2. The practical driving test (part 2)

Guidance driving examiners follow when they carry out ADI part 2 tests - the test of the driving ability of someone wanting to become an ADI.

2.01. Introduction

These notes deal with the procedure for arranging and conducting the practical part of the qualifying examination. It includes:

• an eyesight test
• vehicle safety check questions
• tests of driving technique
• tests of instructional ability

A candidate must pass both the part 1 (eyesight) and part 2 (driving technique) tests before taking the part 3 test (instructional ability).

2.02. Arranging appointments for practical tests

The booking centre at Newcastle will arrange all practical tests. Candidates book tests online or by telephone with a credit or debit card. A journal is raised for the day’s work, which records:

• the examiner’s name
• location
• examination date

Details of the candidate should include:

• name
• personal reference number (PRN)
• address
• the driving licence number
• the type of test to be conducted

Newcastle will notify the candidate of the appointment. Examiners should ensure that their managers are aware of all commitments at least 12 weeks in advance (for example, annual leave, TOIL, medical appointments) so that these can be sent to Newcastle and recorded on the testing and resource system (TARS).

TARS ensures that:

• no appointment is made for a date that is more than 2 years after the candidate passed the written part (part 1)
• no more than 2 previous attempts at the test have been made during the current 2-year period

Should the examiner become aware that these procedures have not been followed, they should not conduct the test and contact the Registrar’s team as soon as possible. This would be a very rare situation that would need to be handled sensitively.

2.03. Part 2 tests - preparation of documents

Before the time of the appointment the examiner should in the first instance check their iPad via the DES app to confirm location and times of tests booked. Once at the driving test centre (DTC), they should open the iPad and activate the ‘start test’ button within the DES app.

The iPad provides the following information about the candidate:

• name
• photo
• PRN number
• address
• contact details
• email and mobile number, if provided

2.04. Reception and identity checks

When meeting the candidate, the examiner should provide a self-introduction and handshake (if appropriate) and then apply the following checks pleasantly and courteously.

1. Check with the candidate the type of test to be undertaken. Check driving licence.

2. Check that they have a photo card licence or a paper type licence and a valid passport. No licence, no test.

3. Ask the candidate to read and complete the insurance declaration on the DES app.

4. Compare the signature on the licence with the signature on the declaration. Use a UV lamp (as per details covered in DT1) to scan the photo card licence (if presented). Check the candidate’s address is still current.

5. Check email address is correct.

Candidates who do not produce the required documentation will be refused a test. Record the terminated test code 20 - No satisfactory ID on the DES app.

In the waiting room, examiners should ask candidates if they would like to have their trainer/mentor or friend with them for the test, test result and end of test debrief. The accompanying person must be at least 16 years of age. The examiner should, where necessary, tactfully explain that the third party must not interfere with, or comment on the test, without giving the impression the third person is not welcome.

If a trainer is known to regularly observe their trainees on test it is not necessary to comment.

Record on the DES app:

• whether the candidate’s trainer is ORDIT registered
• their trainers PRN if available
• whether they have been provided with training records

This information is voluntary. Examiners must make every effort not to make the candidate feel uncomfortable if they are not able to provide.

2.05. Duration of the practical test

The combined eyesight, vehicle safety check questions and driving test should take approximately 1 hour. The eyesight test and vehicle safety check questions will normally take no more than a few moments.

2.06. Eyesight - test requirements

A candidate is required to read, in good daylight, a motor vehicle registration mark for the new style number plates at a distance of 27 metres, (or the old-style number plates containing letters and figures 79.4 millimetres in height at a distance of 27.5 metres) with the aid of glasses or contact lenses if worn. The candidate should first be asked to read the number plate of a stationary vehicle, which is obviously more than 27 metres away (or 27.5 metres for the old style number plates). You should take care to select a clean plate, which is in such a position as to be properly viewed.

If the candidate is unable to read the first plate, you should ask them to read another one (care again being taken as to its state and position) and, if necessary, allowed to walk forward until it is just over 27 metres away. (27.5m for old style number plates). If the second plate is not correctly read, the official measuring tape should be used to determine a distance of 27 metres (27.5m for old style number plates) precisely from a third plate which the candidate should be asked to read from the appropriate mark.

In no circumstances may a candidate be asked to read a number plate at a distance of less than 27 metres (27.5 metres for old style number plates).

If the examiner is satisfied beyond doubt that the candidate is unable to read the third plate, a failure must be recorded. When there is doubt, a fourth plate should be tried at a measured distance.

If the examiner is satisfied that the candidate cannot meet the eyesight requirement laid down for entry onto the Register without the aid of glasses, they should attempt to persuade the candidate to wear their glasses. If the candidate reads the plate with the aid of glasses, then removes them to drive, they should be advised that glasses must be worn for the drive. If the candidate refuses to do so the test should be terminated.

2.07. Announcement of failure in eyesight test

When there is an eyesight failure, the candidate should be addressed in the following terms:

I am sorry that you have not passed the eyesight test. You will appreciate of course that the practical test cannot be continued.

The examiner’s comments should be in a sympathetic vein, and they should expect to listen to some expressions of disappointment, but avoid discussion of matters other than those indicated above.

If the weather is inclement or the daylight is not good the test should be terminated, ‘no result’ and the code for bad weather entered on the daily journal.

2.08. Recording a failure in the eyesight test

A test failure should be recorded via the DES app with along with code 3. A note must be made in the remarks space, ‘tape used’ and the number of plates attempted should be stated (i.e. 3 plates, the numbers and how they were read). An eyesight failure is a failure of the practical test as a whole.

Weather condition also needs to be noted on the DES app.

Examiners should note that no DVLA Form D255 is submitted for a failure while attempting the eyesight test on a part 2 test. The eyesight has been tested at an extended distance to that required for licence acquisition.

Examiners should consider wearing reflective jackets.

2.09. Vehicle safety check questions

Examiners must ask 2 ‘show me’ and 3 ‘tell me’ questions for ADI part 2. ‘Show me’ questions will be asked on the move when the examiner considers it safe to operate a control. The use of cruise control (if fitted) should be demonstrated on a suitable stretch of road or motorway. Safety questions are to be selected in rotation and recorded on DES app for audit and quality assurance checks.

2.10. Assessment

A driving fault will be recorded for each incorrect answer up to a maximum of four driving faults. If the candidate answers all 5 questions incorrectly, a serious fault will be recorded.

2.11. Driving technique - requirements of the test

Candidates are required to satisfy the examiner that they are skilled, safe and consistent drivers, and the result of the test will depend solely upon their driving performance under test conditions. Candidates will need to demonstrate a high standard throughout. They must know the principles of good driving and road safety and apply them in practice. In particular, they must satisfy the examiner on the following subjects:

• expert handling of controls
• use of correct road procedure
• anticipation of the actions of other road users and taking appropriate action
• sound judgement of distance, speed and timing
• consideration for the convenience and safety of other road users
• fuel-efficient driving (eco-driving)

Candidates will also be asked to demonstrate their ability to perform any of the following manoeuvres:

• move away straight ahead or at an angle
• overtake, meet or cross the path of other vehicles and take an appropriate course
• turn right-hand and left-hand corners
• stop the vehicle as in an emergency (this should be done in 1 out of every 3 tests
• reverse parking exercise (bay park or on road)
• driving forward into a parking bay, reverse out either to the left or right
• pull up on the right, then reverse back

2.12. Fuel-efficient driving (eco-driving)

From 10 September 2008, the part 2 test came into line with all other categories of test. In 2020 the fuel-efficient driving (eco-driving) driving assessment changed and can now influence the outcome and overall result. A maximum of 1 driving fault could be recorded if a candidate does not demonstrate their ability to drive in an eco-safe style. Any fault committed that is assessed as worthy of being recorded should still be marked under the appropriate heading. An FED/eco-safe driving assessment will be based on the overall performance throughout the test. Examples of an FED/eco-safe fault are as follows:

Fuel-efficient driving fault example 1

A candidate who brings a vehicle for test with cruise control fitted and in working order would now be expected to demonstrate safe and relevant use. This could be where a fixed speed could be sustained for some distance, and it would be reasonable to expect its use. Subject to prevailing road, weather and traffic conditions this could include use on roads of 30mph as well as on open roads and where national speed limits apply. Less fuel is used for a set speed on cruise control than by a driver trying to maintain the same speed with cruise control switched off and using the accelerator pedal.

Fuel-efficient driving fault example 2

The candidate is driving on an open road and making good progress but will need to reduce speed to satisfy a lower speed limit. The candidate is seen to demonstrate safe driving procedure and not commit any control or procedure faults to respond to the change. However, instead of timing it well by easing off the accelerator and using engine braking to arrive at the lower speed limit the vehicle’s pace is sustained longer than appropriate by use of the accelerator then followed by use of the footbrake to comply. Driving finesse with respect to FED/eco-safe driving technique was not displayed as the energy applied to slow the car down on the footbrake could have been eliminated by releasing the accelerator earlier thus saving fuel as well as achieving the same objective of complying with the lower speed limit.

Fuel-efficient driving fault example 3

Sequential gear changes up and down the gear box. Not using or attempting the use of a higher gear.

The examples above do not cover the whole range of FED/eco-safe driving styles and are for guidance only.

An FED/eco-sfe driving fault must be marked and debriefed as such. The relevant ‘control’ or ‘planning’ under eco-safe must also be annotated. Therefore, significant evidence is needed hence the holistic approach.

At the end of the test the examiner should assess whether the candidate has demonstrated competence in eco-safe driving. If they have not, a mark should be made in either the ‘planning’ or ‘control’ boxes or possibly both. An explanation as to why they have been marked would also be included in the de-brief.

The emphasis is on educating driver trainers of the benefits of driving in an eco-friendly/FED style so that they can pass on those techniques to their learner drivers. From 2018, learner drivers who are test ready, with a fully qualified ADI and in dual controlled vehicle are permitted to drive on motorways before passing a test. This enables consolidation of eco-safe/FED techniques. The candidate should also be advised to visit GOV.UK where they can learn more about (how to drive in a fuel-efficient manner)[https://www.safedrivingforlife.info/advice/car-driving/you-and-your-experience/fuel-efficient-car-driving/].

2.13. Alternative routes

It is essential that at each practical test centre, there should be a minimum of 3 routes for the part 2 test. There should be at least 1 route designed to allow traffic signs to be followed on the independent drive.

Details of each route should be available at the centre for the use of visiting examiners and be available to view on the National Folder. Routes should be regularly reviewed, updated and rotated as necessary.

2.14. Instructions to candidates

Examiners should take great pains to make their instructions absolutely clear. The candidate should be given no excuse to complain of having been flustered or hurried. Directions given for the independent driving section should be in line with advice in the DT1 (7.35: Independent driving - general instructions).

2.15. Standard wording

In the interests of uniformity during training, the verbal instructions necessary to the conduct of the practical tests have been standardised. Whilst examiners should familiarise themselves with the standard wordings, these may be varied providing the message remains clear. Examiners should try to use a natural tone of voice and not sound stereotyped.

2.16. Start of actual drive

On entering the car, the examiner should place the sat nav (if being used) so that the candidate can see it clearly. Interpersonal skills can also be used to promote a conducive atmosphere.

Give a pre-brief, explaining the test and stating that “a high standard of competence is expected” and then the candidate should be instructed, “Follow the road ahead…etc.” They should then start the engine and move off without any further instruction other than that required indicating the immediate route to be taken or instructions for the independent driving section.

2.17. Starting the engine

Checking handbrake and neutral is not always appropriate with automatic handbrakes and automatic transmissions. Electric cars are also very different, so the same procedures don’t always apply.

It is important that the candidate should take the necessary precautions before starting the engine or electric motor. This may include checking the handbrake and gear selection.

It is important that the candidate should take the usual precaution of seeing that the handbrake is applied, and the gear lever is in neutral, before attempting to start the engine. Many cars being presented are now automatic. The same safety procedures apply.

2.18. Moving off

The test of ability to move away smoothly from rest should include, wherever possible, ability to move off on reasonably steep uphill and downhill gradients. In districts where no such gradients are available, the examiners should satisfy themselves that the candidate understands how to co-ordinate the clutch while releasing the handbrake when starting uphill.

The test must include moving out at an angle when drawn up behind a stationary vehicle. In this case, the examiner should observe whether the candidate first sees to the front, then to the rear, that the way is clear for pulling out and gives the appropriate signal if necessary.

Blind spot checks must be taken where appropriate. A candidate starting on a gradient should be capable of paying attention to other traffic, as well as moving the vehicle away without rolling backwards, or forwards, and without excessive engine revolutions. Busier roads should also be used for normal stops.

2.19. Signals

The candidate is expected to give signals in accordance with the advice given in the Highway Code, (that is, when they would help or warn other road users). When signals are given, they should be given clearly and in good time. The emphasis should be on the giving of signals by direction indicators. If the candidate asks about methods of signalling, they should be told to “signal as you have been with your trainer”. A candidate may elect not to signal because there was no one to benefit.

2.20. Normal progress

The candidate should not be regarded as having satisfactorily passed the part 2 test if they only demonstrate their ability to drive on normal roads at a low speed or in the lower gears. The examiner, however, should on no account suggest to the candidate any increase of speed. Eco-safe/FED especially apply. Therefore, if a candidate is slow to build up speed or drives at a speed inappropriate for the conditions over a long period of time a driving fault under ‘use of speed’ and FED maybe be the assessment. A candidate should be confident and have the competence to drive at speeds appropriate for all conditions. They should not drive like a learner.

2.21. Emergency stop

An emergency stop should be carried out on 1 out of every 3 tests chosen at random.

It can normally be carried out at any time during the test; but the emergency stop exercise MUST be carried out safely where road and traffic conditions are suitable. If an emergency has already arisen naturally during the test this special exercise is not required; in such cases the candidate should be told, and a note made on the DES app.

The examiner should explain to the candidate, while the vehicle is at rest, that they will shortly be asked to stop the vehicle as in an emergency. The warning to stop the vehicle as quickly and as safely as possible will be the verbal signal “Stop!” together with a simultaneous visual signal given by the examiner raising the right hand to face level. This should be demonstrated. Care must be taken that the emergency stop is not applied on a busy road or in any place where danger to road users may arise.

It is essential that examiners take direct rear observation to ensure that it is perfectly safe to carry out the exercise. They should explain to the candidate that they will be looking behind to make sure it is safe to carry out the exercise, and that the candidate should not pre-empt the signal by suddenly stopping when the examiner looks round, but should wait for the proper signal to be given.

The emergency stop exercise must not be used for the purpose of avoiding a dangerous situation. Where for any reason the examiner is unable to give the emergency stop within a reasonable period, the candidate should be asked to pull up, care being taken to choose the right moment as the candidate will have been expecting the emergency stop signal and may react accordingly. They should then be advised that the exercise will be given later and that they will be warned again beforehand.

Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) are being fitted to most vehicles. Examiners should not enquire if a vehicle presented for a test is fitted with ABS. Some ABS systems require a variation in the operation of the clutch and footbrake when braking in an emergency and, under severe braking, tyre noise may be heard. This does not necessarily mean the wheels have locked and are skidding. Examiners should bear these points in mind when assessing the candidate’s control during the emergency stop exercise.

2.22. Normal stop

During the course of the test, a minimum of 2 normal stops should be made. The words “pull up” should be used. The imperative “stop” should be used only for the emergency stop. The assessment of normal stopping should be based on the provisions of the Highway Code; the candidate should be able to bring the vehicle to rest within a reasonable distance of the nearside kerb. The examiner should observe whether, after the normal stop, the candidate applies the handbrake and returns the gear lever to neutral. Care should be taken with the timing of instruction to pull up ensuring that there are safe opportunities to do so.

2.23. Manoeuvres

The candidate is required to carry out 2 of the following manoeuvres:

• reverse parking (into a parking bay at the DTC or on road)
• drive forward into a parking bay, reverse out to the left or right
• pull up on the right and reverse back

The candidate is expected to demonstrate proper care for the safety of pedestrians or vehicles whilst engaged in any manoeuvre.

2.24. Reverse parking exercise

The reverse park exercise can be conducted either into a parking bay in the DTC car park or on road. Follow advice given in the DT1 relating to frequency of use – on road v car park.

2.25. Parking in a bay (at the start of the test)

Examiners should allow the candidate to reverse into any bay of their choice and no attempt should be made by the examiner to determine or dictate which bay is used or how the candidate should carry out the exercise.

When the exercise is carried out at the start of the test the candidate should be asked to drive out of the bay to the left or right (if both options are available) and stop with the wheels straight before reversing into any convenient bay. This instruction is to prevent the candidate from reversing back into the bay on the same lock.

Providing some attempt has been made to straighten the front wheels, examiners should not be concerned if the wheels are not completely straight. The candidate may elect to drive forward to adjust the angle at which they address the bay they intend to reverse into, or space permitting, they are allowed to drive forwards into one bay before reversing back in a straight line into the opposing bay.

Once the exercise has been completed, the candidate can be given the instructions for following directions around the route.

2.26. Parking in a bay (at the end of the test)

On the approach to the DTC, the candidate should be advised to turn into the car park and reverse into any convenient bay. The candidate can again make their own choice of bay and carry out the manoeuvre in the way that they choose, given the restrictions that may be imposed by the characteristics of the car park. Candidates should park within a bay. In making an assessment, examiners should consider whether the car could reasonably be left, in that car park in the prevailing conditions, in that position. Candidates should not normally be penalised for crossing the lines when entering the bay. Parking outside the bay is unacceptable. Be mindful of a comfort shunt which may not be ‘worthy’ of a fault.

2.27. Parking on the road

The candidate should be asked to pull up on the left well before reaching the next stationary vehicle on the left. They should then be asked to drive forwards and stop alongside the car ahead keeping level and parallel with the other vehicle, then reverse and park reasonably close to, and parallel with, the nearside kerb. They should be asked to complete the exercise within about 2 car lengths of the stationary vehicle. In assessing the exercise, the degree of accuracy expected should be in line with what is required for the pulling up on the right exercise, in that the candidate’s vehicle should finish reasonably close to, and parallel with the nearside kerb. They should finish within 2 car lengths of the parked vehicle.

2.28. Driving forward into a parking bay

The object of this test is to see that the candidate can manoeuvre and control the vehicle in a restricted space. Proper handling of the clutch, accelerator and handbrake; judgement of the position of the vehicle in relation to the parking bay, and proper observation, is essential. The candidate should be asked to drive forward into a convenient parking bay of their own choosing. They should park within a bay. In making an assessment, examiners should consider whether the car could reasonably be left, in that car park in the prevailing conditions, in that position. Candidates should not normally be penalised for crossing the lines when entering the bay. Parking outside the bay is unacceptable.

When the candidate is satisfied with their position the examiner should ask them to reverse out of the bay, either to the left or the right, given the restrictions that may be imposed by the characteristics of the car park.

This exercise should normally be conducted away from the DTC in a suitable car park.

2.29. Pulling up on the right

On a suitable road, the examiner should ask the candidate to pull up on the right when safe to do so. The assessment of this exercise should include the candidate moving safely across the path of oncoming traffic, they should be able to bring the vehicle to rest within a reasonable distance of the offside kerb. The examiner should observe whether, after stopping, the candidate applies the handbrake and returns the gear lever to neutral.

The examiner should then ask the candidate to reverse back for about 2 car lengths, assessing the candidate’s control, accuracy and observation throughout. The candidate should then be asked to drive on when ready. Their ability to move off and safely regain a normal driving position will not be assessed as part of the exercise but will be under their normal headings.

There may be certain circumstances, such as another vehicle stopping immediately in front of the candidate, where it may be necessary for an examiner to ask the candidate to reverse back further or give guidance to assist them moving off. This should be taken into account when an assessment is made.

2.30. Traffic signs and signals

The examiner should be satisfied that the candidate acts promptly on all signals given by traffic signs, the police, authorised traffic controllers and other drivers. At a junction where there is a “stop” sign the examiner should observe whether the candidate complies with the sign by stopping the vehicle at the transverse line, before entering the major road, and waiting there until it is possible to proceed in safety and without inconveniencing other road users.

2.31. Turning right and left (at road junctions)

As with all directions the candidate should be advised well before they come to a road junction that they are to turn right or left. The examiner should observe whether the candidate applies the MSPSL routine and approaches with the vehicle under proper control, takes due account of the type of junction and any warning signs, uses the mirrors, gives the appropriate signals in good time, takes up the correct road position before turning, takes effective observation before emerging and adopts the proper position on the road after turning.

The examiner should take particular note of the candidate’s driving as they approach junctions with poor visibility (closed). Position and control at minor roads are particularly important. Whilst routes should cover a majority of high speed or open roads, it should also include a section of residential roads so that the candidate’s reaction to intersections of minor roads may be seen. A driver who is over cautious at a main road will frequently be careless at junctions of minor roads (for example, by cruising over minor crossroads too fast without taking proper observation).

2.32. Overtaking, meeting and crossing

The candidate’s behaviour should be observed when overtaking and meeting other vehicles, and when crossing the path of other traffic to turn right. The use of the mirrors to observe following traffic and the giving of appropriate signals before overtaking should be noted. While showing consideration for other drivers, the candidate should not give way unduly to other vehicles when it would be normal to proceed.

2.33. Forms

Examiners will use the DES app on the iPad to record all faults and circumstances relating to a part 2 test.

2.34. FTAs, FTCs, forfeiture of fees and weather postponements

In cases where the candidate either fails to attend (FTA) or having attended, fails to complete (FTC) the test, the DES app should be annotated with the appropriate numerical code in the activity code box together with brief details of the circumstances in the remarks column.

2.35. Physical disabilities

Whilst a candidate for registration does not have to disclose a physical disability, the examiner may notice it, or even have it brought to their notice by the candidate. A physical disability is not necessarily a bar to registration; the ability to do the job is the main criterion. Candidates will be expected to take direct observation through the rear of the car when carrying out reversing manoeuvres, reliance on mirrors is not acceptable.

It is currently a condition of registration that any potential ADI is able to make direct rear observations as per the advice given above. If it becomes apparent that the candidate is not able to make direct rear observations before a part 2 test has commenced the test should not go ahead. The examiner should explain tactfully the requirement to the candidate and advise the candidate to contact the Registrar’s team at PADI@dvsa.gov.uk.

If the examiner is made aware after the test has commenced that the candidate is not able to make direct rear observations due to a medical condition, the examiner should tactfully explain the requirements to the candidate advising them that the test cannot continue. The candidate should be advised to contact the Registrar’s team at: PADI@dvsa.gov.uk. Normal test termination procedures should be used.

Please use code 71 on the DES app if the test is terminated and record a ‘none’ result in the above circumstances. Full details must be recorded in the examiner’s report.

2.36. Emergency control certificate (ECC)

On 8 June 2015 changes were made to the Motor Cars (Driving Instruction) Regulations. There is no longer a requirement for all disabled persons and those with a restricted licence wishing to be an ADI to undertake an Emergency Control Assessment (ECA). However, the Registrar retains the power to require someone, whether or not they have a restricted licence, to do so if they deem it necessary.

The assessment consists of 7 exercises each of which is designed to test the instructor’s ability to take control of the vehicle as and when relevant in the interest of safety.

If it becomes apparent that the candidate might not be able to take control of the vehicle in an emergency situation, the examiner should explain tactfully the requirement and advise the candidate to contact the Registrar’s team at: PADI@dvsa.gov.uk

2.37. Condition of vehicle - part 2 test

The candidate is required to provide a suitable saloon motorcar or estate car in proper condition, for the practical test. A soft-top or cabriolet is not acceptable. It should be fitted with right-hand steering, a readily adjustable driving seat with head restraint and seat belts and a seat for a forward-facing front passenger. An additional interior rear view mirror will be required for the examiner’s use while sitting in the front passenger seat. The vehicle may carry advertisements but not ‘L’ plates.

Many new vehicles are being fitted with a ‘hill assist’ device as standard. This system allows a driver, when moving off on an uphill or downhill gradient, a couple of seconds to move their foot from the footbrake to the accelerator before the device releases the footbrake automatically. If this device is fitted drivers still have to co-ordinate the controls and take the correct observation when moving off; consequently, vehicles fitted with such a device are suitable for the practical driving test.

From 1 November 2010, all vehicles fitted with an electronically operated parking brake are suitable for use during a practical driving test. There are usually 2 ways of releasing an electronically operated parking brake: by depressing the footbrake whilst releasing the parking brake, then coordinating the accelerator and clutch to move away, or coordinating the accelerator and clutch and when the electronics sense the clutch is at biting point the parking brake releases automatically. The parking brake will not usually release automatically if the accelerator is not used or the controls are not coordinated correctly - providing there is no loss of control either method is acceptable.

If an examiner needs to take action to stop the vehicle if the electrically operated parking brake is applied and held on when the vehicle is in motion it will bring the vehicle to a controlled stop.

Examiners are advised to exercise considered judgement and discretion so that no candidate whose test could reasonably be conducted is turned away. Technology such as adaptive cruise control, emergency braking, or lane assist is acceptable. (See DT1)

If the car provided does not comply with the above requirements or with any legal requirement relating to the use of vehicles on the road the test should not go ahead.

The examiner should explain to the candidate that they will not be able to conduct the test and should record the circumstances on the DES app and complete with the relevant code. Candidates who protest should be listened to with sympathy and told to forward their objections to Corporate Correspondence. Undue discussion must be avoided. Although a car used for the test may initially appear to be satisfactory, it may become apparent at a later stage that the vehicle is not in proper condition as to the operation of the controls, or in other ways. In this event, the examiner should explain the situation (on the lines already indicated) and terminate the test. Any enquiry about loss of fee should be referred to Customer Services.

2.38. Independent driving

The candidate will be asked to complete a section of independent driving (approximately 20 minutes) by using a satnav, or following traffic signs. - See DT1 for guidance (7.36: Independent driving - general instructions).

Approximately 1 in every 5 tests should use traffic signs for this section.

2.39. DES app

The information within the DES app should be completed as follows:

Use your stylus to record driving faults by depressing the relevant part of the app. This includes any serious, dangerous or ETAs. You should record:

• all normal stops
• manoeuvres
• faults including ETAs
• eco-safe/FED

You will need to enter the following details after the test:

• weather conditions
• candidate description
• debrief witnessed
• any other relevant information
• test report

Candidate description

The examiner should record on DES app ‘True likeness to licence’. If there is suspicion of impersonation a brief description of the candidate should be recorded, in such terms as to recall the latter to mind should the need arise later. This information should concentrate on points such as:

• irregularity of features
• colour of hair
• distinguishing marks such as freckles or tattoos.

Description of clothing worn is of little use in the case of suspected impersonation. The description, though brief, should be sufficient for an investigating officer to be reasonably certain that the person who took the test was either genuine or not. The reference to age should be your assessment. Description should be as per DT1.

Remarks

The DES app will provide a list of all faults recorded during the test. After failed tests, record:

• all driving faults, serious and dangerous faults
• any unusual behaviour or comment by a candidate during the part 2 test
• any other special feature of the test (for example, breakdown)
• the presence of any person accompanying the test

All notes under ‘remarks’ should use plain language with no abbreviations.

If a candidate refuses the debrief (unlikely), the examiner should give their opinion as to why in the ‘additional remarks’ space on the DES app.

The DES app confirms the result of the test and applies the relevant code.

2.40. Fault markings on DES app

The fault markings on the DES app are:

• unable to meet the requirements of the eyesight test
• vehicle safety questions
• controlled stop - inadequate braking, slow reaction or lack of control
• forward parking - incorrect use of controls and / or inaccuracy
• lack of effective all-round observation during this reversing exercise
• reverse parking - incorrect use of controls and / or inaccuracy
• lack of effective all-round observation during the reverse parking exercise
• pulling up on the right - incorrect use of controls and / or inaccuracy. Not showing due regard for approaching traffic
• lack of effective all-round observation during this exercise
• unable to answer or demonstrate correctly and safely a safety question
• failure to take proper precautions before starting the engine
• uncontrolled or harsh use of the accelerator
• uncontrolled use of clutch
• failure to engage the gear appropriate to the road and traffic conditions or for junctions. Coasting in neutral or with the clutch pedal depressed. Not changing gear or selecting neutral when necessary
• late and / or harsh use of footbrake
• not applying or releasing the handbrake when necessary
• erratic steering, overshooting the correct turning point when turning right or left, hitting the kerb when turning left. Incorrect positioning of hands on the steering wheel or both hands off the steering wheel
• failure to take effective precautions before moving away
• inability to move off smoothly; straight ahead, at an angle, or on a gradient
• failure to make effective use of the mirrors before signalling
• failure to make effective use of the mirrors before changing direction
• failure to make effective use of the mirrors before changing speed
• omitting a necessary signal
• signal not in accordance with the Highway Code. Failure to cancel direction indicator. Beckoning pedestrians to cross
• incorrect timing of signal - too early so as to confuse other road users or too late to be of value
• passing too close to stationary vehicles or obstructions
• failure to comply with “stop” signs, including “stop children” sign carried by school crossing patrol
• failure to comply with directional signs or “no entry” signs
• failure to comply with road markings. For example, double white lines, box junctions
• failure to comply with traffic lights (not pedestrian crossings)
• failure to comply with signals given by a police officer, traffic warden, or other persons authorised to direct traffic
• failure to take appropriate action on signals given by other road users
• driving too fast for the prevailing road and traffic conditions
• keep distance - following too closely behind the vehicle in front
• leave a reasonable gap from the vehicle in front when stopping in lines of traffic
• driving too slowly for the prevailing road and traffic conditions
• unduly hesitant
• approaching junctions either too fast or too slow
• not taking effective observations before emerging and / or emerging without due regard for approaching traffic at junctions
• incorrect positioning before turning right
• positioning too far from the kerb before turning left
• cutting right hand corners
• overtaking or attempting to overtake other vehicles unsafely
• not showing due regard for approaching traffic
• turning right in a safe manner when involving traffic approaching from the opposite direction
• incorrect positioning of the vehicle during normal driving
• failure to exercise proper lane discipline
• failure to give precedence to pedestrians on a pedestrian crossing. Non-compliance with traffic lights at a pedestrian crossing
• normal stop not made in safe position
• not anticipating what other road users intend to do or reacting inappropriately. This includes any inconveniencing of pedestrians actually crossing the road at a junction whether or not controlled by lights)
• failure to use the ancillary controls when necessary. Includes the appropriate use of cruise control
• failure to demonstrate an ‘eco-safe’ / FED standard of driving

2.41. Advisory speed limits

Advisory speed limits are often being used in particularly sensitive areas, such as outside schools, where it is considered that a reduction in speed would benefit the immediate community; they are there to encourage people to drive at a lower speed than they might otherwise do.

Nevertheless, it is not DVSA policy to automatically record a serious fault if a driver does not rigidly comply with such limits. In common with assessing all other driving situations, examiners must assess whether the driver’s actions are safe. In some instances, there may be mitigating circumstances such as very good fields of vision and low pedestrian activity. However, in most instances to exceed these limits could not be considered as safe and sometimes especially in narrow residential streets the driver may need to reduce their speed considerably lower than the advisory limit.

2.42. Steering

To ensure uniformity, when conducting car or vocational tests and ADI qualifying examinations, only assess the candidate’s ability to control the vehicle and do not consider it as a fault if, for example, they do not hold the steering wheel at a ten to two or quarter to three position or if they cross their hands when turning the steering wheel. The assessment should be based on whether the steering is smooth, safe and under control. Over time vehicle technology has developed and driving technique has had to keep pace with that development, for example, the driver’s use of gears or steering. In the past, drivers used the gears sequentially, but today’s drivers are able to be selective in terms of which gear is the most appropriate for the road and traffic conditions. No longer do we change down through each gear as we did years ago when brakes were less effective. Steering is another example, whereby the weight of the vehicle and the effort required turning the steering wheel resulted in the driver adopting a push pull technique. Nowadays power steering enables the driver to adopt their own safe style of steering with an emphasis on vehicle control rather than a prescribed method.

When assessing the ability of a learner driver it has been a long-established principal only to assess the candidate’s ability to control the vehicle. Do not consider it as a fault if for example they do not hold the steering wheel at a ten to two or quarter to three position or if they crossed their hands when turning the steering wheel. However, when assessing an ADI part 2 test examiners are trained to consider technique and on occasions, this may have led to faults being recorded if the driver crossed their hands when steering. Or if the candidate has no hands controlling the wheel.

Driving instructors are now being trained to be less prescriptive in their approach when teaching driving, being more focussed on outputs rather than driving techniques. Therefore, regardless of category or type of test being conducted, providing safety is not compromised - there is no deviation from the defined outcome if a driver does not hold the steering wheel at a ten to two or quarter to three position or crosses their hands when turning the steering wheel.

2.43. Assessment and recording of faults

Faults should be assessed as they occur in the course of the test and recorded at the earliest, safe opportunity. Faults should be recorded on the DES app as follows.

Driving faults that do not involve a serious or dangerous situation (Driving fault)

A driving fault of this type, which is considered worthy of being marked, should be recorded by using your stylus under the relevant heading on the app.

Repetition of the same driving fault should be recorded by the same means.

Further repetition of the same driving fault should be recorded in exactly the same way. A persistent repetition of a driving fault, showing a pattern or trait in the candidate’s driving, may be regarded as serious.

Serious faults, or those which involve a potentially dangerous situation

should be recorded by means dabbing the ‘S’ button at the top of the app so that it is highlighted. Then dab against the item to which it refers on the app.

Dangerous faults, those that involve actual danger

should be recorded by means of dabbing the ‘D’ button at the top of the app so that it is highlighted. Then dab against the item to which it refers.

If the examiner has had to take action the process is the same for both verbal and physical.

The DT1 gives clear guidance to examiners on the procedure to be followed in the event of dangerous driving by the candidate. Should a candidate’s driving be so dangerous as to pose a danger to the public or the occupants of the car the test should be terminated, and the same procedures given in the DT1 should be followed.

2.44. Marking standard

The DES app will record a pass/ successful when a candidate incurs no more than 6 driving faults, which do not include a serious or dangerous fault.

The DES app will record failure/unsuccessful when a candidate incurs 7 or more driving faults or a serious or dangerous fault.

2.45. Announcement of result - test 2

At the completion of the route, the examiner should ask the candidate to pull up at a convenient place (as near to the office as practicable) and switch off the engine. The candidate should be informed of the result. The result will be displayed on the DES app provided all the legal requirements have been completed.

At the end of all tests, the examiner should offer to give a brief explanation to the candidate of the faults marked on the app. This is usually best done immediately following the announcement of the decision.

With the candidate’s approval (refer to Data Protection Act – chapter 11) the trainer should be encouraged to listen to the discussions with the candidate. Our objectives are, after all, to improve the quality of driving instruction and allowing the trainer to listen in means that they may be better informed and consequently more able to give constructive guidance to their trainees on driving skills.

The ‘de-brief ‘box should be marked only when an accompanying person, such as a trainer, was present to listen to any feedback. If a candidate becomes abusive or is so upset that an explanation is obviously of no value, the examiner should abandon the attempt and a brief note should be recorded on the app in ‘additional comments’

2.46. Completion of test documents - test 2

If the candidate has passed, the DES app should be completed in accordance with the guidance in DT1.

If the candidate has failed, the DES app should be completed in accordance with the guidance in DT1. All dangerous, serious and driving faults should be included in the remarks.

2.47. Confirmation of result

After completion of the DES app, the examiner must make a thorough check before submitting result.

In cases where the candidate fails to attend or arrives late or a test is started but not completed, the DES app should be annotated with the relevant code along with a brief note of the circumstances in the remarks space.

2.48 ‘Show me, tell me’ questions

‘Show me’ questions

S1: When it is safe to do so can you show me how you wash and clean the rear windscreen.

S2: When it is safe to do so can you show me how you wash and clean the front windscreen.

S3: When it is safe to do so can you show me how you would switch on your dipped headlights.

S4: When it is safe to do so can you show me how you would set the rear demister.

S5: When it is safe to do so can you show me how you would operate the horn.

S6: When it is safe to do so can you show me how you would demist the front windscreen.

S7: When it is safe can you show me how you would open and close the side window.

S8: When it is safe to do so show me how you would operate the cruise control.

‘Tell me’ questions

T1: Tell me how you would check that the brakes are working before starting a journey. A: Brakes should not feel spongy or slack. Brakes should be tested as you set off. Vehicle should not pull to one side.

T2: Tell me where you would find the information for the recommended tyre pressures for this car and how tyre pressures should be checked. A: Manufacturer’s guide, use a reliable pressure gauge, check and adjust pressures when tyres are cold, don’t forget spare tyre, remember to refit valve caps.

T3: Tell me how you make sure your head restraint is correctly adjusted so it provides the best protection in the event of a crash. A: The head restraint should be adjusted so the rigid part of the head restraint is at least as high as the eye or top of the ears, and as close to the back of the head as is comfortable. Note: Some restraints might not be adjustable.

T4: Tell me how you would check the tyres to ensure that they have sufficient tread depth and that their general condition is safe to use on the road. A: No cuts and bulges, 1.6mm of tread depth across the central 3/4 of the breadth of the tyre and around the entire outer circumference.

T5: Tell me how you would check that the headlights & taillights are working. (No need to exit vehicle) A: Explanation: Operate switch (turn on ignition if necessary), then walk round vehicle. (As this is a “Tell Me” Question, there is no need to physically check the lights).

T6: Tell me how you would know if there was a problem with your anti-lock braking system. A: Warning light should illuminate if there is a fault with the anti-lock braking system.

T7: Tell me how you would check the direction indicators are working. (No need to exit the vehicle) A: A: Explanation: Operate switch (turn on ignition if necessary), then walk round vehicle. (As this is a “Tell Me “Question, there is no need to physically check the lights).

T8: Tell me how you would check the brake lights are working on this car. A: Explanation: Operate brake pedal, make use of reflections in windows, garage doors, etc, or ask someone to help.

T9: Tell me how you would check the power assisted steering is working before starting a journey. A: Explanation: If the steering becomes heavy, the system may not be working properly.

Before starting a journey, 2 simple checks can be made. Gentle pressure on the steering wheel, maintained while the engine is started, should result in a slight but noticeable movement as the system begins to operate. Alternatively turning the steering wheel just after moving off will give an immediate indication that the power assistance is functioning.

T10: Tell me how you would switch on the rear fog light(s) and explain when you would use it/them, (no need to exit vehicle). A: Operate switch (turn on dipped headlights and ignition if necessary). Check warning light is on. Explain use.

T11: Tell me how you switch your headlight from dipped to main beam and explain how you would know the main beam is on. A: Operate switch (with ignition or engine on if necessary), check with main beam warning light.

T12: Open the bonnet and tell me how you would check that the engine has sufficient oil. A: Identify dipstick / oil level indicator, describe check of oil level against the minimum/ maximum markers.

T13: Open the bonnet and tell me how you would check that the engine has sufficient engine coolant. A: Identify high/low level markings on header tank where fitted or radiator filler cap and describe how to top up to correct level.

T14: Open the bonnet and tell me how you would check that you have a safe level of hydraulic brake fluid. A: Identify reservoir, check level against high/low markings.