Gastrointestinal infections in England: 2023 to 2025
Updated 26 March 2026
Applies to England
© Crown copyright 2026
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This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/gastrointestinal-infections-in-england/gastrointestinal-infections-in-england-2023-to-2025
The annual number of confirmed laboratory reports and the rate of reporting in England are provided for the period 2023 to 2025 for the following categories of gastrointestinal infections (GIs):
- bacterial GIs – Campylobacter species (spp.), Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella (non-typhoidal) spp., Shigella spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157 and non-O157, Vibrio cholerae (O1/O139 and others), Vibrio others, Yersinia spp.
- protozoal GIs – Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp., Giardia spp.
- viral GIs – Astrovirus and Sapovirus
Listeria monocytogenes data is also provided, covering both England and Wales. All specimen types are included for the data.
The data is accurate as of 16 February 2026 and was extracted from live surveillance systems, therefore the data is reported as provisional and may be subject to change due to late notifications and de-duplications, and previously published totals may differ slightly.
Mid-year 2023 population estimates for England were used to provide denominators for the calculation of the 2023 rates, whereas mid-year 2024 population estimates were used to provide denominators for both the 2024 and 2025 rates for all pathogens with the exception of Listeria monocytogenes, for which mid-year population estimates for England plus Wales were used. All rates were calculated as number of laboratory reports per 100,000 population.
Table 1 shows the quarterly trend for Campylobacter spp. and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS) laboratory reports for 2023 to 2025.
Table 2 presents the annual trends for gastrointestinal pathogens for 2023 to 2025 and, for the first time, includes the total number of STEC non-O157 laboratory reports.
In both tables, the data includes infections acquired overseas.
Key points
Between 2023 and 2024 there was an increase in Campylobacter spp. laboratory reports, with the rate per 100,000 population increasing by 15.8% from 103.7 in 2023 to 120.1 in 2024. The rate of Campylobacter spp. reporting in 2025 was comparable to the rate in 2024 at 118.4 per 100,000 population. Similarly, during this period, the NTS laboratory reporting rate per 100,000 population also increased by 15.7% from 15.3 in 2023 to 17.7 in 2024, and was similar in 2025 at 17.8 reports per 100,000 population.
Notable increases in the rate of Yersinia spp. laboratory reporting from 2023 to 2025 have been observed. From 2023 to 2024 there was increase (37.5%) in the rate of reporting from 0.8 to 1.1 reports per 100,000 population. This rate more than doubled in 2025, to 2.5 reports per 100,000 population. However, Yersinia spp. became a notifiable causative agent for laboratories in England from 6 April 202. Therefore, the increase observed in 2025 is likely to be due to changes in reporting from laboratories rather than an increase in the number of cases.
There was a high rate of Cryptosporidium spp. reporting in 2023 at 11.8 reports per 100,000 population; this was driven by an increase in C. hominis reports, which was also observed across Europe (1). Subsequently, there was a decrease of 17.8% in the rate of reporting from 11.8 to 9.7 reports per 100,000 population in 2023 and 2024 respectively, and a further decrease of 26.8% in 2025 to 7.1 reports per 100,000 population.
Further data analyses will be available when the Campylobacter, Salmonella, STEC (O157 and non-O157), Cryptosporidium and Giardia annual reports for 2025 are published at a later date.
Table 1. Campylobacter species (spp.) and non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. quarterly totals of confirmed laboratory reports (all specimen types) in England by laboratory report date, Q1 2023 to Q4 2025 (provisional data)
| Pathogen | Q1 2023 | Q2 2023 | Q3 2023 | Q4 2023 | Total 2023 | Q1 2024 | Q2 2024 | Q3 2024 | Q4 2024 | Total 2024 | Q1 2024 | Q2 2025 | Q3 2025 | Q4 2025 | Total 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campylobacter spp. | 10,587 | 15,792 | 18,476 | 15,200 | 60,055 | 12,985 | 19,371 | 20,722 | 17,314 | 70,392 | 16,030 | 18,913 | 19,079 | 15,372 | 69,394 |
| Salmonella spp. | 1,328 | 2,126 | 3,105 | 2,313 | 8,872 | 1,541 | 2,386 | 3,750 | 2,712 | 10,389 | 1,595 | 2,350 | 3,794 | 2,667 | 10,406 |
Use the scroll bar to view the 2025 data.
Table 2. Total number of annual confirmed laboratory reports (all specimen types) and annual rate of reporting for gastrointestinal infections in England by laboratory report date (in England and Wales for L. monocytogenes), 2023 to 2025, including infections acquired overseas
| Pathogen type / Organism name | Reports 2023 | Rate 2023 [Note1] |
Reports 2024 | Rate 2024 [Note1] |
Reports 2025 | Rate 2025 [Note1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria | ||||||
| Campylobacter spp. | 60,055 | 103.7 | 70,392 | 120.1 | 69,394 | 118.4 |
| Clostridium botulinum (foodborne) | 3 | 0.005 | 2 | 0.003 | 2 | 0.0003 |
| Clostridium botulinum (infant) | 1 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.002 | 1 | 0.002 |
| Clostridium perfringens | 1,659 | 2.9 | 1,707 | 2.9 | 2,002 | 3.4 |
| Listeria monocytogenes [Note 2] |
177 | 0.3 | 179 | 0.3 | 180 | 0.3 |
| Salmonella (non-typhoidal) spp. | 8,872 | 15.3 | 10,389 | 17.7 | 10,406 | 17.8 |
| Shigella spp. | 4,530 | 7.8 | 5,169 | 8.8 | 5,453 | 9.3 |
|
STEC O157 [Note 3] |
533 | 0.9 | 564 | 1.0 | 568 | 1.0 |
| STEC non-O157 | 2,260 | 3.9 | 2,762 | 4.7 | 2,851 | 4.9 |
| Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 | 1 | 0.002 | 2 | 0.003 | 3 | 0.005 |
| Vibrio cholerae (other) | 42 | 0.1 | 64 | 0.1 | 67 | 0.1 |
| Vibrio (other) | 111 | 0.2 | 156 | 0.3 | 230 | 0.4 |
| Yersinia species | 454 | 0.8 | 660 | 1.1 | 1,443 | 2.5 |
| Protozoa | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium spp. | 6,828 | 11.8 | 5,703 | 9.7 | 4,149 | 7.1 |
| Cyclospora spp. | 62 | 0.1 | 124 | 0.2 | 87 | 0.1 |
| Giardia spp. | 4,594 | 7.9 | 5,450 | 9.3 | 6,069 | 10.4 |
| Viruses | ||||||
| Astrovirus | 1,137 | 2.0 | 1,167 | 2.0 | 1,436 | 2.4 |
| Sapovirus | 1,676 | 2.9 | 1,712 | 2.9 | 1,874 | 3.2 |
Note 1: Rate = number of laboratory reports per 100,000 population.
Note 2: Data for England and Wales (number and rate).
Note 3: STEC = Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli.
Data sources
Data for all gastrointestinal pathogens (England) was extracted from the Second Generation Surveillance System (SGSS), with the exception of Clostridium botulinum (England), Listeria monocytogenes (England and Wales), STEC O157 and non-O157 (England) and Yersinia species (England) for which data was extracted from UKHSA enhanced surveillance databases.
The population data used for England and Wales was sourced from the Office for National Statistics mid-year 2023 and 2024 estimates, which are available at Population estimates – Office for National Statistics
Data cleaning
Regional classification was based on ONS regional boundaries using patient residence postcode where available. Where patient residence or GP postcodes were not available, the referring laboratory postcode was used as a proxy. Previous reports used Nomenclature of Territorial Units for country and regional boundaries, level (NUTS1) codes therefore historical totals in previous publications may differ slightly.
Reference
- Schoeps A, Röbl K, Walter N, Neute A, Walter B, Freudenau I and others. ‘Increased number of cryptosporidiosis cases with travel history to Croatia might be related to swimming pools, Germany, 2023’. Eurosurveillance 2024: volume 29, issue 1