Addressing health inequalities in infection and antimicrobial resistant infections: a UK-wide collaborative toolkit

Full resource and data source list

A list of all resources and data sources in this manual.

• UK Health Security Agency. ‘English surveillance programme for antimicrobial utilisation and resistance (ESPAUR) report’ GOV.UK 2026
• Public Health Agency Northern Ireland. ‘Surveillance of antimicrobial use and resistance in Northern Ireland: annual reports’ Public Health Agency Northern Ireland
• UK Health Security Agency. ‘MRSA, MSSA and Gram-negative bacteraemia and Clostridioides difficile infection: annual epidemiological commentary, up to and including financial year 2024 to 2025’ GOV.UK 2026
• UK Health Security Agency. ‘Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms: laboratory surveillance’ GOV.UK 2026
• UK Health Security Agency. ‘Notifications of infectious diseases (NOIDs)’ GOV.UK 2026
• Department of Health and Social Care and Ministry of Justice. ‘The health of people in prison, on probation and in the secure NHS estate in England’ GOV.UK 2026
• Department of Health Northern Ireland. ‘Health inequalities annual report 2025’ Department of Health Northern Ireland 2025
• Public Health Scotland. ‘Long-term monitoring of health inequalities in Scotland by area deprivation’ Public Health Scotland
• UK Health Security Agency. ‘AMR local indicators’ Fingertips
• UK Health Security Agency. ‘Inequality Tools’ Fingertips
• UK Health Security Agency. ‘UKHSA data dashboard’ UKHSA
• Public Health Scotland. ‘ScotPHO profiles tool’ Public Health Scotland
• NHS England. ‘Model Health System’ NHS England
• NHS England. ‘NHS Federated Data Platform’ NHS England
• OpenPrescribing. ‘OpenPrescribing’ Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, University of Oxford
• NHS Business Services Authority. ‘ePACT2’ NHS Business Services Authority
• Rx-Info Ltd. ‘Define’ Rx-Info
• PrescQIPP Community Interest Company. ‘PrescQIPP’ PrescQIPP
• Clinics in Integrated Care. ‘Management of BAME patients with a history of penicillin allergy: barriers to best practice and strategies to overcome these’ Clinics in Integrated Care 2023
• Antibiotics. ‘Empowering patients to self-manage common infections’ Antibiotics 2021, volume 10, issue 9, page 1113
• Jones LF, Williamson H, Downing P, Lecky DM, Harcourt D, McNulty C. ‘A qualitative investigation of the acceptability and feasibility of a UTI patient information leaflet for older adults and their carers’ Antibiotics 2021, volume 10, issue 1, page 83
• Jones LF, Cooper E, Joseph A, Allison R, Gold N, Donald I, McNulty C. ‘Development of an information leaflet and diagnostic flow chart to improve the management of urinary tract infections in older adults’ BJGP Open 2020, volume 4, issue 3, page bjgpopen20X101044
• Public Health England and Royal College of General Practitioners. ‘Treating your infection – UTI: TARGET TYI‑UTI leaflet V23.5’ 2024
• UK Teratology Information Service. ‘UKTIS monographs’ 2026
• UK Teratology Information Service. ‘MyBump portal – reporting pregnancy exposures’ 2026
• Royal College of General Practitioners and NICE. ‘Visual summary: UTI diagnostic flowchart (women under 65; TARGET version)’ 2020
• Royal College of General Practitioners and NICE. ‘Visual summary: UTI diagnostic flowchart (under 16s; TARGET version)’ 2020
• Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. ‘Antimicrobial resistance (AMR): applying All Our Health’ GOV.UK 2022
• NIHR ARC East Midlands. ‘Equality impact assessment (EqIA) toolkit version 9’ 2025
• Friends, Families and Travellers. ‘Inclusion health self-assessment tool for primary care networks’ 2026
• Public Health Wales. ‘Urinary tract infection (UTI): infection prevention and control resources’ 2024
• UK Health Security Agency. ‘Diagnosis of urinary tract infections: quick reference tools for primary care’ 2025
• Public Health England and Bromley Healthcare. ‘TARGET UTI leaflet for older adults V12’ 2015
• Ayorinde A, Ghosh I, Shaikh J, Adetunji V, Brown A, Jordan M, Gilham E, Todkill D, Ashiru-Oredope D. ‘Consideration of factors associated with inequalities in interventions’ Lancet 2023, volume 402, supplement S25
• Ul Haq I, Khan TA, Krukiewicz K. ‘Etiology, pathology, and host-impaired immunity in medical implant-associated infections’ Journal of Infection and Public Health 2023
• Batheja D, Goel S, Charani E. ‘Understanding gender inequities in antimicrobial resistance: role of biology, behaviour and gender norms’ BMJ Global Health 2025, volume 10, issue 1, page e016711
• Shutt AE, Ashiru-Oredope D, Price J, Padoveze MC, Shafiq N, Carter E, Ghataure A, Shariq S, Holmes AH, Charani E. ‘The intersection of the social determinants of health and antimicrobial resistance in human populations: a systematic review’ BMJ Global Health 2025, volume 10, issue 5, page e017389
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. ‘Urinary tract infection (recurrent): antimicrobial prescribing (NG112)’ 2024
• Centre for Research Equity, University of Oxford. ‘Research equity resources hub’ 2026
• FOR‑Equity. ‘Health inequalities assessment toolkit (HIAT)’ 2026
• NHS England. ‘CORE20PLUS5 infographic – adult’ 2021
• NHS England. ‘CORE20PLUS5 infographic – children and young people’ 2022
• British Geriatrics Society. ‘CORE20PLUS5 framework: reducing healthcare inequalities among older people’ 2025
• Department of Health and Social Care and Ministry of Justice. ‘The health of people in prison, on probation and in the secure NHS estate in England’ 2025
• Royal College of General Practitioners. ‘TARGET antibiotics toolkit hub’ 2026
• Generate. ‘EasyHealth: easy-read health leaflets and films’ 2026
• Cancer Research UK. ‘Encouraging participation in bowel screening: barriers, inequalities and interventions’ 2025
• Office for Health Improvement and Disparities, DHSC, UKHSA, NHS England, Pathway, ICS partners. ‘Inclusion health data and intelligence resource for England: an overview of published data and evidence’ 2026
• Specialist Pharmacy Service. ‘The risks and principles of prescribing in pregnancy’ 2025
• Specialist Pharmacy Service. ‘Guidance’ 2026
• FaithAction. ‘AMR public engagement toolkit’ 2025
• Association of Directors of Public Health. ‘AMR stakeholder toolkit version 2’ 2025
• East of England AMR Programme. ‘Tools for schools – AMR toolkit 2024’ 2024
• University of Leeds. ‘Centre for excellence for antimicrobial resistance (CE4AMR)’ 2026
• World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. ‘Raising community awareness of antimicrobial resistance’ 2026
• AMR Action UK. ‘AMR Action UK’ 2026
• NHS Inform. ‘Translations’ 2026
• NHS. ‘Antimicrobial resistance video playlist’ YouTube 2026
• Department of Health and Social Care. ‘Health inequalities: a toolkit to support local conversations’ 2026
• UK Health Security Agency and NHS England. ‘UTI prevention and awareness toolkit’ 2023
• Health Education England. ‘Antimicrobial resistance and infections programme’ 2026
• Health Education England. ‘Antimicrobial resistance learning module’ 2026
• NHS England. ‘Antimicrobial resistance programme’ 2026
• NHS England. ‘FutureNHS collaboration platform’ 2026
• Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. ‘Health equity assessment tool (HEAT)’ GOV.UK 2024
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. ‘Urinary tract infection (lower): antimicrobial prescribing (NG44)’ NICE
• Rajasekharan S, Lygidakis N, Parekh S. ‘Best clinical practise guidance for the use of antibiotics in children: an EAPD policy document’ European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 2025, volume 26, pages 1037 to 1043
• Corteville L, Penfold C, Lecky DM, Patel S. ‘Reducing antibiotic prescribing rates in young children in an outpatient primary care setting—a systemwide quality improvement initiative’ JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance 2025, volume 7, issue 2, page dlaf041
• Friends Families and Travellers, NHS. ‘Vaccination information for people from Gypsy, Roma and Traveller people Video Playlist’ YouTube 2025
• NHS. ‘Get Vaccinated! video playlist’ YouTube 2023
• UK Health Security Agency. ‘Tackling TB in inclusion health groups: toolkit for a multi-agency approach’ GOV.UK
• NHS West Yorkshire ICB. ‘Developing a framework for co-production to prevent antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the Roma population in West Yorkshire’ Antibiotic Guardian Shared Learning 2025
• NHS England. ‘Health and Justice antimicrobial stewardship’ Antibiotic Guardian Shared Learning 2025
• Beacon House Primary Health Care for the Homeless. ‘Moving care upstream’ Antibiotic Guardian Shared Learning 2025
• Gilham E, Ashiru-Oredope D. ‘Antimicrobial resistance: improving understanding and addressing inequalities’ Royal College of Pathologists 2024
• Covvey JR, Johnson BF, Elliott V, Malcolm W, Mullen AB. ‘An association between socioeconomic deprivation and primary care antibiotic prescribing in Scotland’ Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2014, volume 69, issue 3, pages 835 to 841
• Thomson K, Berry R, Robinson T, Brown H, Bambra C, Todd A. ‘An examination of trends in antibiotic prescribing in primary care and the association with area-level deprivation in England’ BMC Public Health 2020, volume 20, issue 1, page 1148
• Tosas Auguet O, Betley JR, Stabler RA, Patel A, Ioannou A, Marbach H, Hearn P, Aryee A, Goldenberg SD, Otter JA, Desai N, Karadag T, Grundy C, Gaunt MW, Cooper BS, Edgeworth JD, Kypraios T. ‘Evidence for community transmission of community-associated but not health-care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains linked to social and material deprivation: spatial analysis of cross-sectional data’ PLoS Medicine 2016, volume 13, issue 1, page e1001944
• Lindenmeyer A, Redwood S, Griffith L, Ahmed S, Phillimore J. ‘Recent migrants’ perspectives on antibiotic use and prescribing in primary care: a qualitative study’ British Journal of General Practice 2016, volume 66, issue 652, pages e802 to e809
• Mason T, Trochez C, Thomas R, Babar M, Hesso I, Kayyali R. ‘Knowledge and awareness of the general public and perception of pharmacists about antibiotic resistance’ BMC Public Health 2018, volume 18, issue 1, page 711
• McNulty CAM, Collin SM, Cooper E, Lecky DM, Butler CC. ‘Public understanding and use of antibiotics in England: findings from a household survey in 2017’ BMJ Open 2019, volume 9, issue 10, page e030845
• McNulty C, Read B, Quigley A, Verlander NQ, Lecky DM. ‘What the public in England know about antibiotic use and resistance in 2020: a face-to-face questionnaire survey’ BMJ Open 2022, volume 12, issue 4, page e055464
• Miller F, Zylbersztejn A, Favarato G, Adamestam I, Pembrey L, Shallcross L, Mason D, Wright J, Hardelid P. ‘Factors predicting amoxicillin prescribing in primary care among children: a cohort study’ British Journal of General Practice 2022, volume 72, issue 722, pages e659 to e667
• Cooke FJ, Howard JC, Hugh-Jones C, Brown NM. ‘Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the community: homeless are also at risk’ Journal of Hospital Infection 2008, volume 68, issue 2, pages 186 to 188
• Lambourg E, Siani C, de Preux L. ‘Use of a high-volume prescription database to explore health inequalities in England: assessing impacts of social deprivation and temperature on the prescription volume of medicines’ Journal of Public Health-Heidelberg 2022, volume 30, issue 9, pages 2231 to 2242
• Hood G, Toleikyte L, Ashiru-Oredope D. ‘Assessing national antimicrobial resistance campaigns using a health equity assessment tool (HEAT)’ Antibiotics (Basel) 2019, volume 8, issue 3, page 121