National statistics

Commentary - Company Insolvency Statistics January to March 2023

Updated 17 May 2023

Released

28 April 2023

Next release

28 July 2023

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1. Main messages for England and Wales

• Between 1 January and 31 March 2023 (Q1 2023), there were 5,747 (seasonally adjusted) registered company insolvencies, as shown in Figure 1, comprising 4,739 creditors’ voluntary liquidations (CVLs), 652 compulsory liquidations, 318 administrations and 38 company voluntary arrangements (CVAs). There were no receivership appointments.

• After seasonal adjustment, the number of company insolvencies in Q1 2023 was 4% lower than in Q4 2022, but 18% higher than in Q1 2022. The number of CVLs remained close to the highest quarterly level since the start of the series in 1960 (Q2 2022). The number of compulsory liquidations also increased, but remained slightly lower than levels seen prior to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

• One in 197 active companies (at a rate of 50.8 per 10,000 active companies) entered insolvent liquidation between 1 April 2022 and 31 March 2023. This was an increase from the 38.9 per 10,000 active companies that entered liquidation in the 12 months ending 31 March 2022.

Figure 1: Company insolvencies decreased slightly in Q1 2023, but remained close to the highest level since 2009.

England and Wales, Q1 2003 to Q1 2023, seasonally adjusted

Sources: Insolvency Service (compulsory liquidations only); Companies House (all other insolvency procedures)

Single-quarter peaks in ‘Other insolvencies’ in Q4 2006 and Q3 2008 are due to large numbers of connected managed service companies entering administration on the same day in these quarters.

The long-term series back to Q1 1984 (where applicable) can be found in the CSV file that accompanies this release. Record level data back to Q1 2012 (where available) can also be found in a separate CSV file published alongside this release.

From the start of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic until mid-2021, numbers of company insolvencies were low when compared with pre-pandemic levels. This is likely to have been driven in part by Government fiscal and other measures that were put in place to support businesses and individuals during the pandemic.

The past year (Q2 2022 to Q1 2023) has seen the highest number of CVLs in the time series going back to 1960. Numbers of compulsory liquidations and administrations have also increased from the historically low levels seen in 2021 to close to pre-pandemic levels.

2. Things you need to know about this release

This statistics release contains the latest data on company insolvency in the UK, presenting the numbers of companies who have entered a formal insolvency procedure after being unable to pay their debts. Information is presented separately for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

The Insolvency Service separately publishes monthly statistics to provide more up to date information on the numbers of company and individual insolvencies during this time of economic uncertainty. However, they have not replaced the quarterly National Statistics, since the information presented on a monthly basis is less granular and is less reliable for monitoring changes in trends over time. Note that the monthly statistics on company insolvencies may not be consistent with data presented within this statistical release.

Underlying data for these quarterly statistics for England and Wales were adjusted where there was evidence of seasonality, to account for variation in company insolvencies across the year and allow for comparison to the most recent period within years. Data for Scotland and Northern Ireland were not adjusted. The seasonal adjustment models are typically reviewed on an annual basis. In accordance with the outcome of the April 2023 Seasonal Adjustment Review, CVLs and administrations were seasonally adjusted.

Quarters referred to in this publication are calendar year quarters, such that Q1 2023 is the period from 1 January to 31 March 2023.

2.1 Designation as National Statistics

The United Kingdom Statistics Authority has designated these statistics as National Statistics, in accordance with the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007 and signifying compliance with the Code of Practice for Statistics. Once statistics have been designated as National Statistics it is a statutory requirement that the Code of Practice shall continue to be observed.

The last compliance review was conducted in July 2019.

Designation can be broadly interpreted to mean that the statistics meet identified user needs; are well explained and readily accessible; are produced according to sound methods, and are managed impartially and objectively in the public interest.

3. Company insolvency in England and Wales

3.1 Numbers of company insolvencies

After seasonal adjustment (where applicable), there were 5,747 company insolvencies registered in Q1 2023, 18% higher than during the same quarter in the previous year, but 4% lower than in the previous quarter (Q4 2022), which was the highest total since Q2 2009.

Creditors’ voluntary liquidations (CVLs) were the most common company insolvency procedure (82% of cases), followed by compulsory liquidations (11% of cases), administrations (6% of cases) and company voluntary arrangements (CVAs; 1% of cases). There were no receivership appointments, which are now rare (see glossary for further details).

A summary of company insolvencies since Q1 2022 can be found in Table 1 below. The long-term series prior to Q1 2022 can be found in the excel and CSV files that accompany this release.

Unlike the monthly statistics, quarterly statistics are seasonally adjusted to account for seasonal variation in insolvencies across the year and allow for comparison to the most recent period within years.

Table 1: The numbers of registered company insolvencies in Q1 2023 and Q4 2022 were the highest since Q3 2009

England and Wales, Q1 2022 to Q1 2023, seasonally adjusted

	Total company insolvencies	Compulsory liquidations	CVLs	Administrations	CVAs	Receiverships
2022Q1	4,884	340	4,244	275	25	0
2022Q2	5,665	382	4,929	321	32	1
2022Q3	5,602	504	4,796	273	29	0
2022Q4	5,969	730	4,852	362	25	0
2023Q1	5,747	652	4,739	318	38	0
Percentage change, latest quarter (Q1 2023) compared with:
vs 2022Q4	-4%	-11%	-2%	-12%	52%	[z]
vs 2022Q1	18%	92%	12%	16%	52%	[z]

Sources: Insolvency Service (compulsory liquidations only); Companies House (all other insolvency procedures)

[z] indicates percentage changes are not applicable as these have not been calculated where both numbers are less than five.

CVLs

In Q1 2023, CVLs accounted for 82% of all company insolvencies. The number of CVLs decreased by 2% from Q4 2022, but was 12% higher than during the same quarter last year, after seasonal adjustment. The number of CVLs in the last four quarters have been the highest in the time series going back to 1960.

Compulsory liquidations

The number of compulsory liquidations in Q1 2023 was 11% lower than in the previous quarter, but nearly twice as high (92% higher) as in Q1 2022. Numbers have increased from record low levels seen while restrictions applied to the use of statutory demands and certain winding-up petitions (leading to compulsory liquidations). These temporary measures ended on 31 March 2022. The number of compulsory liquidations in Q1 2023 was slightly lower than pre-pandemic levels.

Administrations

The number of administrations in Q1 2023 was 12% lower than in Q4 2022, but 16% higher than in Q1 2022, after seasonal adjustment.

Unlike other insolvency types, there was not a large decline in numbers of administrations at the start of the pandemic (Q2 2020). However, the number of administrations dropped in 2021 to the lowest annual level since 2003, before increasing in 2022. The number of administrations in Q1 2023 remained lower than pre-pandemic levels.

CVAs

The number of CVAs was 52% higher than in Q1 2023 than in Q4 2022, and also 52% higher than Q1 2022. CVA numbers remain low compared to historical levels.

Receivership appointments

There were no receivership appointments in Q1 2023.

Moratoriums and restructuring plans

Between 26 June 2020 and 31 March 2023, 42 companies obtained a moratorium and 20 companies had a restructuring plan registered at Companies House. These two procedures were created by the Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020.

3.2 Liquidation rates per 10,000 active companies

In the four quarters ending Q1 2023, the company liquidation rate was 50.8 per 10,000 active companies in England and Wales (Table 2 and Figure 2 below). This corresponds to 1 in 197 companies entering liquidation in the 12 months ending 31 March 2023.

Insolvency rates are calculated as a proportion of the total number of active companies and are more comparable over longer time periods than the absolute numbers.

The rates presented for each quarter reflect a four-quarter rolling rate per 10,000 active companies. Therefore, the Q1 2023 rates, for example, were calculated using data covering the period Q2 2022 to Q1 2023.

Table 2: The rate of company liquidations in the 12 months ending Q1 2023 was higher than in the 12-month periods ending Q4 2022 and Q1 2022

England and Wales, four-quarter rolling rate per 10,000 active companies

	Total liquidations	Compulsory Liquidations	CVLs	CVL following Administration
2022Q1	38.9	1.7	36.3	0.9
2022Q2	43.9	2.4	40.7	0.8
2022Q3	46.9	3.3	43.0	0.7
2022Q4	49.5	4.6	44.3	0.6
2023Q1	50.8	5.3	44.9	0.6
Change in rate per 10,000 active companies, 12 months ending latest quarter (Q1 2023) compared with:
vs 2022Q4	1.3	0.7	0.6	0.0
vs 2022Q1	11.9	3.6	8.6	-0.3

Source: Insolvency Service (compulsory liquidations only); Companies House (all other insolvency procedures)

Changes in rate numbers may not equal the difference in rates presented due to rounding.

The long-term series back to Q1 1984 (where applicable) can be found in the CSV file that accompanies this release.

The rate of company insolvencies in the 12 months ending Q1 2023 was higher than in the 12-month periods ending Q4 2022 and Q1 2022.

In the four quarters ending Q1 2023:

• The rate of compulsory liquidation increased by 0.7 per 10,000 active companies from Q4 2022, and was 3.6 higher than the period ending Q1 2022;
• the rate of CVLs rose by 0.6 from Q4 2022, and by 8.6 from Q1 2022; and
• the rate of CVLs after administration was similar to Q4 2022 and 0.3 lower than in Q1 2022. Note that CVLs following administration are not new insolvency procedures, and are counted as administrations in Table 1.

Figure 2: The liquidation rate in the 12 months ending Q1 2023 was higher than pre-pandemic levels, driven by higher rates of CVLs and compulsory liquidations.

England and Wales, Q1 2013 to Q1 2023, four-quarter rolling rate per 10,000 active companies

Sources: Insolvency Service (compulsory liquidations only); Companies House (all other insolvency procedures)

While insolvency numbers between Q2 2022 and Q1 2023 were higher than ten years before, the rate of insolvency per 10,000 companies was lower, because the number of companies on the Companies House register has increased during this time. More information on the size of the Companies House register is available in Companies House Official Statistics publications.

3.3 Company insolvencies by industry (SIC 2007)

The following analysis excludes insolvencies where the company industry was unknown, non-trading or dormant (373 in the four quarters ending Q1 2023, compared to 175 in the four quarters ending Q1 2022). In some cases, confirmation of industry sector for compulsory liquidations may be delayed by one quarter or more and therefore insolvency numbers by industry are provisional.

Note that the numbers of insolvencies in these categories are likely to be partly driven by the number of active companies in a given category and do not reflect the relative likelihood of companies in each industry entering insolvency.

The five industries (in accordance with SIC 2007) that experienced the highest number of insolvencies in the 12 months ending Q1 2023 were:

• Construction (4,165, 19% of cases with industry captured);

• Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles (3,518, 16% of cases with industry captured);

• Accommodation and food service activities (2,951, 13% of cases with industry captured);

• Administrative and support service activities (2,209, 10% of cases with industry captured); and

• Professional, scientific and technical activities (1,817, 8% of cases with industry captured);

These were also the five sectors with the most insolvencies in the 12 months ending Q1 2022. The construction industry usually has the highest quarterly number of insolvencies of any industrial grouping. As shown in Figure 3, the industries with the largest number of insolvencies have shown relatively similar trends over the past ten years.

Figure 3: The trend over time in the number of insolvencies in each industry has been relatively consistent between sectors.

Number of insolvencies in the top five sectors (between Q2 2022 and Q1 2023), England and Wales, Q1 2013 to Q1 2023, not seasonally adjusted

Sources: Insolvency Service (compulsory liquidations only); Companies House (all other insolvency procedures)

All industries except ‘Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply’ and ‘Mining and quarrying’ saw increased insolvency numbers in the 12 months ending Q1 2023 compared to the period ending Q1 2022, as shown in Figure 4. For the larger sectors (those accounting for at least 5% of insolvencies), increases ranged from 14% in Professional, scientific and technical activities to 67% in Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles.

Figure 4: All large industries saw increased insolvencies in the four quarters ending Q1 2023 compared to the period ending Q1 2022

England and Wales, Q2 2021 to Q1 2023

Sources: Insolvency Service (compulsory liquidations only); Companies House (all other insolvency procedures)

4. Company insolvency in Scotland

Legislation relating to company insolvency in Scotland is devolved. The Accountant in Bankruptcy, Scotland’s Insolvency Service, administers company insolvency in Scotland. The figures below are not seasonally adjusted.

In Q1 2023, there were 297 total company insolvencies in Scotland, 41% higher than in the same quarter of 2022. These comprised 113 compulsory liquidations, 176 CVLs, seven administrations and one receivership appointment. There were no CVAs. These numbers are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Company insolvencies were higher in Q1 2023 than in the same quarter last year, and were similar to pre-pandemic levels

Scotland, Q1 2013 to Q1 2023, not seasonally adjusted

Source: Companies House

Historically, the numbers of company insolvencies in Scotland have been driven by compulsory liquidations. However, since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there have been nearly three times as many CVLs as compulsory liquidations.

Between 26 June 2020 and 31 March 2023, in Scotland, no moratoriums were obtained and two companies had a restructuring plan registered at Companies House. These two procedures were created by the Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020.

The total liquidation rate in Scotland for the 12 months ending Q1 2023 was 49.5 per 10,000 active companies, as shown in Figure 5. This was up by 11.9 (from a rate of 37.7 per 10,000 active companies) from the 12 months ending Q1 2022.

Figure 6: The liquidation rate in Scotland increased in the 12 months ending Q1 2023 compared to the 12 months ending Q1 2022

Scotland, Q1 2013 to Q1 2023, four-quarter rolling rate per 10,000 active companies

Source: Companies House

5. Company insolvency in Northern Ireland

Company insolvency in Northern Ireland is governed by separate, but broadly similar, legislation to England and Wales, and so figures are presented separately.

There were 40 company insolvencies in Northern Ireland in Q1 2023, a decrease of 29% from the same quarter of 2021. This comprised 28 CVLs, four compulsory liquidations, two administrations and six CVAs. There were no administrative receiverships. These numbers can be seen in Figure 7.

Figure 7: Company insolvencies in Northern Ireland remained lower than pre-pandemic levels

Northern Ireland, Q1 2013 to Q1 2023, not seasonally adjusted

Sources: Department for the Economy, Northern Ireland (compulsory liquidations only); Companies House (all other insolvency procedures)

The total liquidation rate in the 12 months ending Q1 2023 in Northern Ireland was 24.8 per 10,000 active companies, as shown in Figure 8. This is an increase of 5.7 (from a rate of 19.1 per 10,000 active companies) from the 12 months ending Q1 2022.

Figure 8: Liquidation rates in Northern Ireland were higher in the 12 months ending Q1 2023 than in the 12 months ending Q1 2022

Northern Ireland, Q1 2013 to Q1 2023, four-quarter rolling rate per 10,000 active companies

Sources: Department for the Economy, Northern Ireland (compulsory liquidations only); Companies House (all other insolvency procedures)

6. Data and Methodology

6.1 Data Sources

Company insolvency data were sourced from Companies House, except for compulsory liquidation data for England and Wales which were sourced from the Insolvency Service, and compulsory liquidation data for Northern Ireland which were sourced from the Department for the Economy.

Companies House data were used to determine all active companies registered in each quarter in the previous twelve months, to calculate insolvency rates for England and Wales. These data are separately published by Companies House on the Gov.uk website.

More information on the administrative systems used to compile insolvency statistics can be found in the Quarterly Statistics Methodology and Quality document.

6.2 Methodology and data quality

Seasonal adjustment

To aid comparison between quarters, underlying data for CVLs and administrations in England and Wales were adjusted where there was evidence of seasonality to minimise the effect of the time of year and provide a true picture of the trends in insolvency. There was no evidence of seasonality in the underlying data on compulsory liquidations, CVAs and receiverships, therefore these data have not been adjusted. Full details on the models used to adjust the data can be found in the Seasonal Adjustment Review published in April 2023.

The data series for Scotland and Northern Ireland do not demonstrate consistent seasonality and only the unadjusted series have been presented, as agreed with the relevant officials in the devolved administrations.

Rates of insolvency

Insolvency rates were calculated for England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. The total number of companies entering insolvency in each location during the previous twelve months was divided by the mean average number of all active companies registered with Companies House in that location in the same twelve-month period.

6.3 Revisions

These statistics are subject to scheduled revisions, as set out in the published Revisions Policy. Other revisions tend to be made as a result of data being entered onto administrative systems after the cut-off date for data being extracted to produce the statistics. Any revisions to these statistics will be marked with an ‘[r]’ in the relevant table.

Further details on routine and non-routine revisions can be found in the accompanying Quarterly Statistics Methodology and Quality document.

7. Glossary

Key Terms used within this statistical bulletin

Term	Definition
Administration	The objective of administration is the rescue of the company as a going concern, or if this is not possible then to obtain a better result for creditors than would be likely if the company were to be wound up. A licensed insolvency practitioner, ‘the administrator’, is appointed to manage a company’s affairs, business and property for the benefit of the creditors.
Bulk Creditors’ voluntary liquidation	IR35 rules are intended to prevent the avoidance of tax and National Insurance contributions using personal service companies and partnerships. Between April 2016 and early 2019, following changes to the IR35 rules and/or changes in VAT flat rate, some directors of personal service companies had cited these changes as the primary reason that their company’s activities had become unviable, therefore leading to creditors’ voluntary liquidation (CVL) of large numbers of these companies. These additional CVLs are referred to as “bulk insolvencies”.
Company voluntary arrangement (CVA)	CVAs are another mechanism for business rescue. They are a voluntary means of repaying creditors some or all of what they are owed. Once approved by 75% or more of creditors, the arrangement is binding on all creditors. CVAs are supervised by licensed insolvency practitioners.
Compulsory liquidation	A winding-up order obtained from the court by a creditor, shareholder or director. See Liquidation for details on the process.
Creditors’ voluntary liquidation (CVL)	Shareholders of a company can themselves pass a resolution that the company be wound up voluntarily. See Liquidation for details on the process. Administrations which result in a Creditors’ Voluntary Liquidation are recorded separately by Companies House and are excluded from CVL figures as they do not represent a new company entering into an insolvency procedure for the first time. These cases are only ever recorded as Administrations.
Liquidation	Liquidation is a legal process in which a liquidator is appointed to ‘wind up’ the affairs of a limited company. The purpose of liquidation is to sell the company’s assets and distribute the proceeds to its creditors. At the end of the process, the company is dissolved – it ceases to exist. Statistics on compulsory liquidations and creditors’ voluntary liquidations are presented in these statistics. A third type of winding up, members’ voluntary liquidation is not included because it does not involve insolvency.
Moratorium	Moratoriums were introduced under the Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020 to give struggling businesses formal breathing space in which to explore rescue and restructuring options, free from creditor or other legal action. Except in certain circumstances, no insolvency proceedings can be instigated against the company during the moratorium period. It also prevents legal action being taken against a company without permission from the court.
Partnership Winding-up Orders	This is similar to the liquidation of a company. When the partners have decided that the partnership has no viable future or purpose then a decision may be made to cease trading and wind up the partnership. There are two basic ways that the partnership can be wound up: the creditors petition and a partner’s petition.
Receivership Appointments	Administrative receivership is where a creditor with a floating charge (often a bank) appoints a licensed insolvency practitioner to recover the money it is owed. Before 2000 receivership appointments also included other, non-insolvency, procedures, for example under the Law of Property Act 1925. The use of this procedure is restricted to certain types of company, or to floating charges, created before September 2003.
Restructuring Plan	New restructuring measures were introduced under the Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020 to support viable companies struggling with unmanageable debt obligations to restructure under a new procedure. They allow the court to sanction a plan that binds creditors to a restructuring plan if it is fair and equitable. Creditors vote on the plan, but the court can impose it on dissenting classes of creditors (‘cram down’) provided that the necessary conditions are met.
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC 2007)	Used in classifying business establishments and other statistical units by the type of economic activity in which they are engaged. Further information can be found on the ONS website