Chapter 8: Livestock
Updated 9 July 2026
Summary
-
The value of beef and veal increased by 23% to £5.1 billion. Home-fed production decreased by 3.4% to 898 thousand tonnes.
-
The value of pig meat increased by 0.7% to £1.8 billion. Home-fed production increased by 2.6% to 937 thousand tonnes.
-
The value of mutton and lamb increased by 5.9% to £1.9 billion. Home-fed production increased by 1.9% to 282 thousand tonnes.
-
The value of poultry meat increased by 0.6% to £3.4 billion. Home-fed production increased by 0.2% to 2.0 million tonnes.
-
The value of milk and milk products increased by 12% to £7.0 billion. The volume of milk production for human consumption increased by 5.0% to 15.8 billion litres.
-
The value of eggs for human consumption increased by 7.0% to £1.5 billion. Production increased by 5.2% to 1.1 billion dozen.
Meat production
Total value of meat production in 2025 increased by 9.8% from 2024, to £12.1 billion. With the total volume of meat production increasing by just 0.1% to 4.1 million tonnes, this increase in the value of production was primarily driven by increased beef prices.
Tables 8.1a to 8.1b - Meat production, 2023 to 2025
Enquiries:defra.fisu@defra.gov.uk
Table 8.1a Home fed production (thousand tonnes)
| Production | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle | 900 | 929 | 898 |
| Pigs | 885 | 913 | 937 |
| Sheep | 296 | 276 | 282 |
| Poultry | 1,976 | 1,996 | 2,001 |
| Total production | 4,057 | 4,115 | 4,117 |
Source: Latest cattle, sheep and pig slaughter statistics
Table 8.1b Value of production (£ million)
| Value | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cattle | 3,804 | 4,139 | 5,084 |
| Pigs | 1,785 | 1,815 | 1,828 |
| Sheep | 1,559 | 1,763 | 1,867 |
| Poultry | 3,606 | 3,348 | 3,367 |
| Total value | 10,760 | 11,068 | 12,150 |
Source: Total Income from Farming in the UK
Notes:
- Total value for meat production includes other animals that are not shown in the table.
- Measures of home-fed production and value include animals raised and slaughtered in the UK, excluding any animals removed from the food chain.
- Poultry production excludes offal.
Download the full livestock dataset
Cattle and calves: beef and veal
The value of beef and veal production increased by 23% from 2024 to £5.1 billion in 2025. This was driven by historically high deadweight cattle prices, which outweighed a 3.4% reduction in home-fed production to 898 thousand tonnes. UK cattle prices remained historically high throughout 2025, with ongoing tight supplies reflecting the impact of several years of herd contraction and constrained breeding on UK cattle supplies. Prime cattle deadweight prices averaged 647 pence per kilogram (p/kg) in 2025, an increase of 30% from 2024 and 50% above the five-year average.
The size of the beef herd decreased by 4.1% to 1.3 million head, continuing an ongoing trend of herd contraction over the last decade. An associated decrease of 4.3% in prime cattle slaughter was moderated by heavier carcase weights, particularly in the second half of the year as producers used more favourable feed conditions to maintain growth rates. There were no major weather‑related disruptions affecting turnout or housing so the 3.4% decrease in production largely reflects underlying structural constraints.
Trade patterns reflected the lower domestic production and elevated prices. Beef imports increased by 0.9%, to 309 thousand tonnes, driven by higher shipments from Australia and New Zealand following improved market access under Free Trade Agreements. Conversely imports from Ireland, the UK’s primary supplier, decreased as Irish supply tightened and the price differential narrowed. Beef export volumes increased slightly by 0.1%, to 142 thousand tonnes, with the EU remaining the primary destination and growth in some West African markets reflecting tighter global supplies. With home-fed production meeting 84% of new supply in 2025, the UK remains a net importer of beef and veal.
Tables 8.2a to 8.2d - Cattle and calves; beef and veal, 2023 to 2025
Enquiries: defra.fisu@defra.gov.uk
Table 8.2a Population (thousand head at June)
| Population | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total cattle and calves | 9,555 | 9,412 | 9,292 |
| Dairy cows | 1,836 | 1,836 | 1,849 |
| Beef cows | 1,407 | 1,344 | 1,290 |
Source: Livestock populations in the United Kingdom
Table 8.2b Production
| Production | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total home-fed marketings (thousand head) | 2,784 | 2,857 | 2,728 |
| Steers, heifers and young bulls | 2,027 | 2,100 | 2,009 |
| Calves | 121 | 111 | 97 |
| Cows and adult bulls | 637 | 647 | 621 |
| Average dressed carcase weight (kg): Steers, heifers and young bulls | 342 | 343 | 346 |
| Average dressed carcase weight (kg): Calves | 81 | 78 | 91 |
| Average dressed carcase weight (kg): Cows and adult bulls | 309 | 310 | 310 |
| Home fed production (dressed carcase weight, thousand tonnes) | 900 | 929 | 898 |
| Value of production (£ million) | 3,804 | 4,139 | 5,084 |
| Value of home-fed production | 3,844 | 4,173 | 5,152 |
| Change in work-in-progress | -21 | -19 | -58 |
| Less imported livestock | 19 | 15 | 10 |
| Plus breeding animals exported | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Subsidies (£ million) | 40 | 41 | 42 |
| Value of production at basic price (£ million) | 3,844 | 4,181 | 5,126 |
Source: Latest cattle, sheep and pig slaughter statistics and Total Income from Farming in the UK
Table 8.2c Prices (pence per kilogram deadweight)
| Prices | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Finished cattle: All prime cattle | 476 | 497 | 647 |
Source: AHDB GB Deadweight Cattle Prices
Table 8.2d Supply and use (dressed carcase weight equivalent, thousand tonnes)
| Supply and use | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-fed production | 900 | 929 | 898 |
| Imports from EU | 268 | 281 | 244 |
| Imports from the rest of the world | 16 | 26 | 66 |
| Exports to EU | 115 | 122 | 124 |
| Exports to the rest of the world | 16 | 20 | 18 |
| Total new supply | 1,054 | 1,094 | 1,065 |
| Home-fed production as % of new supply for use in the UK | 85 | 85 | 84 |
Source: Latest cattle, sheep and pig slaughter statistics
Notes:
- Measures of home-fed marketings, dressed carcase weights, production and value include animals raised and slaughtered in the UK, excluding any animals removed from the food chain.
- Change in work-in-progress is a valuation of the change in work-in-progress of animals to be slaughtered.
- Subsidies comprises the Scottish Beef Calf Scheme until 2014 and the Scottish Suckler Beef Support Scheme from 2015 onwards.
- Value of production includes subsidies and taxes.
- Imports from EU includes meat from imports of live finished animals.
Download the full livestock dataset
Pigs and pig meat
The value of home-fed pig meat production increased by 0.7% to £1.8 billion in 2025. This was the result of a 2.6% increase in production, which outweighed a small decrease in average prices for pig meat.
UK home-fed pig meat production strengthened in 2025, increasing by 2.6% from 2024 to 937 thousand tonnes. This was driven by a combination of higher average carcase weights and higher throughput, with home-fed clean pig slaughter up 1.8% on 2024, to 9.9 million head in 2025. The total pig population increased by 0.5% to 4.7 million head in 2025, while the female breeding herd decreased by 3.3% to 316 thousand head.
UK pig prices declined slightly from 2024 in the early part of 2025 but picked up by the spring, reaching a peak in the summer months before easing into autumn and early winter. The average price of pig meat in 2025 was 204 p/kg (deadweight), a slight decrease of 0.2% from 2024. UK pig producers’ margins recovered strongly after a near break‑even start to the year, in line with falling feed costs throughout the year.
Trade in pig meat remained fairly stable throughout 2025, with the Republic of Ireland and China the leading export destinations. By volume, the UK exported 146 thousand tonnes of pig meat in 2025 (up 3.6% from 2024) and imported 603 thousand tonnes (down 4.7% from 2024). With home-fed production meeting 67% of supply in 2025, the UK remains a net importer of pig meat.
Tables 8.3a to 8.3d - Pigs and pig meat, 2023 to 2025
Enquiries: defra.fisu@defra.gov.uk
Table 8.3a Population (thousand head at June)
| Population | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total pigs | 4,683 | 4,716 | 4,739 |
| Sows in pig and other sows for breeding | 290 | 285 | 277 |
| Gilts in pig | 48 | 43 | 39 |
Source: Livestock populations in the United Kingdom
Table 8.3b Production
| Production | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total home-fed marketings (thousand head) | 9,783 | 10,000 | 10,163 |
| Clean pigs | 9,556 | 9,775 | 9,949 |
| Sows and boars | 227 | 225 | 214 |
| Average dressed carcase weight (kg): Clean pigs | 89 | 90 | 91 |
| Average dressed carcase weight (kg): Sows and boars | 143 | 150 | 152 |
| Home-fed production dressed carcase weight (thousand tonnes) | 885 | 913 | 937 |
| Value of production (£ million) | 1,785 | 1,815 | 1,828 |
| Value of home-fed production | 1,806 | 1,801 | 1,826 |
| Change in work-in-progress | -21 | 14 | 2 |
| Less imported livestock | [x] | [x] | [x] |
| Plus breeding animals exported | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Source: Latest cattle, sheep and pig slaughter statistics and Total Income from Farming in the UK
Table 8.3c Prices (pence per kilogram deadweight)
| Prices | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clean pigs | 217 | 204 | 204 |
Source: AHDB GB Deadweight Pig Prices
Table 8.3d Supply and use (dressed carcase weight equivalent, thousand tonnes)
| Supply and use | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-fed production | 885 | 913 | 937 |
| Imports from EU | 629 | 631 | 601 |
| Imports from rest of the world | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Exports to EU | 82 | 77 | 76 |
| Exports to rest of the world | 71 | 63 | 70 |
| Total new supply | 1,362 | 1,404 | 1,394 |
| Home-fed production as % of new supply for use in the UK | 65 | 65 | 67 |
Source: Latest cattle, sheep and pig slaughter statistics
Notes:
- Measures of home-fed marketings, dressed carcase weights, production and value include animals raised and slaughtered in the UK, excluding any animals removed from the food chain.
- Change in work-in-progress is a valuation of the change in work-in-progress of animals to be slaughtered.
- Imports from EU includes meat from imports of live finished animals.
- Does not include meat offals or trade in preserved or manufactured meat products. Boneless meat has been converted to bone-in weights.
- Trade figures relate to trade in fresh chilled and frozen meat. Trade figures also include salted and brine meat (e.g. ham and bacon). There is significant trade in processed meats (recorded in Chapter 16 of HMRC trade data), which are not recorded in the trade figures.
- [x] means data is unavailable.
Download the full livestock dataset
Sheep and lambs: mutton and lamb
The value of mutton and lamb production increased by 5.9% from 2024, to £1.9 billion in 2025, driven by increases in both price and production.
In 2025, the UK sheep sector faced tight supplies, with a 0.7% decrease in the female breeding flock, and reduced forage from exceptionally dry conditions in parts of the UK. Prices were firm for much of the year but faced some pressure in spring, caused by a wider gap between Ramadan and Easter reducing the intensity of seasonal demand, and higher carry-over of old-season lambs adding to supply. Finished SQQ lamb prices (Standard Quality Quotation - lambs weighing 12 kg to 21.5 kg) averaged 710 p/kg in 2025, an increase of 2.4% from 2024 and 23% above the 5-year average.
Home-fed mutton and lamb production increased by 1.9% from 2024, to 282 thousand tonnes. Sheep and lamb slaughter numbers increased by 0.7% from 2024, despite a longer-term contraction in the national flock, with total sheep and lamb numbers falling by 1.7% to 30.5 million head in 2025.
Imports and exports of mutton and lamb both strengthened in 2025 and remained closely tied to EU market conditions. By volume, exports increased by 8.2% to 99 thousand tonnes, while imports increased by 3.4% to 91 thousand tonnes. Exports were strongly EU-focused, with 95% of exports being to EU destinations. In contrast, most import supplies came from non-EU sources such as New Zealand and, increasingly, Australia, due to implementation of the Free Trade Agreement. Domestic production currently accounts for 103% of consumption and so the UK is a net exporter of mutton and lamb.
Tables 8.4a to 8.4d - Sheep and lambs: mutton and lamb, 2023 to 2025
Enquiries: defra.fisu@defra.gov.uk
Table 8.4a Population (thousand head at June)
| Population | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total sheep and lambs | 31,803 | 31,017 | 30,484 |
| Female breeding flock | 15,438 | 14,882 | 14,780 |
| Other sheep and lambs | 16,365 | 16,135 | 15,704 |
Source: Livestock populations in the United Kingdom
Table 8.4b Production
| Production | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total home-fed marketings (thousand head) | 14,412 | 13,343 | 13,348 |
| Clean sheep and lambs | 12,694 | 11,838 | 11,920 |
| Ewes and rams | 1,717 | 1,505 | 1,428 |
| Clean sheep and lambs average dressed carcase weight (kg) | 20 | 20 | 21 |
| Ewes and rams average dressed carcase weight (kg) | 26 | 27 | 26 |
| Home-fed production dressed carcase weight (thousand tonnes) | 296 | 276 | 282 |
| Value of production (£ million) | 1,559 | 1,763 | 1,867 |
| Value of home-fed production | 1,580 | 1,770 | 1,899 |
| Change in work-in-progress | -21 | -8 | -32 |
| Less imported livestock | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Plus breeding animals exported | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Subsidies | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Value of production at basic prices | 1,566 | 1,770 | 1,874 |
Source: Latest cattle, sheep and pig slaughter statistics and Total Income from Farming in the UK
Table 8.4c Prices (pence per kilogram dressed carcase weight)
| Prices | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Finished sheep, Great Britain | 578 | 693 | 710 |
Source: AHDB GB Deadweight Sheep Prices
Table 8.4d Supply and use (dressed carcase weight equivalent, thousand tonnes)
| Supply and use | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Home-fed production | 296 | 276 | 282 |
| Imports from the EU | 13 | 11 | 9 |
| Imports from the rest of the world | 48 | 77 | 82 |
| Exports to the EU | 91 | 87 | 94 |
| Exports to the rest of the world | 5 | 5 | 4 |
| Total new supply | 261 | 273 | 274 |
| Home-fed production as % of new supply for use in the UK | 113 | 101 | 103 |
Source: Latest cattle, sheep and pig slaughter statistics
Notes:
- Measures of home-fed marketings, dressed carcase weights, production and value include animals raised and slaughtered in the UK, excluding any animals removed from the food chain.
- Change in work-in-progress is a valuation of the change in work-in-progress of animals to be slaughtered.
- Value of production includes subsidies and taxes.
- Imports from the EU includes meat from imports of live finished animals.
- Subsidies comprises Scottish Upland Sheep Support Scheme.
- Finished sheep price is an unweighted average of weekly prices at representative markets.
Download the full livestock dataset
Poultry and poultry meat
The value of home-fed poultry meat production increased to £3.4 billion in 2025, an increase of 0.6% from 2024. This was the result of a small increase in production, which outweighed decreases in poultry prices.
Home-fed poultry meat production increased by 0.2% to 2.0 million tonnes, driven by a historically high output of 1.9 million tonnes for table chickens. Home-fed broiler slaughter numbers increased by 0.5%, with an 8.6 million head increase in the broiler population to 121.0 million birds. This increase, coupled with a 1.7% increase in broiler carcase weights to 2.4kg, drove the overall increase in production. Alongside this, the broiler sector continued its transition to lower stocking densities in response to retailer-led commitments to improve animal welfare outcomes.
Average producer prices for table chickens decreased by 4.1% to 145 p/kg (deadweight), which is largely attributed to key production costs stabilising following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The number of confirmed cases of avian influenza (AI) was lower in 2025 than in previous years, with the majority of cases occurring towards the end of the year. This had little impact on the Christmas poultry meat supply chain.
The UK remained a large net importer of poultry meat, with domestic production making up 80% of supply in 2025. The EU dominated trade flows, accounting for 83% of imports and 67% of exports. By volume imports increased by 8.6% to 700 thousand tonnes, while exports decreased by 1.4% to 212 thousand tonnes.
Tables 8.5a to 8.5d - Poultry and poultry meat, 2023 to 2025
Enquiries: defra.fisu@defra.gov.uk
Table 8.5a Population (thousand head at June)
| Population | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total poultry | 178,142 | 176,085 | 183,332 |
| Table chickens | 116,440 | 112,374 | 120,959 |
| Laying and breeding fowl | 53,792 | 54,612 | 53,935 |
| Turkeys, ducks, geese and all other poultry | 7,909 | 9,099 | 8,438 |
Source: Livestock populations in the United Kingdom
Table 8.5b Production
| Production | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Slaughterings (millions): | 1,171 | 1,200 | 1,208 |
| Table chickens | 1,158 | 1,156 | 1,161 |
| Boiling fowls (culled hens) | 39 | 25 | 30 |
| Turkeys | 9 | 9 | 7 |
| Ducks & geese | 9 | 11 | 10 |
| Production (carcase weight thousand tonnes) | 1,976 | 1,996 | 2,001 |
| Chickens and other table fowls | 1,799 | 1,833 | 1,860 |
| Boiling fowls (culled hens) | 59 | 34 | 37 |
| Turkeys | 96 | 102 | 79 |
| Ducks & geese | 22 | 27 | 25 |
| Value of production (£ million): | 3,606 | 3,348 | 3,367 |
| Table chickens and boiling fowls | 3,190 | 2,774 | 2,701 |
| Turkeys, ducks, geese | 252 | 295 | 308 |
| Change in work-in-progress in fowls | -53 | 5 | 11 |
| Exports of live poultry | 186 | 212 | 280 |
| Hatching eggs for export | 80 | 112 | 121 |
| Less live poultry imported | 6 | 8 | 11 |
| Less hatching eggs imported | 43 | 43 | 43 |
Source: Latest poultry and poultry meat statistics and Total Income from Farming in the UK
Table 8.5c Prices (average producer prices, pence per kilogram dressed carcase weight)
| Prices | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Chickens and other table fowls | 177 | 151 | 145 |
| Boiling fowls (culled hens) | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Turkeys | 182 | 201 | 272 |
| Ducks | 337 | 318 | 355 |
| Geese | 467 | 547 | 571 |
Table 8.5d Supply and use (dressed carcase weight equivalent, thousand tonnes)
| Supply and use | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Production | 1,976 | 1,996 | 2,001 |
| Imports from the EU | 585 | 584 | 584 |
| Imports from the rest of the world | 42 | 60 | 116 |
| Exports to the EU | 135 | 155 | 142 |
| Exports to the rest of the world | 63 | 60 | 69 |
| Total new supply | 2,405 | 2,426 | 2,489 |
| Production as % of new supply for use in the UK | 82 | 82 | 80 |
Source: Latest cattle, sheep and pig slaughter statistics
Notes:
- Laying and breeding fowl includes hens and pullets kept mainly for producing eggs for eating.
- Boiling fowls were included with table chickens until 1994.
- Production excludes offal.
- Change in work-in-progress is a valuation of the change in work-in-progress of animals to be slaughtered.
- Trade figures relate to trade in fresh chilled and frozen meat. There is significant trade in processed meats (recorded in Chapter 16 of HMRC trade data), which are not recorded in the trade figures.
Download the full livestock dataset
Milk
The value of milk produced for human consumption increased by 12% from 2024, to £7.0 million in 2025, driven by increases in both price and production.
The UK average farmgate milk price (FGMP) rose by 6.8% from 2024, to 44 pence per litre (ppl), with prices in January 2025 up 19% from the previous year. This combined with low feed wheat prices to deliver firm on-farm margins and profitability, driving a marked increase in milk production throughout the year. Overall production of milk for human consumption increased by 5.0% from 2024, to 15.8 billion litres in 2025. Despite dry conditions in a number of UK milk production regions, milk deliveries remained strong through the summer period as impacted farmers compensated for reduced forage growth by feeding increased amounts of low cost purchased feeds. In addition to the high volumes of milk produced, the average solids content of that milk rose and further increased effective total production.
In the latter part of the year production in the EU, USA and New Zealand recovered, causing a rapid change from a position of undersupply to one of marked oversupply. As a result, dairy commodity values declined sharply from September 2025 followed by similar declines in UK FGMPs from November 2025 onwards. While UK milk production eased somewhat in the last months of 2025 in response to the sharp falls in FGMPs, it remained seasonally high. This minimal decline in production was likely the result of continued plentiful and cheap supplies of purchased feed combined with challenges in reducing herd numbers and individual cow yield on farms.
With domestic production comprising 105% of consumption, the UK remained a net exporter of liquid milk in 2025.
Tables 8.6a to 8.6d - Milk, 2023 to 2025
Enquiries: defra.fisu@defra.gov.uk
Table 8.6a Population and yield
| Population | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dairy herd (annual average, thousand head) | 1,840 | 1,845 | 1,850 |
| Average yield per dairy cow (litres per annum) | 8,206 | 8,261 | 8,643 |
Source: Livestock populations in the United Kingdom
Table 8.6b Production
| Production | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Milk from the dairy herd (million litres) | 15,097 | 15,237 | 15,991 |
| Milk from the beef herd (million litres) | [x] | [x] | [x] |
| Raw milk leaving farm | 14,865 | 15,004 | 15,751 |
| Milk processed on farm | 92 | 92 | 93 |
| On farm use | 139 | 140 | 147 |
| Volume for human consumption | 14,957 | 15,097 | 15,844 |
| Value of production (£ million) | 5,985 | 6,295 | 7,049 |
| Raw milk leaving farm | 5,872 | 6,176 | 6,923 |
| Processed milk products from farm | 58 | 61 | 62 |
| On farm use | 55 | 58 | 65 |
| Subsidies | [x] | [x] | [x] |
| Less levies | [x] | [x] | [x] |
| Value of production at market prices (£ million) | 5,985 | 6,295 | 7,049 |
Source: Latest UK milk prices and composition of milk and Total Income from Farming in the UK
Table 8.6c Prices (average milk producer prices, net of delivery charges (pence per litre))
| Prices | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Farmgate price | 39 | 41 | 44 |
Source: Latest UK milk prices and composition of milk
Table 8.6d Supply and use (million litres)
| Supply and use | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Production (excludes on farm use from 2015) | 14,957 | 15,097 | 15,844 |
| Imports | 91 | 108 | 108 |
| Exports | 830 | 829 | 829 |
| Total new supply | 14,218 | 14,376 | 15,123 |
| For liquid consumption | 6,018 | 6,101 | 6,096 |
| For manufacture | 7,865 | 7,835 | 8,499 |
| Butter | 404 | 384 | 405 |
| Cheese | 4,857 | 4,629 | 4,816 |
| Cream | 375 | 410 | 439 |
| Yoghurt | 384 | 429 | 523 |
| Condensed milk | 349 | 333 | 329 |
| Milk powders | [x] | [x] | [x] |
| Other products | 1,494 | 1,650 | 1,986 |
| Dairy wastage and stock change | 336 | 440 | 528 |
| Other uses | 132 | 133 | 139 |
| Production as a % of new supply | 105 | 105 | 105 |
Source: Latest UK milk prices and composition of milk
Notes:
- The dairy herd is average size of the dairy herd across the whole year, rather than the size at a particular time of year. From 2005 the dairy herd was defined as dairy cows over two years of age with offspring. Until 2004 the dairy herd was defined as cows and heifers in milk plus cows in calf but not in milk, kept mainly for producing milk or rearing calves for the dairy herd.
- Milk from dairy and beef herd excludes suckled milk. Milk from beef cows is no longer recorded after 2016 as it is no longer considered significant.
- On farm use includes farmhouse consumption and milk fed to livestock.
- Raw milk leaving farm is the value of raw milk sold to other businesses (dairies) for processing.
- Processed milk products from farm is the value of milk and milk products processed on farm and sold direct to the consumer.
- Condensed milk includes condensed milk used in the production of chocolate crumb and in the production of machine skimmed milk.
- Other uses includes farmhouse consumption, milk fed to stock and on farm waste. Excludes suckled milk.
- Prices exclude any retrospective bonuses made by purchasers with the exception of Northern Ireland data for 2023, where the disaggregated data is unavailable.
- Prices including retrospective bonuses are no longer included in Table 8.6c because this data is unavailable from 2021 onwards.
- [x] means data is unavailable.
Download the full livestock dataset
Hen eggs
The value of production of eggs produced for human consumption increased by 7.0% from 2024 to £1.5 billion in 2025. This was the result of increases in both production volumes and price, with average prices increasing for both enriched and free range eggs.
Production of eggs for human consumption increased by 5.2% to 1.1 million tonnes, with an increase of 840 thousand in the laying flock, to 42.7 million birds in 2025. Producer prices for packed eggs were broadly stable across 2025, supporting producer confidence in the sector and a steady and gradual increase in supply. The average price of eggs for human consumption across all production methods rose to 148 pence per dozen in 2025, an increase of 2.2% from the previous year. Avian influenza pressures persisted and remained a key operational risk, but the overall narrative for 2025 was continued growth rather than supply disruption.
Throughout 2025, the production mix showed continued movement towards cage-free systems, with a marked reduction in eggs being produced from enriched colony cage units and an increase in those being produced in free-range units. This was driven by producers transitioning to meet major retailers’ voluntary pledges to stop selling eggs from caged hens to improve hen welfare. The proportion of eggs from free range production systems increased from 69% in the last quarter of 2024 to 73% in the final quarter of 2025, while the proportion from enriched systems decreased from 20% to 16% over the same period. This has been accompanied by a continued increase since 2022 in laying chicks being placed on farm, as hatcheries and producers capitalise on the improved conditions for the sector and the retailer drive towards cage-free commitments.
The UK remained a net importer of eggs with domestic production making up 88% of consumption in 2025. Exports fell sharply in volume in 2025, with a decrease of 28% to 23 million dozen. Import volumes rose slightly in 2025, with an increase of 1.1% to 171 million dozen.
Tables 8.7a to 8.7d – Hen eggs, 2023 to 2025
Enquiries: defra.fisu@defra.gov.uk
Table 8.7a Population (thousands at June)
| Population | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of laying fowl | 41,073 | 41,863 | 42,703 |
Source: Livestock populations in the United Kingdom
Table 8.7b Production
| Production | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Volume of production (million dozen) | 1,098 | 1,153 | 1,207 |
| Eggs for human consumption | 960 | 1,009 | 1,062 |
| Eggs for hatching | 124 | 128 | 129 |
| Other | 14 | 16 | 16 |
| Value of production of eggs for human consumption (£ million) | 1,003 | 1,360 | 1,456 |
Source: Latest UK egg statistics and Total Income from Farming in the UK
Table 8.7c Prices (pence per dozen)
| Prices | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Average packer to producer price | 133 | 144 | 148 |
Source: Latest UK egg statistics
Table 8.7d Supply and use (million dozen)
| Supply and use | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| UK production of eggs for human consumption | 960 | 1,009 | 1,062 |
| Eggs sold in shell | 850 | 914 | 959 |
| Eggs processed | 111 | 95 | 103 |
| Imports from the EU | 165 | 167 | 150 |
| Imports from the rest of the world | 1 | 2 | 21 |
| Exports to the EU | 30 | 32 | 23 |
| Exports to the rest of the world | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Total new supply | 1,096 | 1,146 | 1,209 |
| Production as % of new supply for use in the UK | 88 | 88 | 88 |
Source: Latest UK egg statistics
Notes:
- Other eggs include hatching eggs for export and waste.
- Eggs for hatching and hatching egg exports are not valued as they are included in the final value for poultry in Table 8.4.
- Average packer to produce price represents the price paid by egg packers to egg producers in the United Kingdom and takes account of all egg systems - intensive, free range, barn and organic. Bonus payments are included.
- Import and export figures include shell egg equivalent of whole (dried, frozen and liquid) egg, egg yolk and albumen.
Download the full livestock dataset
Revisions
Figures in these tables for 2025 are provisional and may be subject to revision.
Revisions have been made to previous data due to on-going revisions caused by estimated survey data being replaced with actual data when it is received; survey respondents supplying amended figures for previous survey periods; changes to data supplied by Scotland and Northern Ireland and amended administrative data; updates to trade data supplied by HMRC; and methodological changes.