National statistics

Study

Published 25 August 2016

Valid: 25 August 2016 to 30 November 2016

Data relate to the year ending June 2016 and all comparisons are with the year ending June 2015, unless indicated otherwise.

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1. Key facts

In the year ending June 2016, there were 204,859 study-related visas granted, excluding the unsponsored Short-term student category (formerly known as Student visitors), a reduction of 5% (-11,848). Over the same period, the number of university-sponsored study visa applications (main applicants) fell slightly (-2% to 163,338). However, there was a 5% increase for Russell Group universities to 76,026. There were also falls for the Further Education (-8% to 15,848), English Language school (-25% to 2,445) and Independent school (-1% to 13,719) sectors. Most of the fall in the Further Education sector’s sponsored visa applications since the peak in mid-2011 was accounted for by licenses which have since been revoked.

In the year ending March 2016, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) estimates that there were 111,000 non-EU long-term immigrants coming to study and who had an intention to remain a year or more, a 17% fall (-23,000), which is statistically significant.

By contrast, in the year ending March 2016, ONS also estimates that the number of non-EU former students who were long-term emigrants from the UK had risen to 45,000, although this was not a statistically significant increase from 41,000 in the previous 12 months. Although they relate to different cohorts of students, the difference between the number of long-term students entering the UK (111,000) and the number of former students departing (45,000) was around 66,000.

Five non-EU nationalities accounted for the majority (55%) of the 204,859 study-related visas granted in the year ending June 2016, with the largest number going to Chinese nationals (70,194 or 34% of the total). There were higher numbers of study visas granted for Chinese (+1,908 or +3%), United States (+425; +3%), Egyptian (+372; +29%) and Indonesian (+311; +13%) nationals; and fewer Nigerian (-2,307; -21%), Iraqi (-2,117; -76%), and Libyan (-1,836; -74%) nationals.

Study-related grants of extensions fell by over a fifth to 55,509 (-21%, or -14,640) in the year ending June 2016. Corresponding sponsored applications data (main applicants) also showed a 21% fall, with much of the drop accounted for by falls in the University (-12%, or -6,285) and Further Education (-76%, or -6,131) sectors. These trends are likely to reflect previous falls in the visas granted and tightening of the rules such as the new use of the ‘genuineness’ test from October 2013.

There were 306,000 Short-term student category admissions in the calendar year 2015, much higher than the numbers of Short-term student category visas granted (82,318 over the same period). This was due to many Short-term student admissions being from nationalities who were not required to obtain a visa if they wished to come to the UK as a Short-term student for up to a maximum of 6 months. More than half of the Short-term student admissions are accounted for by US nationals (185,000) who do not require a visa for these short visits.

2. Study immigration: latest trends

	Year ending June 2015	Year ending June 2016	Change	Percentage change
Study-related visas granted excluding Short-term students (1)	216,707	204,859	-11,848	-5%
of which (Top 5):
China	68,286	70,194	+1,908	+3%
United States	13,820	14,245	+425	+3%
India	11,863	10,664	-1,199	-10%
Malaysia	10,691	9,478	-1,213	-11%
Hong Kong	9,293	9,069	-224	-2%
Short-term study visas (1) (main applicants only)	64,152	82,318	+18,166	+28%

	Year ending March 2015	Year ending March 2016	Change	Percentage change
Long-term immigration for study excluding dependants (2)	134,000	111,000	-23,000	-17%
Long-term (1 year or more) study-related visas excluding dependants	140,205	135,628	-4,577	-3%

Table notes

Source: Home Office, Immigration Statistics April to June 2016 Visas table vi 04 q and Visas table vi 06 q s, International Passenger Survey, Office for National Statistics, Migration Statistics Quarterly Report.
(1) The Short-term study category (previously described as Student visitor) allows individuals to come to the UK for 6 months (or 11 months if they will be studying an English Language course) and cannot extend their stay (further details at Short-term study visa). For consistency and comparability over time Short-term study visas have been excluded from study-related totals.
(2) Immigration for study data are estimates of the number of non-EU nationals intending to change their residence to the UK for at least 12 months based on the International Passenger Survey.

3. Long-term trends in student immigration

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Immigration Statistics April to June 2016, Visas tables vi 04 q (Visas volume 1), Admissions table ad 02 q and corresponding datasets; Office for National Statistics, Population and migration.
(1) Excludes Short-term students (previously referred to as Student visitors) who are allowed to come to the UK for 6 months (or 11 months if they will be studying an English Language course) and cannot extend their stay. A proportion of Tier 4 student visas are also short-term (under 1 year), see Entry clearance visas by length, but are not included within the Short-term students category.
(2) Prior to the year ending September 2008, the count of student admissions is not comparable as there was no specific admissions category for Short-term students (previously referred to as Student visitors) who may then have been recorded as either students or visitors.

The above chart shows that IPS long-term immigration estimates, while being substantially lower as they cover only those intending to remain a year or more, have followed a broadly similar trend to student visas granted and passenger arrivals over the longer-term.

There are a range of potential reasons why IPS figures for long-term migrants may be different from figures for study visas granted or passenger arrivals, and hence why the trends in the different series do not match, including:

• sampling variation in the IPS (for example, the fall of 23,000 in study-related immigration for the year ending March 2016 had an estimated confidence interval of +/-21,000)
• IPS data for study relate to individuals whose main reason for migration was study so (unlike visas data) are likely to exclude their dependants. IPS data are likely to be more comparable with visa totals for main applicants than with the total for all study-related visas (e.g. including dependants)
• differences between intentions and visa length
• individuals may migrate for multiple different reasons
• timing differences between when visas are granted and when an individual actually travels
• visa and admissions data include dependants, and both short-term and long-term migrants

Further comparison of the data is described in the ONS publication ‘International student migration what do the statistics tell us?’ (PDF 619Kb) and the user guide.

4. Register of sponsoring educational institutions

On 30 June 2016, there were 1,380 educational institutions on the UK Visas and Immigration register of sponsoring educational institutions. This was three fewer than the number on 31 March 2016 (1,383), and 9% lower (1,516) than a year earlier (30 June 2015) which continues the reduction in numbers seen since the published series began in October 2011 (2,370). The long-term reduction in the number of sponsoring educational institutions is consistent with the introduction of new accreditation criteria and conditions of status for educational sponsors from April 2011, as well as the removal from the list of sponsors of organisations which have since ceased operation.

5. Sponsored study visa applications by education sector

The number of study-related sponsored visa applications (main applicants) fell 3% in the year ending June 2016 to 197,979, compared with the previous 12 months (204,525). There was a fall in sponsored visa applications for the university sector as a whole (to 163,338; -2%), but this included a 5% increase for Russell Group universities to 76,026 and an 8% decrease for other universities to 87,312. There were also falls in the Further Education (to 15,848, -8%), English Language schools (to 2,445, -25%) and Independent school (to 13,719; -1%) sectors.

Study-related sponsored visa applications by sector

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Immigration Statistics April to June 2016, Sponsorship table cs 09 q.
‘Universities’ relate to UK-based Higher Education Institutions.
‘Further education’ relates to tertiary, further education or other colleges.

6.1 New entrants to UK Higher Education

In separate statistics published by the Higher Education Statistics Authority (HESA), it has been previously reported that between the 2013/14 and 2014/15 academic years the number of non-EU new entrants to universities decreased by 3% (to 174,305 students). There was no significant change in the number of UK new entrants (756,595), whilst other EU new entrants increased by 1% (to 57,815) in the same year. Over the last five years, comparing 2014/15 with 2009/10, the number of non-EU students has increased by 8% and there have been falls of 21% and 10% for UK and other EU students respectively (source: HESA) ‘Higher Education Student Enrolments and Qualifications Obtained at Higher Education Providers in the United Kingdom 2014/15’.

7. Immigration for study, and emigration of former students

In the year ending March 2016, the ONS estimates that there were 111,000 non-EU long-term immigrants coming to study and who had an intention to remain a year or more, a 17% (-23,000) fall, statistically significant compared with the previous 12 months.

By contrast, in the year ending March 2016, ONS also estimates that the number of non-EU former students who were long-term emigrants from the UK had risen to 45,000, although this was not a statistically significant increase from 41,000 in the previous 12 months.

Over the same period, the number of long-term (1 year or more) study-related visas granted (main applicants) was 3% lower at 135,628. Although the trends in the long-term estimates and comparable visa numbers can differ, they are fairly close given the definitional differences and the inherent variation in the ONS survey based estimates.

These estimates will be based on different cohorts of students, but they suggest that the level of long-term immigration of non-EU students is currently around 66,000 higher than the numbers of former long-term students who are leaving the country.

Source: ONS, International Passenger Survey, Migration Statistics Quarterly Report.

8. Extensions of stay

Study-related grants of extensions fell by over a fifth (-21%) to 55,509 in the year ending June 2016, compared with the previous 12 months (70,149). This followed a fall from 135,947 in the year ending June 2011 to 96,249 in the year ending June 2014. The 55,509 extensions included 1,026 grants under the Tier 4 Doctorate Extension Scheme introduced on 6 April 2013.

The fall in grants of extensions of stay is likely to reflect previous falls in the numbers granted visas, particularly to applicants in further education, together with tightening of the rules such as the new use of the ‘genuineness’ test for study (Tier 4) extensions of stay, announced on 6 September 2013, Statement of Changes in Immigration Rules.

Looking at individuals’ previous category, an estimated 64,483 former students (main applicants) were granted extensions in 2015 (the latest available data for this analysis), compared with 76,175 for 2014. Of the extensions granted in 2015, the majority (83%) allowed individuals to continue to study. There has been a fall in the number of students allowed to switch into a work category from 46,875 in 2011 to 7,226 in 2015, largely reflecting the closure of the Post-study route. Conversely, the number of students allowed to switch into Tier 2 skilled work has increased from 1,730 in 2011 to 6,004 in 2015.

Extensions granted to former students (by current category of grant) 2011 to 2015 (main applicants)

Chart notes

Source: Home Office, Immigration Statistics April to June 2016, Extensions tables expc 01 and expc 01 w.

Note that ‘Short-term students’ are normally only allowed to stay for up to 6 months (11 months for English Language schools) and cannot extend their stay.

The number of study-related sponsored applications for extensions (main applicants) fell by 21% (-13,494) to 49,822. Most of the 13,494 drop was accounted for by falls in the University (-12%; or -6,285) and Further education institution (-76%; or -6,131) sectors. There were also falls in the Independent school (-29%; or -411)and english language (-65%; or -391) sectors.

9. Short-term students

The Short-term student category (previously referred to as Student visitors) includes significant numbers admitted for up to 6 months as non-visa nationals without a visa in order to study shorter courses. Visas are granted for a maximum of 6 months in duration or in a very small number of cases for 11 months if studying an English Language course. Short-term students are not counted as long-term migrants and cannot extend their stay, so they are not included within the references to study visas in this section. Additionally some students in the study category (Tier 4 of the Points Based System) have short-term visas (under 1 year), see ‘Entry clearance visas by length’ but are not included within the Short-term students category.

There were 306,000 Short-term student admissions in the calendar year 2015, much higher than the numbers of student visitor visas granted (82,318 over the same period). This is due to many student visitor admissions being from nationalities who are not required to obtain a visa if they wish to come to the UK as a short-term student for up to a maximum of 6 months. More than half of the short-term student admissions are accounted for by US nationals (185,000) who do not require a visa for these short visits. Other non-visa countries using the Short-term student admission route in 2015 include Japan (13,500) and Brazil (13,400).

The number of Short-term student visas granted rose by 28% to 82,318 in the year ending June 2016. Grants to Russian and Turkish citizens accounted for 40% of the 18,166 increase (+3,888 and 3,448 respectively). For further information on short-term students see Short-term study visa and the Home Office research report, ‘Student visitors’.

10. Staying on in the UK

Analysis of administrative records for migrants granted visas in 2009 have been published in the ‘Migrant journey: sixth report’ and this shows that around one sixth (17%) of migrants issued a study visa in 2009 still had valid leave to remain in the UK or had been granted settlement 5 years later. This proportion has decreased from 24% of those issued a study visa in 2004.

The proportion of migrants who gained settlement within 5 years of entering on a study visa also decreased over the same period. For people issued a study visa in 2004, 3% had gained settlement 5 years later, compared with just 1% of those issued a study visa in 2009.

These changes are consistent with the tightening of the Immigration Rules for students since September 2007. They may also be partly related to the economic recession that occurred towards the end of the period analysed here, which may have reduced the incentive for students to remain and seek work in the UK. The study group reported on here excludes student visitor visas that cannot be extended and normally only have validity of 6 months or, in some cases, up to 11 months.

Source: Home Office, ‘Migrant journey: sixth report’.

11. Data tables

Data on student immigration, sourced from Home Office administrative systems, can be found in the following tables:

Sponsorship: tables cs 07 q to cs 14 q
Visas vol. 1: tables vi 01 q, vi 04 and v1 04 q
vi 01 q Entry clearance visa applications and resolution by category
vi 04 Entry clearance visas granted by category
vi 04 q Entry clearance visas granted by category

Visas vol. 3: table vi 06 q s
vi 06 q s Entry clearance visas granted by category and country of nationality: Study

Admissions: tables ad 02 to ad 03 and ad 03 s
Extensions: tables ex 01 to ex 02 s

Provisional estimates of long-term immigration for formal study from the ONS IPS relate to those whose main reason for migration is formal study and so are likely to exclude dependants (who would be more likely to say their main reason was to ‘accompany or join’ rather than formal study).ONS data is published at Migration Statistics Quarterly Report.

The Higher Education Statistics Agency publishes data on new entrants to UK Higher Education providers.

12. Background information

This section includes figures on study-related visas granted, passenger arrivals and extensions granted for non-European Economic Area (EEA) nationals. It also includes figures on long-term immigration to study (i.e. those intending to stay for at least 12 months to study) for non-EU nationals.

Data include dependants as well as main applicants unless stated otherwise. Estimates of long-term immigration for study from the ONS IPS relate to those whose main reason for migration is to study and so are likely to exclude dependants (who would be more likely to say their main reason was to ‘accompany or join’ rather than to study). All comparisons are with the previous 12 months unless indicated.