-10 codes ‘B160’, ‘B161’, ‘B162’, ‘B169’, ‘B181’, ‘B180’ were also reported on the death certificate
There has been no additional clinical review stage, as may be conducted on other UKHSA reporting for ESLD/HCC mortality, and therefore numbers may vary slightly from other reports.
Cover of Vaccination Evaluated Rapidly (COVER)
Brief description
The COVER programme is a quarterly data collection that started in 1987 with the aim of providing timely data. COVER data is extracted from Child Health Information Systems at the local authority level for children aged one, 2 and 5 years of age. Babies born to mothers with hepatitis B have been offered the hepatitis B vaccine from birth since the late 1980s. During autumn 2017 hepatitis B became part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule for all babies in a 6-in-1 vaccine.
Technical notes
Data from the Universal Programme:
- in FY 2019 to 2020, all children in the 12 month cohort were eligible for the DtaP/IPV/Hib/HepB (6-in-1) vaccination, which replaced the 5-in-1 vaccination
- this is the first year coverage is fully reported against the 6-in-1 vaccine for the 12 month cohort
- the DTaP/IPV/Hib (5-in-1) vaccine was replaced by the DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB (6-in-1) vaccine in August 2017; therefore the 24 month age cohort in FY 2019 to 2020 (born in FY 2017 to 2018), will have received either the 5-in-1 or the 6-in-1 vaccination, depending on when in the year they were vaccinated
- from FY 2020 to 2021 onwards, all children in the 12 month cohort and 24 month cohort were eligible for the DtaP/IPV/Hib/HepB (6-in-1) vaccination, which replaced the 5-in-1 vaccination in 2017
- the DTaP/IPV/Hib (5-in-1) vaccine was replaced by the DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB (6-in-1) vaccine in August 2017; therefore the 5 year age cohort in FY 2022 to 2023 (born in FY 2017 to 2018), will have received either the 5-in-1 or the 6-in-1 vaccination, depending on when in the year they were vaccinated
- all babies born on or after 1 January 2020 received their first dose of PCV at 12 weeks of age
- prior to this, PCV primary at 12 months was 2 doses administered at 8 and 16 weeks - FY 2021 to 2022 is the first year that coverage reported is based on the single dose primary course
Data from the Selective Programme:
- the ‘eligible population’ is the total number of children reaching their first birthday during the specified evaluation period with maternal Hep B positive status
- the ‘number of children vaccinated’ by their first birthday is total number of children from the eligible population receiving 2 monovalent HepB vaccines (at birth and one month) and 3 doses of hexavalent vaccine (at 8, 12 and 16 weeks) before their 1st birthday
- the ‘number of children vaccinated’ by their second birthday is total number of children from the eligible population receiving 3 monovalent HepB vaccines at birth, 4 weeks and 12 months, and 3 doses of hexavalent vaccine (at 8, 12 and 16 weeks) before their 2nd birthday
- small number suppression is carried out on data in this table, adhering to the following methodology; suppress all data (that is, eligible population, number vaccinated and coverage) where the eligible population is 1 or 2, and where the eligible population is greater than 2 and the number of children vaccinated is 0 or 1, suppress the number of children vaccinated and the coverage
Due to small number suppression, some local authorities had to be combined, therefore:
- Leicestershire also contains data for Rutland
- Hackney also contains data for City of London
- Cornwall also contains data for Isles of Scilly
More information can be found at Childhood Vaccination Coverage Statistics, England, 2022 to 2023.
Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring (UAM) Survey
Brief description
The voluntary UAM survey recruits people who have ever injected psychoactive drugs through specialist services (such as needle and syringe programmes and addiction treatment centres) across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Those who agree to take part complete a questionnaire and provide a biological specimen that is tested anonymously for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
Technical notes
Regional level data from the UAM survey should be interpreted cautiously as the survey recruits participants through a nationally reflective sample of the services provided to people who inject drugs.
Published regional-level data and more information can be found at People who inject drugs: HIV and viral hepatitis monitoring.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the following:
- local laboratories for supplying the hepatitis data
- the UKHSA Blood Safety, Hepatitis, STI and HIV Division for collection, analysis and distribution of data
- the UKHSA Epidemiology Data Science unit (part of the Regions Data Science team) for producing the charts and figures contained in this report
- the Office for National Statistics (ONS carried out the original collection and collation of the data but bears no responsibility for their future analysis or interpretation)
- the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), NHS England, produced by UKHSA
About Field Services
Field Services is a Division within UKHSA that provides a national service comprising geographically dispersed multi-disciplinary teams integrating expertise in Field Epidemiology, Public Health Microbiology, Rapid Investigation, Real-time Syndromic Surveillance, and Field Epidemiology Training to strengthen the surveillance, epidemiological intelligence and response functions of UKHSA.
You can contact your local Field Services team at EFEU@ukhsa.gov.uk
If you have any comments or feedback regarding this report or the Field Services, please contact FS.Central@ukhsa.gov.uk