Research and analysis

Hepatitis B in London: 2025 report

Published 14 May 2026

Applies to England

Introduction

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a blood-borne virus that can cause an acute or chronic infection of the liver. Chronic infection can lead to liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, and even death.

Prevention and treatment efforts have been combined to combat HBV infection and progress towards elimination of HBV as a public health threat by 2030 (set out in the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis). The National Strategic Group on Viral Hepatitis, a cross-agency expert advisory body supported by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) provides strategic guidance on viral hepatitis in England, and supports progress toward achieving the WHO goal of HBV elimination.

The UKHSA publishes a national report on the scale of HBV infection and related disease in England (Hepatitis B in England), presenting disease surveillance and programme data to support monitoring of England’s progress towards WHO HBV elimination targets.

This report complements the UKHSA Hepatitis B in England report and presents further information on HBV disease surveillance, trends in HBV diagnosis and testing and related diseases in London UKHSA region with data up to end of 2024. Although this report uses national data sources, regional figures may differ from the national figures for a given metric. For further details about data sources see information on data sources.

Summary

Trends in hepatitis B testing and diagnosis in the general population and risk groups

Main trends:

• 5,359 new laboratory reports of hepatitis B in residents of London, representing a rate of 59 reports per 100,000 population in 2024 
• the number of new laboratory reports has increased by 1.3% between 2023 and 2024, and decreased by 4% over the past 10 years 
• in 2024, the number of new laboratory reports in males was 3,227 (60.2%) and in females was 1,945 (36.3%) 
• in 2024, the highest number of new laboratory reports was in males aged 35 to 44 and females aged 35 to 44 
• in 2024, the number of new positive laboratory reports by local authority of residence ranged from 15 in Kensington and Chelsea to 534 in Camden; rates were highest in Camden at 246.1 new laboratory reports per 100,000 population and lowest in Hammersmith and Fulham with 9.5 per 100,000 population 
• the estimated incidence of acute (or probable acute) infection was 0.8 per 100,000 population. This was higher than the England average of 0.5 per 100,000 
• there have been 591,624 individuals tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in sentinel laboratories in London UKHSA region in 2024, of which 0.72% tested positive - the proportion positive was higher for tests referred through GP surgeries, higher for tests through sexual health services, lower for tests through drug services and lower for tests through emergency departments; the total number of tests conducted has likely increased since 2022 as a result of a new ‘opt-out’ blood-borne virus testing programme at selected emergency departments

Monitoring HBV-related morbidity

Main trends:

• there have been 5,130 hospital admissions for individuals with a diagnosis code for acute or chronic hepatitis B in London UKHSA region in 2024 which was higher than in 2023 
• the number of hospital admissions with a diagnosis code for hepatitis B-related end-stage liver disease (HBV-related ESLD) and hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-related HCC) was 160 and 90 respectively in 2024 

Prevention of infection by immunisation

Main trends:

• routine hepatitis B vaccine coverage of 3 doses at 24 months in London UKHSA region was 87.1% for financial year (FY) 2024 to 2025
• vaccine coverage of 3 doses at 24 months has decreased by 1.3 percentage points between FY 2023 to 2024 and 2024 to 2025
• reported level of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among people who inject drugs (PWID) in London was 66.59% for 2023 (the most recently reported data)
• reported level of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among PWID has decreased by 6.8 percentage points between 2022 and 2023

Trends in hepatitis B testing and diagnosis in the general population and risk groups

Estimated prevalence of hepatitis B

Table 1. Estimated hepatitis B prevalence and number of people living with chronic hepatitis B, UKHSA regions and England, 2024

Region	Estimated number of individuals with chronic hepatitis B, (95% confidence interval (CI))	Estimated HBsAg prevalence (%), (95% CI)	Estimated sentinel surveillance coverage (%)
England	268,767 (227,896 to 314,004)	0.58 (0.50 to 0.68)	45
East of England	19,584 (6,282 to 48,679)	0.38 (0.12 to 0.95)	40
East Midlands	7,584 (3,633 to 15,369)	0.19 (0.09 to 0.38)	64
London	99,067 (78,415 to 120,263)	1.39 (1.10 to 1.69)	75
North East	7,950 (2,700 to 20,289)	0.36 (0.12 to 0.93)	32
North West	25,406 (17,060 to 37,303)	0.42 (0.28 to 0.62)	43
South East	25,678 (12,326 to 53,207)	0.34 (0.16 to 0.70)	34
South West	15,978 (8,336 to 32,977)	0.34 (0.18 to 0.70)	30
West Midlands	24,756 (14,343 to 41,647)	0.52 (0.30 to 0.87)	35
Yorkshire and Humber	16,720 (9,012 to 29,921)	0.37 (0.20 to 0.67)	39

Data source: Modelling based on Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources and Hepatitis B in England national report.

The modelling methodology used to calculate these estimates has been published in the Journal of Viral Hepatitis. It is important to note that there is less confidence in the regional estimates compared to the national estimate and, as the estimates are based on data from the Sentinel Surveillance of Blood Borne Viruses (SSBBV), the accuracy of regional estimates may be influenced by the coverage of SSBBV in that region.

New laboratory-confirmed diagnoses of hepatitis B

Figure 1. Number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic), residents of London UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024

Data source: Second Generation Surveillance System (SGSS). For further information, see information on data sources.

In 2022, a new bloodborne virus (BBV) testing programme was introduced in selected emergency department (ED) sites in areas of high HIV diagnosed prevalence across England. This ‘opt-out’ programme may have led to increases in new diagnoses, however since the start of the ED opt-out programme, only approximately 11% of new hepatitis B diagnoses nationally, where testing location is known, have been made in ED sites.

Figure 1 shows the number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B in London from 2015 to 2024. In 2024, 5,359 new laboratory reports of HBV were reported in London. This is a slight increase from the previous year, and the highest number since 2016. There has been a rising trend in numbers of hepatitis B reports since 2020.

Figure 2. New laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) rate per 100,000 population [note 1], residents of London UKHSA region and England, 2015 to 2024

Data sources: SGSS and Office for National Statistics (ONS) mid-year population estimates (MYE). For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 1: the error bands represent 95% confidence intervals.

Figure 2 shows the trend in rate of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B in London per 100,000 residents compared to England overall. The rate of new laboratory reports of HBV in London in 2024 was 59 per 100,000 population, significantly higher than the national rate (21.4 per 100,000). The rate has remained similar to the previous year (58.8 per 100,000) after a significant rise from 2021 to 2023.

Table 2. Number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by UKHSA region of residence, 2015 to 2024

Area	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
East Midlands	281	407	574	590	535	339	426	556	675	675
East of England	636	674	616	513	616	495	511	650	721	809
London	5,581	6,666	4,875	2,851	3,302	2,531	2,703	3,830	5,291	5,359
North East	155	192	228	199	206	112	144	205	271	275
North West	780	761	715	830	1,123	750	794	771	1,137	1,736
South East	712	684	830	726	966	533	734	978	1,072	1,077
South West	385	431	569	445	371	348	547	697	590	656
West Midlands	858	889	890	850	868	557	627	860	1,188	1,081
Yorkshire and Humber	864	699	683	755	764	451	548	731	804	886
England [note 2]	10,252	11,406	9,991	7,829	8,806	6,149	7,107	9,427	11,910	12,566

Data source: SGSS. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 2: sum of all regional cases may not equal the number of England cases as some cases may not have been able to be assigned to a region.

In 2024, London was the region with the highest number of laboratory reports, followed by the North West (1,736 reports) and the West Midlands (1,081 reports) (Table 2). London has had the highest number of cases every year from 2015 to 2024, and 45% of reports in England in this period were in London.

Table 3. Rate per 100,000 population of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by UKHSA region of residence, 2015 to 2024

Area	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
East Midlands	6.0	8.6	12.0	12.3	11.0	7.0	8.7	11.3	13.5	13.3
East of England	10.0	10.5	9.5	7.9	9.4	7.5	7.7	9.7	10.6	11.8
London	64.4	76.2	55.5	32.3	37.1	28.5	30.7	43.2	58.8	59.0
North East	5.9	7.3	8.7	7.6	7.8	4.2	5.4	7.6	9.9	10.0
North West	10.9	10.5	9.8	11.3	15.3	10.2	10.7	10.2	14.9	22.4
South East	8.2	7.8	9.4	8.2	10.8	6.0	8.1	10.7	11.6	11.5
South West	7.0	7.8	10.2	7.9	6.6	6.1	9.6	12.1	10.1	11.1
West Midlands	14.9	15.3	15.2	14.4	14.7	9.4	10.5	14.3	19.5	17.5
Yorkshire and Humber	16.1	12.9	12.6	13.9	14.0	8.2	10.0	13.2	14.3	15.6
England	18.7	20.6	18.0	14.0	15.7	10.9	12.6	16.5	20.6	21.4

Data sources: SGSS and ONS MYE. For further information, see information on data sources.

In 2024, London was the region with the highest rate, followed by the North West. The rate for London was significantly higher than the rate for all other regions (59 per 100,000 vs 21.4 per 100,000) (Table 2). Note: a significantly higher proportion of Londoners were born outside of the UK (where hepatitis B prevalence is generally higher), compared to the rest of England.

Figure 3. Age group and sex of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) [note 3], residents of London UKHSA region, 2024

Data source: SGSS. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 3: cases reported in children under one year old are not shown. 187 Hepatitis B cases in London region in 2024 had no age and/or sex data and have not been included in this age-sex pyramid.

Figure 3 shows the age-sex distribution of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B in London in 2024. The group with the most cases was males aged 35 to 44. In all age groups there were more cases in males than females, with males making up 62% (3,227 out of 5,172) of all reports where data on sex is available.

Figure 4. Ethnicity distribution of new laboratory reports of new diagnoses of HBV [note 4], residents of London UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024

Data source: SGSS. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 4: this figure excludes cases of unknown ethnicity.

Figure 4 shows the proportion of new laboratory reports by ethnic group in London from 2015 to 2024. In 2024 the ethnic group with the highest percentage of hepatitis B reports was Black or Black British at 42%, followed by Asian or Asian British (22%) and Any other White background (17%). Data on ethnicity was available for 61% of laboratory reports of new diagnoses in 2024.

Table 4. Number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by local authority of residence [note 5], London UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024

Local authority	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Barking and Dagenham	130	123	111	102	113	72	90	100	113	218
Barnet	187	131	130	103	121	59	89	207	183	181
Bexley	42	46	32	32	39	20	33	51	100	113
Brent	217	306	196	113	107	57	59	143	149	127
Bromley	18	21	11	13	24	25	26	26	64	164
Camden	143	113	145	126	132	471	338	473	549	534
Croydon	133	105	88	44	113	86	92	111	225	340
Ealing	179	336	263	157	134	107	103	179	196	220
Enfield	207	191	185	209	203	120	140	277	334	294
Greenwich	97	101	123	107	86	71	83	113	233	225
Hackney and City of London	157	166	153	145	135	82	98	109	136	164
Hammersmith and Fulham	150	254	698	33	17	26	23	19	20	18
Haringey	216	232	171	153	139	77	75	144	191	186
Harrow	91	96	116	64	57	43	48	99	99	91
Havering	46	42	115	133	110	52	57	127	171	182
Hillingdon	141	145	99	77	61	40	34	21	29	36
Hounslow	136	255	155	30	51	27	45	60	66	56
Islington	109	109	65	43	40	28	42	59	63	87
Kensington and Chelsea	107	211	124	10	10	9	15	14	17	15
Kingston upon Thames	45	47	41	11	38	20	23	38	57	56
Lambeth	175	189	177	564	562	189	278	391	531	229
Lewisham	147	133	97	98	99	64	68	92	203	233
Merton	78	68	48	25	47	36	47	50	96	94
Newham	292	260	141	39	157	186	183	208	352	289
Redbridge	109	95	105	61	85	87	73	73	123	168
Richmond upon Thames	36	46	36	12	19	10	10	16	30	31
Southwark	217	248	183	190	160	85	111	139	279	320
Sutton	38	27	30	38	45	30	38	58	74	58
Tower Hamlets	156	171	113	16	122	146	152	187	227	264
Waltham Forest	175	165	91	33	107	100	87	97	139	133
Wandsworth	133	149	113	42	129	92	100	119	197	196
Westminster	179	326	169	28	40	14	31	30	43	37

Data source: SGSS. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 5: this table excludes cases where local authority was unknown.

Table 4 shows the number of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute or chronic) in London by local authority from 2015 to 2024. In 2024 the local authority with the highest number of reports (524) was Camden, followed by Croydon (340) and Southwark (320).

There may have been issues with laboratory reporting (for example, completeness of patient postcode) in some areas of London leading to significant changes in the number of cases reported between years. It is important to note that laboratory testing arrangements are determined by the NHS commissioning process and therefore, the figures provided do not reflect the burden by laboratory catchment or geography.

Table 5. Rate per 100,000 population of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic) by local authority of residence [note 6], London UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024

local authority	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021	2022	2023	2024
Barking and Dagenham	63	58	52	47	52	33	41	45	50	94
Barnet	50	34	34	27	31	15	23	53	46	45
Bexley	17	19	13	13	16	8	13	21	40	44
Brent	65	90	57	33	31	17	17	42	43	36
Bromley	6	6	3	4	7	8	8	8	19	49
Camden	65	51	66	58	61	219	160	218	253	246
Croydon	35	27	23	11	29	22	24	28	56	83
Ealing	50	93	73	43	37	29	28	48	52	57
Enfield	63	57	56	63	61	36	42	85	102	90
Greenwich	35	36	44	37	30	25	29	39	79	75
Hackney and City of London	58	61	56	53	49	30	37	40	49	58
Hammersmith and Fulham	80	136	372	18	9	14	13	10	11	10
Haringey	79	84	62	56	51	29	28	55	73	71
Harrow	36	37	45	25	22	16	18	38	37	34
Havering	18	17	45	51	42	20	22	48	63	66
Hillingdon	48	49	33	26	20	13	11	7	9	11
Hounslow	49	92	55	11	18	9	16	21	22	19
Islington	50	49	29	19	18	13	19	27	28	39
Kensington and Chelsea	69	138	83	7	7	6	10	10	12	10
Kingston upon Thames	27	28	24	7	22	12	14	23	33	32
Lambeth	54	58	54	172	171	58	88	123	167	72
Lewisham	50	45	32	32	32	21	23	31	68	77
Merton	37	32	22	12	22	17	22	23	44	43
Newham	88	78	42	11	45	53	52	58	96	77
Redbridge	36	31	34	20	27	28	24	23	39	52
Richmond upon Thames	19	23	18	6	10	5	5	8	15	16
Southwark	71	81	60	61	51	27	36	45	89	102
Sutton	19	13	15	18	22	14	18	28	35	27
Tower Hamlets	55	59	39	5	40	48	49	58	69	80
Waltham Forest	64	60	33	12	38	36	31	35	50	48
Wandsworth	41	46	34	13	39	28	30	36	59	58
Westminster	83	153	80	13	19	7	15	14	20	18

Data sources: SGSS and ONS MYE. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 6: this table excludes cases where local authority was unknown.

Table 5 shows the rate per 100,000 residents of new laboratory reports for each local authority in London from 2015 to 2024. In 2024 the local authority with the highest rate was Camden with 246 reports per 100,000. The local authority with the lowest rate was Hammersmith and Fulham (9.5 per 100,000).

However, as previously noted, laboratory reporting issues and testing arrangements may to some extent explain significant differences in rates and therefore, the figures provided do not reflect the burden by laboratory catchment or geography.

Figure 5. Test location of new laboratory reports of hepatitis B (acute and chronic), residents of London UKHSA region, 2024

Data sources: SGSS. For further information, see information on data sources.

Figure 5 shows the proportion of new laboratory reports in London by test location from 2018 to 2024. In 2024, the test location with the highest proportion of reports was hospital (57%), followed by general practice (17%). The percentage of reports coming from hospital has been increasing since 2019, while the percentage of reports from general practice has been falling.

Acute or probable acute diagnoses of hepatitis B

Figure 6. Estimated incidence of acute or probable acute hepatitis B per 100,000 population by UKHSA region [note 7], 2024

Data sources: SGSS, UKHSA Case and Incident Management System (CIMS) and ONS MYE. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 7: UKHSA transitioned to a new case management system for notifiable diseases in 2024 which has impacted the identification of people with acute hepatitis B and likely resulted in underreporting.

Figure 6 shows the estimated incidence (per 100,000) of acute or probable acute hepatitis B in each region in England in 2024. London had the highest incidence of all regions at 0.8 per 100,000, followed by the West Midlands (0.6 per 100,000). London, the West Midlands, the North West and the North East were all higher than the national rate (0.47 per 100,000).

Figure 7. Estimated incidence of acute or probable acute hepatitis B per 100,000 population [note 8], London UKHSA region and England, 2015 to 2024

Data sources: SGSS, CIMS and ONS MYE. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 8: UKHSA transitioned to a new case management system for notifiable diseases in 2024 which has impacted the identification of people with acute hepatitis B and likely resulted in underreporting.

Figure 7 shows the estimated incidence (per 100,000) of acute or probable acute hepatitis B in London and England from 2015 to 2024. The incidence rate in London has been increasing year on year since 2021, having been on a downward trend from between 2015 and 2021. It remains above the national rate.

HBV testing in the wider population

Figure 8. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive in sentinel laboratories [note 9] in London UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024

Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.

From 2022 to 2024, the opt-out ED BBV testing programme was scaled-up, leading to increased numbers of tests being conducted in these sentinel surveillance sites.

Figure 8 shows the number of individuals tested for HBsAg in sentinel laboratories in London, and the percentage positive from 2015 to 2024. In 2024 the number of individuals tested was 591,624, the highest number since 2015. The number of individuals tested has risen since 2020 when numbers fell to their lowest since 2015, likely due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The percentage positive was 0.72% in 2024. This has been on a downward trend since 2015.

Figure 9. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive, through GP surgeries in sentinel laboratories [note 9] in London UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024

Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.

Figure 9 shows the number of individuals tested for HBsAg in sentinel laboratories and percentage positive in London through GP surgeries from 2015 to 2024. In 2024, the number of individuals tested was 44,366 and the percentage positive was 1.15%. The number of individuals tested has been on an upward trend since 2020 when it was 20,052. The percentage positive has been on an overall downward trend since 2015 when it was 1.57%.

Testing and diagnoses in sexual health services (SHS)

Figure 10. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive, through sexual health services in sentinel laboratories [note 9] in London UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024

Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.

Figure 10 shows the number of individuals tested for HBsAg in sentinel laboratories in London through sexual health services and percentage positive from 2015 to 2024. In 2024, the number of individuals tested was 15,339 and the percentage positive was 1.03%. The number of individuals tested has been on an overall upward trend since 2015 when it was 6,616, although the number tested in 2024 was slightly lower than in 2023 (16,752). The percentage testing positive has been on a downward trend since 2015 when it was 1.87%.

Testing and diagnoses in people who inject drugs and/or attend drug services

Figure 11. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year (excluding antenatal testing) and proportion positive, through drug services in sentinel laboratories [note 9] [note 10] in London UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024

Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.

Note 10: Between 2023 and 2024, there was underreporting of hepatitis testing data from a sentinel laboratory which undertakes a large proportion of testing for drug treatment services, making it difficult to monitor trends in drug treatment services over this period.

Figure 11 shows the number of individuals tested for HBsAg in sentinel laboratories and percentage positive in London through drug services from 2015 to 2024. In 2024, the number of individuals tested was 1,274 and the percentage positive was 0.47%.

Testing and diagnoses in people attending emergency departments

Figure 12. Number of individuals tested for HBsAg by year and proportion positive, through emergency departments in sentinel laboratories [note 9] in London UKHSA region, 2015 to 2024

Data source: Sentinel Surveillance of Bloodborne Virus Testing. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 9: the error band represents 95% confidence intervals.

Figure 12 shows the number of individuals tested for HBsAg in sentinel laboratories and percentage positive in London through emergency departments from 2015 to 2024. In 2024, the number of individuals tested was 412,916 and the percentage positive was 0.37%. From 2022 to 2024, the opt-out ED BBV testing programme was scaled-up, leading to increased numbers of individuals tested. The percentage positive has been on a downward trend since 2015 when it was 1.26%.

Coverage of maternal hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) testing

Figure 13. Coverage of hepatitis B antenatal screening by NHS region - Screening Standard IDPS-S02, NHS London region, financial years 2021/2022 to 2023/2024

Data source: Infectious Disease in Pregnancy Screening (IDPS) (for further information, see information on data sources)

The NHSE region being used for this plot is London.

Figure 13 shows the coverage of hepatitis B antenatal screening in London between FY 2021 to 2022 and FY 2023 to 2024. The coverage of hepatitis B antenatal screening has remained at 99.9% since FY 2021 to 2022.

Monitoring HBV-related morbidity

Hospital admissions from HBV

Figure 14. Number of hospital admissions [note 11] and admission rate per 100,000 population [note 12] for individuals with a diagnosis code for acute or chronic hepatitis B [note 13], residents of London UKHSA region [note 14], 2015 to 2024

Data source: Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), NHS England. Produced by the UK Health Security Agency. Copyright © 2025, re-used with the permission of NHS England. All rights reserved. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 11: data has been suppressed in accordance with NHS disclosure control guidance for sub-national breakdowns. Numbers are rounded to the nearest 5. Due to data quality issues around HES identifiers, data has been omitted for 2017 and 2018 (grey box).

Note 12: rates have been calculated using ONS mid-year population estimates.

Note 13: hepatitis B is defined by ‘International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision’ (ICD-10) codes B16.0, B16.1, B16.2, B16.9, B18.0 and B18.1.

Note 14: there is a high proportion of data missingness in the HES data for the geographies of residence for people admitted to hospital with acute and chronic hepatitis B (approximately 25% for 2024 admissions). This means that the regional admission counts and rates are likely an underestimate of the true number.

Figure 14 shows the count of hospital admissions and admission rate per 100,000 population for residents of London with a diagnosis code for acute or chronic hepatitis B between 2015 and 2024.

There were 5,130 hospital admissions for London residents with a diagnosis code for acute or chronic hepatitis B in 2024, this was an increase of 18.3% from the previous year (2023: 4,335). The admission rate for London UKHSA region in 2024 was 56.4 per 100,000 population, this was significantly above the admission rate for England, which was 20.0 per 100,000.

Figure 15. Number of hospital admissions [note 15] for individuals with a diagnosis code for hepatitis B-related end-stage liver disease (HBV-related ESLD) or hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-related HCC) [note 16] [note 17], residents of London UKHSA region [note 18], 2015 to 2024

Data source: Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), NHS England. Produced by the UK Health Security Agency. Copyright © 2025, re-used with the permission of the NHS England. All rights reserved. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 15: data has been suppressed in accordance with NHS disclosure control guidance for sub-national breakdowns. Numbers are rounded to the nearest 5. Due to data quality issues around HES identifiers, data has been omitted for 2017 and 2018 (grey box).

Note 16: end-stage liver disease (ESLD) is defined by ICD-10 codes for ascites (R18), bleeding oesophageal varices (I85.0 and I98.3), hepato-renal syndrome (K76.7), hepatic encephalopathy (K72.9) or hepatic failure (K72.0, K72.1 and K70.4). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is defined by ICD-10 code for hepatocellular carcinoma (C22.0).

Note 17: the methodology used to calculate hepatitis B-related ESLD and HCC admissions has been updated for this report, as the previous method of only using HES data may under report hepatitis B as it relies on a diagnosis of hepatitis B being recorded in HES. The updated methodology, which follows the ‘upper bound’ methodology outlined in Hepatitis B in England 2025 report, links HES data to laboratory diagnoses of hepatitis B from SGSS and SSBBV from any year.

Note 18: there is a high proportion of data missingness in the HES data for the geographies of residence for people admitted to hospital with ESLD and/or HCC (approximately 23% for ESLD admissions in 2024 and approximately 26% for HCC admissions in 2024). This means that the regional admission counts are likely an underestimate of the true number.

Figure 15 shows the count of hospital admissions for individuals with a diagnosis code for hepatitis B-related end-stage liver disease (HBV-related ESLD) or hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-related HCC) in London residents between 2015 and 2024. Data for 2017 and 2018 are missing.

In 2024, HES analysis identified 250 people with a first presentation to hospital with hepatitis B-related ESLD and/or hepatocellular carcinoma: 160 people had a first presentation with hepatitis B-related ESLD and 90 people had a first presentation with hepatitis B-related HCC. The overall number represents a 4.0% increase from 240 people with a first presentation in 2015. The trend for ESLD appears stable since 2015 whereas the trend for HCC appears upwards since 2020.

Monitoring HBV-related mortality

Figure 16. Rate of deaths with ESLD [note 19] or HCC in those with HBV mentioned on their death certificate [note 20] by UKHSA region, 2020 to 2024

Data sources: ONS Mortality and ONS MYE. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 19: ESLD is defined by codes or text entries for ascites, bleeding oesophageal varices, hepato-renal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy or hepatic failure. Patients were identified via ICD-10 codes and text searching.

Note 20: the methodology used to calculate hepatitis B-related mortality has been updated for this report, as the previous method of only counting deaths where ESLD and/or HCC and hepatitis B were reported in ONS death registrations may lead to underreporting. The updated methodology, which follows the ‘upper estimate’ methodology outlined in Hepatitis B in England 2025 report, links ONS deaths registrations data to HES hospital admissions data and laboratory diagnoses of hepatitis B from SGSS and SSBBV from any year to yield a maximum number of deaths attributable to hepatitis B-related ESLD and/or HCC.

Figure 16 displays the rate of deaths with ESLD or HCC in people with acute or chronic hepatitis B mentioned on their death certification by region between 2020 and 2024 per 100,000 population.

Between 2020 and 2024, the mortality rate in London was 0.7 per 100,000 population, this was more than double the national rate of 0.3 per 100,000.

Prevention of infection by immunisation

Coverage of hepatitis B vaccine 3 doses (HepB3) in universal programme

Figure 17. Routine hepatitis B vaccine coverage of 3 doses of the hexavalent vaccine at 12 months, London UKHSA region and England, financial years 2019/2020 to 2024/2025

Data source: NHS Childhood Vaccination Coverage Statistics (COVER). For further information, see information on data sources.

Universal hepatitis B immunisation using a hexavalent vaccine has been included in the routine childhood programme in England since late 2017.The WHO targets for reducing incidence include achieving vaccination coverage of at least 90% for all 3 vaccine doses in the universal infant programme.

In FY 2024 to 2025, the 3-dose vaccination coverage at 12 months of age for children in London was 86.2%. This is below the WHO target and declined by 0.8 percentage points compared to the previous year, 2023 (87.0%).

The percentage vaccine coverage in England in FY 2024 to 2025 at 12 months with 3 vaccine doses was 91.3% exceeding the WHO target of 90%.

Figure 18. Routine hepatitis B vaccine coverage of 3 doses of the hexavalent vaccine at 24 months, London UKHSA region and England, financial years 2020/2021 to 2024/2025

Data source: NHS COVER. For further information, see information on data sources.

In FY 2024 to 2025 the vaccine coverage in London for children aged 24 months was 87.1%. This is below the WHO target and was a decrease of 1.3 percentage points from the coverage in FY 2023 to 2024 (88.4%). The vaccine coverage in England in FY 2024 to 2025 at 24 months with 3 vaccine doses was 92.5% exceeding the WHO target of 90%.

Coverage of hepatitis B vaccine 3 doses (HepB3) in selective programme

Table 6. Children born to mothers positive for hepatitis B vaccinated against hepatitis B by their first birthday by upper tier local authority: vaccine coverage (5 doses routine and selective combined [note 21]) and eligible population, London UKHSA region, FY 2024 to 2025

Local authority	Eligible population	Number vaccinated	Percentage covered (%)
Barking and Dagenham	35	34	97.1%
Barnet	15	15	100%
Bexley	11	10	90.9%
Brent	16	14	87.5%
Bromley	8	8	100%
Camden	9	9	100%
Croydon	32	32	100%
Ealing	21	20	95.2%
Enfield	29	29	100%
Greenwich	30	27	90.0%
Hackney and City of London	8	8	100%
Hammersmith and Fulham	6	6	100%
Haringey	16	15	93.8%
Harrow	19	18	94.7%
Havering	17	16	94.1%
Hillingdon	19	19	100%
Hounslow	12	12	100%
Islington	[note 22]	[note 22]	70% to 100%
Kensington and Chelsea	[note 22]	[note 22]	70% to 100%
Kingston upon Thames	[note 22]	[note 22]	70% to 100%
Lambeth	21	20	95.2%
Lewisham	25	23	92.0%
Merton	9	8	88.9%
Newham	35	31	88.6%
Redbridge	23	21	91.3%
Richmond upon Thames	7	5	71.4%
Southwark	25	22	88.0%
Sutton	8	8	100%
Tower Hamlets	14	14	100%
Waltham Forest	24	23	95.8%
Wandsworth	9	8	88.9%
Westminster	[note 22]	[note 22]	70% to 100%

Data source: NHS COVER. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 21: babies received 2 monovalent vaccines (at birth and at 4 weeks), and 3 doses of hexavalent vaccines (at 8, 12 and 16 weeks).

Note 22: denotes that data is suppressed due to potential disclosure issues associated with small numbers.

Table 6 shows proportion of eligible infants who received 5 hepatitis B vaccine-containing doses as part of the selective (and routine) immunisation programme by 12 months of age and London local authority in FY 2024 to 2025. Only 11 of the 32 (34%) local authorities in London achieved 100% coverage of the eligible infant population, the percentage coverage by local authorities ranged from 70% to 100%.

Table 7. Children born to mothers positive for hepatitis B vaccinated against hepatitis B by their second birthday by upper tier local authority: vaccine coverage (6 doses routine and selective combined [note 23]) and eligible population, London UKHSA region, FY 2024 to 2025

Local authority	Eligible population	Number vaccinated	Percentage covered (%)
Barking and Dagenham	38	35	92.1%
Barnet	19	14	73.7%
Bexley	14	14	100%
Brent	19	18	94.7%
Bromley	7	6	85.7%
Camden	10	10	100%
Croydon	38	35	92.1%
Ealing	16	13	81.2%
Enfield	36	30	83.3%
Greenwich	28	25	89.3%
Hackney and City of London	15	13	86.7%
Hammersmith and Fulham	6	6	100%
Haringey	20	18	90.0%
Harrow	17	15	88.2%
Havering	18	17	94.4%
Hillingdon	16	15	93.8%
Hounslow	22	20	90.9%
Islington	6	6	100.0%
Kensington and Chelsea	5	5	100.0%
Kingston upon Thames	[note 24]	[note 24]	35% to 69%
Lambeth	23	22	95.7%
Lewisham	34	29	85.3%
Merton	14	14	100%
Newham	46	34	73.9%
Redbridge	31	28	90.3%
Richmond upon Thames	[note 24]	[note 24]	70% to 100%
Southwark	27	25	92.6%
Sutton	9	8	88.9%
Tower Hamlets	19	16	84.2%
Waltham Forest	18	13	72.2%
Wandsworth	16	13	81.2%
Westminster	[note 24]	[note 24]	70% to 100%

Data source: NHS COVER. For further information, see information on data sources.

Note 23: babies received 3 monovalent vaccines (at birth, 4 weeks and 12 months), and 3 doses of hexavalent vaccines (at 8, 12 and 16 weeks).

Note 24: denotes that data is suppressed due to potential disclosure issues associated with small numbers.

Table 7 shows coverage of eligible infants who received 6 hepatitis B vaccine-containing doses as part of the selective (and routine) immunisation programme by 24 months of age by London local authority in FY 2024 to 2025. Only 6 of the 32 (19%) local authorities in London achieved 100% coverage of the eligible infant population; the percentage coverage by local authorities ranged from 35% to 100%.

Vaccine uptake in people who inject drugs

Figure 19. Reported level of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among people who inject drugs (PWID), London UKHSA region, 2014 to 2023

Data source: Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring (UAM) survey. For further information, see information on data sources.

Figure 19 shows data from the Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring (UAM) Survey for reported levels of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among PWID in London and England between 2014 and 2023.

In 2023, the reported level of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among PWID in London was 66.6% and remains above the reported level in England (62.2%). Between 2022 and 2023, the reported level of hepatitis B vaccine uptake among PWID decreased by 6.8 percentage points (2022: 73.4%) in London.

Prevention of infection by harm reduction

Figure 20. Reported level of direct sharing of needles and/or syringes among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the preceding 4 weeks, London UKHSA region and England, 2014 to 2023

Data source: UAM survey. For further information, see information on data sources.

Figure 20 shows the reported level of direct sharing of needles and/or syringes among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the preceding 4 weeks in London and England between 2014 and 2023.

‘Direct sharing’ refers to self-reported sharing of needles and syringes among people who had injected in the 4 weeks preceding survey participation and Indirect sharing refers to self-reported sharing of injecting equipment other than needles and syringes.

The reported level of direct sharing of needles among PWID in London in 2023 was 12.2%, this is a decrease of 9.0 percentage points since the peak of 21.6% reported in 2019 and is significantly below the reported level in England in 2023 (25.2%).

Between 2022 and 2023, the reported level of direct sharing of needles and/or syringes among PWID in London increased by 2.2 percentage points (2022: 10.0%).

Figure 21. Reported level of direct and indirect sharing of injecting equipment among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the preceding 4 weeks, London UKHSA region and England, 2014 to 2023

Data source: UAM survey. For further information, see information on data sources.

Figure 21 shows the reported level of direct and indirect sharing of injecting equipment among people who inject drugs (PWID) in the preceding 4 weeks in London and England between 2014 and 2023.

The reported level of direct and indirect sharing of injecting equipment among PWID in London in 2023 was 24.1%, this is an increase of 0.5 percentage points since the lowest reported level seen in 2017 (23.6%) but remains below the reported level in 2014 (31.6%) and in England in 2023 (43.9%).

Between 2022 and 2023, the reported level of direct and indirect sharing of injecting equipment among PWID has decreased by 5.5 percentage points (2022, 29.6%) in London.

Information on data sources

Second Generation Surveillance System (SGSS)

Brief description

SGSS captures routine laboratory surveillance data on infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance from laboratories within England. Along with a number of other organisms, hepatitis B is notifiable under the Health Protection (Notifications) Regulations (2010).

Technical notes

Data extracted from Sentinel Surveillance of blood borne virus testing (SSBBV) and SGSS will vary for several reasons and should not be compared: the 2 systems have collected data over different historical periods, with data reported to SGSS and predecessor systems since 1995, whereas SSBBV has been running since 2002. Data reported to SSBBV reflects the timeframe from when the laboratory joined the surveillance system, with laboratories joining more recently having less data available than laboratories who have been reporting since 2002. Furthermore, whilst SGSS collects national level data, SSBBV collects data from a subset of laboratories. There are 35 laboratories which report to SSBBV with an estimated 45% coverage testing in the GP registered population in England.

Data completeness for ethnicity within this dataset declines over time, due to changes in methodology. ONOMAP, an ethnicity estimator which classifies ethnicity based on name is no longer used. Ethnicity is assigned using data reported through the test request form and through linkage to healthcare datasets and represents ethnicity that is assigned rather than estimated. Data will improve over time as additional information is reported, older records are more likely to be more complete.

Laboratory reports of new diagnoses of HBV include positive test results for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and are submitted to UKHSA or predecessor organisations via SGSS/CoSurv.

Data includes laboratory reports for both acute and chronic hepatitis B infections and therefore cannot be used to estimate incidence.

Data is assigned to local authority and UKHSA region by patient postcode where present, if patient postcode is unknown, data is assigned to local authority and UKHSA region of registered general practice; where both patient postcode and registered general practice are unknown data is assigned to local authority and UKHSA region of laboratory.

Dates are assigned based on earliest positive specimen date.

Patient identifiable data submitted by NHS laboratories is variable, particularly from sexual health and drug and alcohol services, which limits the ability to deduplicate.

Laboratory reports for children under one year of age are excluded from the analyses to rule out detecting maternal antibody.

Rates per 100,000 have been calculated using mid-year population estimates supplied by the Office for National Statistics (ONS).

Caveat: SGSS data in this report may differ from data shown in the Hepatitis B in England report and from data reported in other surveillance outputs at a different point in time. This is due to the SGSS dataset being a live system and a number of cleaning, deduplication, remapping and other operational processes being routinely applied to the data to improve data quality.

HPZone/CIMS

Brief description

HPZone was a case and outbreak management system used by the health protection teams (HPTs) in UKHSA until mid-2024, when it was replaced by a new Case and Incident Management System (CIMS). Details related to cases of hepatitis A, B, C and E are stored on this system in addition to details of other infections reported to the HPTs. 

HPZone and CIMS are secure systems. Where acute hepatitis B cases are reported, HPTS used HPZone historically and CIMS currently to capture data about these cases and relevant risk factors to inform public health action. As a result of the transition from HPZone to CIMS in mid-2024, there is a known issue that has likely impacted the identification of people with acute hepatitis B and likely resulted in the underreporting of cases. 

Hepatitis B case definitions using SGSS and HPZone/CIMS data

The definition for acute hepatitis B is ‘HBsAg positive and anti-HBc IgM positive and abnormal liver function tests with a pattern consistent with acute viral hepatitis’. As information on liver function is not usually available to UKHSA, for the purpose of this analysis the following case definitions were used:

• cases classified as acute viral hepatitis B by the local UKHSA region or the laboratory and/or with a documented positive anti-HBc IgM were classified as acute cases
• cases classified as acute viral hepatitis B by the local UKHSA region but without an anti-HBc IgM test result or not classified but a positive anti-HBc IgM reported were assumed to be probable acute hepatitis B cases
• cases initially classified as acute by the local UKHSA region but with contradictory laboratory evidence were reclassified as chronic infections
• cases classified as chronic infections or those not classified where anti-HBc IgM was negative or equivocal or missing were assumed to be chronic infections

The case definitions were derived using the following methodology: cases reported to UKHSA regions via HPZone/CIMS were extracted from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2024 and matched using identifiers to SGSS data. The SGSS data was used to determine final classification of any cases reported from the UKHSA region via HPZone/CIMS. A final reconciled data set including cases classified as acute or probable acute was used for this report. 

Technical notes

UKHSA transitioned to a new case management system for notifiable diseases in 2024 which has impacted the identification of people with acute hepatitis B and likely resulted in underreporting.

Sentinel Surveillance of bloodborne viruses (BBVs)

Brief description

The sentinel surveillance study of hepatitis, HIV and HTLV began in 2002 and provides information on testing, individual risk exposures and clinical symptoms. The study collects information on blood borne virus testing carried out in participating sentinel laboratories regardless of result. In 2022 there were 24 participating laboratories and at the time this report was produced there were 28 participating laboratories, some of the new laboratories have provided legacy data if they were able to. 

Technical notes

See first technical note for SGSS

Excludes dried blood spot, oral fluid, reference testing and testing from hospitals referring all samples. Data is de-duplicated subject to availability of date of birth, Soundex and first initial.

Individuals under one year old are excluded from the analysis. 

Regional and England data is aggregated data for all organisations who provided complete data for all 4 quarters. Data is assigned to UKHSA region by the location of the requesting testing site.

Infectious Diseases in Pregnancy Screening (IDPS)

Brief description

NHSE’s IDPS Programme has commissioned the Integrated Screening Outcomes Surveillance Service (ISOSS). ISOSS monitors pregnancies where the mother is screen positive or is already known to have hepatitis B. Monitoring is also conducted for HIV, syphilis as well as continuing monitoring cases of congenital rubella syndrome

Technical notes

Published data can be found at Antenatal screening standards: data report 2020 to 2021.

Hospital Episode Statistics (HES)

Brief description

HES is a database containing details of all admissions, A&E attendances and outpatient appointments at NHS hospitals in England. This data is used to calculate the number of individuals per year that have a hospital admission related to hepatitis B associated end stage liver disease (ESLD) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is also used to calculate incidence of HBV related ESLD and HCC. 

Technical notes

Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), NHS England. Produced by the UK Health Security Agency. Copyright © 2025, re-used with the permission of the NHS England. All rights reserved. 

Data is based on Hospital Episode Statistics as at October 2025. 

Patients who have had more than one hospital episode with a diagnosis of HBV in any one year and who have moved residence within that year have been grouped into the UKHSA region of their latest hospital episode in that year. 

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is defined by ICD-10 code for hepatocellular carcinoma (C22.0). End-stage liver disease (ESLD) is defined by ICD-10 codes for ascites (R18), bleeding oesophageal varices (I85.0 and I98.3), hepato-renal syndrome (K76.7), hepatic encephalopathy (K72.9) or hepatic failure (K72.0, K72.1 and K70.4). 

Data for 2017 and 2018 has been omitted. This is due an interrupt in the supply of identifiers in the HES year April 2017 to March 2018 making it impossible to distinguish repeat hospital episodes for the same person within the same year, and thus determine the number of prevalent cases of HBV and HBV-related HCC/ESLD in 2017 and 2018.

Office for National Statistics (ONS) Mortality data

Brief description

Data from the Mortality and Birth Information System is used to calculate the number of deaths from end stage liver disease (ESLD) or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with hepatitis B mentioned on the death certificate. 

Technical notes

Published data about deaths can be found on the ONS website. 

Data on the number of deaths from ESLD and HCC in this report was identified by searching the ONS Mortality dataset using a combination of 2 methodologies described below, deaths that met either of these criteria were included in this report: 

• searching for all causes of mortality using the following ICD-10 codes - ‘C220’, ‘R18’, ‘K767’, ‘K729’, ‘K720’, ‘K721’, ‘K704’, ‘I850’, ‘I983’
• • searching all free-text variables for the following terms - “hepatocellular c%”, “primary liver c%”, “hcc”, “ascites”, “encephal%”, “liver failure”, “hepatorenal syndrome”, “hepatic failure”, “hepatic coma”, “bleeding o%”, “ruptured oesoph%”, “haemorrhage from oesoph%”, where ICD-10 codes ‘B160’, ‘B161’, ‘B162’, ‘B169’, ‘B181’, ‘B180’ were also reported on the death certificate

There has been no additional clinical review stage, as may be conducted on other UKHSA reporting for ESLD/HCC mortality, and therefore numbers may vary slightly from other reports.

Cover of Vaccination Evaluated Rapidly (COVER)

Brief description

The COVER programme is a quarterly data collection that started in 1987 with the aim of providing timely data. COVER data is extracted from Child Health Information Systems at the local authority level for children aged one, 2 and 5 years of age. Babies born to mothers with hepatitis B have been offered the hepatitis B vaccine from birth since the late 1980s. During autumn 2017 hepatitis B became part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule for all babies in a 6-in-1 vaccine.

Technical notes

Data from the Universal Programme:

• in FY 2019 to 2020, all children in the 12 month cohort were eligible for the DtaP/IPV/Hib/HepB (6-in-1) vaccination, which replaced the 5-in-1 vaccination
• this is the first year coverage is fully reported against the 6-in-1 vaccine for the 12 month cohort
• the DTaP/IPV/Hib (5-in-1) vaccine was replaced by the DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB (6-in-1) vaccine in August 2017; therefore the 24 month age cohort in FY 2019 to 2020 (born in FY 2017 to 2018), will have received either the 5-in-1 or the 6-in-1 vaccination, depending on when in the year they were vaccinated
• from FY 2020 to 2021 onwards, all children in the 12 month cohort and 24 month cohort were eligible for the DtaP/IPV/Hib/HepB (6-in-1) vaccination, which replaced the 5-in-1 vaccination in 2017
• the DTaP/IPV/Hib (5-in-1) vaccine was replaced by the DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB (6-in-1) vaccine in August 2017; therefore the 5 year age cohort in FY 2022 to 2023 (born in FY 2017 to 2018), will have received either the 5-in-1 or the 6-in-1 vaccination, depending on when in the year they were vaccinated
• all babies born on or after 1 January 2020 received their first dose of PCV at 12 weeks of age
• prior to this, PCV primary at 12 months was 2 doses administered at 8 and 16 weeks - FY 2021 to 2022 is the first year that coverage reported is based on the single dose primary course

Data from the Selective Programme:

• the ‘eligible population’ is the total number of children reaching their first birthday during the specified evaluation period with maternal Hep B positive status
• the ‘number of children vaccinated’ by their first birthday is total number of children from the eligible population receiving 2 monovalent HepB vaccines (at birth and one month) and 3 doses of hexavalent vaccine (at 8, 12 and 16 weeks) before their first birthday
• the ‘number of children vaccinated’ by their second birthday is total number of children from the eligible population receiving 3 monovalent HepB vaccines at birth, 4 weeks and 12 months, and 3 doses of hexavalent vaccine (at 8, 12 and 16 weeks) before their 2nd birthday
• small number suppression is carried out on data in this table, adhering to the following methodology; suppress all data (that is, eligible population, number vaccinated and coverage) where the eligible population is 1 or 2, and where the eligible population is greater than 2 and the number of children vaccinated is 0 or 1, suppress the number of children vaccinated and the coverage

Due to small number suppression, some local authorities had to be combined, therefore:

• Leicestershire also contains data for Rutland
• Hackney also contains data for City of London
• Cornwall also contains data for Isles of Scilly

More information can be found at Childhood Vaccination Coverage Statistics, England, 2022 to 2023.

Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring (UAM) Survey

Brief description

The voluntary UAM survey recruits people who have ever injected psychoactive drugs through specialist services (such as needle and syringe programmes and addiction treatment centres) across England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Those who agree to take part complete a questionnaire and provide a biological specimen that is tested anonymously for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

Technical notes

Regional level data from the UAM survey should be interpreted cautiously as the survey recruits participants through a nationally reflective sample of the services provided to people who inject drugs. 

Published regional-level data and more information can be found at People who inject drugs: HIV and viral hepatitis monitoring.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the following: 

• local laboratories for supplying the hepatitis data 
• the UKHSA Blood Safety, Hepatitis, STI and HIV Division for collection, analysis and distribution of data 
• the UKHSA Epidemiology Data Science unit (part of the Regions Data Science team) for producing the charts and figures contained in this report
• the Office for National Statistics (ONS carried out the original collection and collation of the data but bears no responsibility for their future analysis or interpretation) 
• the Hospital Episode Statistics (HES), NHS England, produced by UKHSA

About Field Services

Field Services is a Division within UKHSA that provides a national service comprising geographically dispersed multi-disciplinary teams integrating expertise in Field Epidemiology, Public Health Microbiology, Rapid Investigation, Real-time Syndromic Surveillance, and Field Epidemiology Training to strengthen the surveillance, epidemiological intelligence and response functions of UKHSA.

You can contact your local Field Services team at fes.seal@ukhsa.gov.uk 

If you have any comments or feedback regarding this report or the Field Services, please contact FS.Central@ukhsa.gov.uk