Research and analysis

UKNHCC scientific opinion: green kiwifruit powder and maintenance of normal defecation

Published 29 January 2026

Scientific opinion for the substantiation of a health claim on green kiwifruit powder and maintenance of normal defecation, pursuant to Article 13(5) of assimilated Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, as amended by the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 and the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020.

Claim information

Publication date: 29 January 2026

Application ID: 006UKNHCC

Requestor: AFT Pharma UK Limited

Claim type: Article 13(5) Function claim based on a (non-essential) beneficial physiological effect

UKNHCC members

The UK Nutrition and Health Claims Committee (UKNHCC) members are:

• Dr Robert Boyle
• Dr Francesca Crowe
• Emeritus Professor Susan Fairweather-Tait (chair)
• Professor Alison Gallagher
• Dr Darren Greenwood
• Professor Marina Heinonen
• Emeritus Professor Harry J McArdle
• Emeritus Professor Anders Sjödin

Declarations of interest

Read the UKNHCC register of interests containing all declarations of interests made by members, available at the UKNHCC webpage.

UKNHCC secretariat

The UKNHCC secretariat are:

• Dr Adrienne Cullum
• Dr Mariana Dineva
• Dr Jennifer Garry
• Neeve Pearce
• Celia Sabry-Grant

Official observers

The UKNHCC code of practice states that official observers attend UKNHCC meetings to provide updates from their respective nations on science and policy matters of relevance while respecting UKNHCC independence. The code of practice is available at the UKNHCC webpage.

The official observers are:

• Jasmine Drew (Welsh Government)
• Chika Edeh (Food Standards Scotland)
• Elliott Dews (Food Standards Agency Northern Ireland)
• Margie Van Dijk (Department of Health and Social Care)

Suggested citation

UKNHCC (United Kingdom Nutrition and Health Claims Committee) 2026. Scientific opinion for the substantiation of a health claim on green kiwifruit powder and maintenance of normal defecation pursuant to Article 13(5) of assimilated Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, as amended by the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 and the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020.

Correspondence

Email address: uknhcc@dhsc.gov.uk

UKNHCC disclaimer

The present opinion does not constitute, and cannot be construed as, an authorisation for the marketing of green kiwifruit powder, a positive assessment of its safety, nor a decision on whether green kiwifruit powder is, or is not, classified as a foodstuff. It should be noted that such an assessment is not foreseen in the framework of assimilated Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, as amended by the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 and the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020.

It should also be highlighted that the scope, the proposed wording of the claim, and the conditions of use as proposed by the applicant may be subject to change, pending the outcome of the authorisation procedure foreseen in Article 18(4) of assimilated Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 as amended by the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 and the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020.

Process undertaken by UKNHCC

The application was received by UKNHCC on 16 September 2025, at which point the scientific evaluation process started. The scientific assessment was conducted in line with the UKNHCC framework for the evaluation of evidence (UKNHCC, 2024).

During its meeting on 23 September 2025, UKNHCC discussed the approach to be taken to evaluate the evidence submitted by the applicant.

On 7 October 2025, the scientific evaluation was suspended following the ‘stop the clock’ process to request additional information from the applicant. For more information on the stop the clock process, see Guidance on nutrition and health claims on foods.

On 13 October 2025, UKNHCC received additional information from the applicant and the scientific evaluation was restarted, in compliance with Article 16(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006.

Following the stop the clock letter, during its meeting on 21 November 2025, UKNHCC evaluated the updated information submitted by the applicant.

During its meeting on 15 January 2026, UKNHCC discussed the draft scientific opinion. Following the meeting, the final scientific opinion was agreed by email correspondence.

Summary

An application was received from AFT Pharma UK Limited, submitted for authorisation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of assimilated Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 as amended by the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 and the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020 to the Competent Authority of Great Britain.

UKNHCC was asked to deliver an opinion on the scientific substantiation of the proposed health claim that “green kiwifruit powder contributes to the maintenance of normal defecation”. The scientific assessment was conducted in line with the UKNHCC framework for the evaluation of evidence (UKNHCC, 2024).

The scope of the application was proposed by the applicant to fall under a health claim based on newly developed scientific evidence.

The food that is the subject of the health claim is green kiwifruit powder. The committee considers that the food is sufficiently characterised to progress the assessment of the claim in this instance, but notes the lack of information on batch-to-batch variability provided by the applicant.

The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is “green kiwifruit powder contributes to the maintenance of normal defecation”. The quantity of the food required to obtain the claimed effect proposed by the applicant is at least 600 milligrams (mg) per day for at least 7 days. The target population proposed by the applicant is “adults aged 18 to 65 years”.

The applicant presented 6 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) described in 8 papers (Ansell and others, 2015; Blatchford and others, 2017; Briskey and others, 2023; Graham and others, 2024; Kindleysides and others, 2015; Lewis and others, 2023; Udani and others, 2013; Weir and others, 2018) and 2 systematic reviews with meta-analysis (Eltorki and others, 2022; Van Der Schoot and others, 2023) as pertinent to the claim. The committee assessed each of the studies in relation to the following criteria:

• dose
• duration
• target population
• outcomes assessing bowel function

The committee considers that:

• 4 studies could not be used to substantiate the proposed claim as they used a dose of more than 600mg per day of green kiwifruit powder (Briskey and others, 2023; Kindleysides and others, 2015; Udani and others, 2013; Weir and others, 2018)
• one study (reported in 2 publications) could not be used to substantiate the proposed claim as it did not report outcomes at 7 days or less (Ansell and others, 2015; Blatchford and others, 2017)
• 2 systematic reviews with meta-analysis (Eltorki and others, 2022; van der Schoot and others, 2023) could not be used to substantiate the proposed claim because:
  • they included studies that did not align with the proposed conditions of use for the claim
  • they did not include any additional evidence from primary studies at doses of 600mg or less per day

The committee considers one of the submitted RCTs (reported in 2 publications (Graham and others, 2024; Lewis and others, 2023)) could be used to substantiate the proposed claim. Only one publication reported outcome measures of relevance to the proposed claim (Graham and others, 2024). This study included:

• a dose of 600mg per day of green kiwifruit powder
• a study population of adult participants with non-pathological constipation
• outcomes reported at 7 days

The study reported evidence of no difference between green kiwifruit powder and placebo groups for Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), complete spontaneous bowel movements and spontaneous bowel movements at 7 days.

As such, in weighing the evidence, the committee concludes that a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of 600mg per day of green kiwifruit powder and maintenance of normal defecation at 7 days.

Information provided by the applicant

Applicant name and address

AFT Pharma UK Limited
Olympia House
Unit 13, 2nd Floor, Armitage Road
London NW11 8RQ
England

Food or constituent as stated by the applicant

The food or constituent, as stated by the applicant, was “Green kiwifruit (lat. [Latin] Actinidia deliciosa var. [variety] Hayward) powder”.

Health relationship as claimed by the applicant

The health relationship, according to the applicant, was stated as follows:

Green kiwifruit (lat. Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward) powder contributes to the maintenance of normal defecation. This relationship is supported by human intervention studies showing that the daily consumption of green kiwifruit powder increases stool frequency and, in some studies, improves stool consistency without causing diarrhoea.

Wording of the health claim as proposed by the applicant

The wording of the health claim proposed by the applicant was “Green kiwifruit powder contributes to the maintenance of normal defecation”.

Specific conditions of use as proposed by the applicant

The specific conditions of use as proposed by the applicant were:

At least 600mg of green kiwifruit powder daily, for at least 7 days, administered at any time of day, with or without food or drink. It may be taken once or multiple times daily. This quantity could reasonably be consumed as part of a balanced diet, whether taken alone or via health supplements containing green kiwifruit powder.

The applicant noted that:

Individuals with known or suspected hypersensitivities to kiwifruit should avoid using green kiwifruit powder as to avoid experiencing allergic reactions.

The efficacy of green kiwifruit powder on the maintenance of normal defecation in youth (aged younger than 18 years) has not been established.

Documentation provided

Health claim application on green kiwifruit powder and its contribution to the maintenance of normal defecation pursuant to Article 13(5) of assimilated Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006, as amended by the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019 and the Nutrition (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020. Application ID: 006UKNHCC. Submitted by AFT Pharma UK Limited.

Assessment

The scientific assessment was conducted in line with the UKNHCC framework for the evaluation of evidence (UKNHCC, 2024).

1. Characterisation of the food or constituent

The food that is the subject of the proposed claim is the dried preparation of green kiwifruit powder from the Actinidia deliciosa plant.

The applicant was asked by UKNHCC, through the stop the clock process, to provide additional information on the characterisation of the food. The applicant confirmed that the food that is the subject of the claim is the dried preparation of the skinless fruit (only the flesh and the seeds) of the Actinidia deliciosa plant.

The applicant provided an overview of the manufacturing process, which includes sanitation, freezing, lyophilisation and milling (the manufacturing process is confidential).

The applicant provided a valid EU good manufacturing process certificate (certificate number: IT/160/H/2024) for the manufacturing location and stability testing results (organoleptic, microbial counts, heavy metals) in different storage conditions.

The committee notes that the food is produced according to acceptable standards.

The committee agrees that the food that is the subject of the claim is sufficiently characterised to progress the assessment of the claim in this instance but notes the lack of information on batch-to-batch variability provided by the applicant.

2. Relevance of the claimed effect to human health

The claimed effect proposed by the applicant is maintenance of normal defecation. The target population proposed by the applicant is adults aged 18 to 65 years.

The applicant proposed that at least 600mg of green kiwifruit powder should be consumed per day for at least 7 days to achieve the claimed effect.

The applicant proposed that the physiological function that is the subject of the claimed effect is “maintenance of normal defecation - a gastrointestinal function related to bowel regularity and stool frequency, without causing diarrhoea.”

2.1 Evidence identified by the applicant

The applicant noted that:

Maintaining normal defecation is a beneficial physiological effect because it supports regular bowel movements, which are essential for digestive health, comfort, and quality of life. Irregular or infrequent defecation can lead to discomfort, bloating, and constipation, which are common concerns in the general population. Promoting normal bowel function helps prevent these issues and supports overall gastrointestinal well-being.

The applicant stated that: “normal defecation can be assessed … in humans by the following generally accepted methods:

• self-reporting via daily bowel habit diaries or structured questionnaires, as to determine stool frequency and stool consistency
• Bristol Stool Form Scale, as to determine stool consistency”

The committee notes the relevant European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies, 2016b) that:

Claims on the maintenance of normal defecation (a bowel function) have been proposed only in the context of facilitating defecation (e.g. by one or more of the following means: increasing the frequency of bowel movements, increasing faecal bulk, decreasing the consistency of stools, decreasing transit time) in subjects with one or more signs/symptoms of functional constipation. In this context, maintenance of normal defecation is considered a beneficial physiological effect for the general population provided that it does not result in diarrhoea.

Frequency of defecation, stool consistency (e.g. by using the Bristol Stool Form Scale), sensation of complete/incomplete evacuation and faecal bulk can be assessed directly by the investigators or by using validated questionnaires for self-reported outcomes (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies, 2016a). Changes in transit time may be measured, e.g. by using radiopaque markers.

2.2 Evidence considered by the committee

The committee considers that the appropriateness of study populations should be based on EFSA guidance (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies, 2016b) stating that:

with respect to the study group, results from studies conducted in individuals with functional (chronic) constipation, including subjects with IBS [irritable bowel syndrome], could be used for the scientific substantiation of these claims for the general population.

The committee considers that:

• the maintenance of normal defecation is a beneficial physiological effect for the general population providing it does not result in diarrhoea
• study populations, including healthy adults together with individuals with functional (chronic) constipation and/or individuals with IBS, are appropriate for the scientific substantiation of claims related to the maintenance of normal defecation for the general population
• outcome measures presented by the applicant are suitable outcome measures for the scientific substantiation of claims related to the maintenance of normal defecation

The outcome measures presented by the applicant include:

• self-reporting using daily bowel habit diaries (for example, complete spontaneous bowel movements or spontaneous bowel movements) or structured questionnaires to determine stool frequency
• BSFS to determine stool consistency

3. Scientific substantiation of the claimed effect

The applicant noted that “claimed effects, with associated wording of the claims, for the dried fruit of Actinidia deliciosa (green kiwifruit)” have also been submitted to “Health Canada (application identification number: 741666)”. Claimed effects are:

• digestive health effects - associated wording of the claim: “supports digestive system health”, “helps digestion of proteins” and “naturally supports and balances your digestive health”
• bowel health effects - associated wording of the claim: “supports bowel regularity”
• gastrointestinal health effects - associated wording of the claim: “helpful in cases of bloating and flatulence”

3.1 Preliminary assessment and stop the clock process

The scientific risk assessment was conducted in line with version 2 of the UKNHCC framework for the evaluation of evidence submitted for the substantiation of nutrition and health claims (UKNHCC, 2024).

The committee considered a preliminary assessment of each of the submitted studies based on the information provided by the applicant. The committee agreed that studies used to substantiate the claim must align with the proposed conditions of use for the claim. That is, “at least 600mg of green kiwifruit powder daily, for at least 7 days, administered at any time of day, with or without food or drink. It may be taken once or multiple times daily”.

This means:

• for study dose, only studies that use 600mg per day (or less) of green kiwifruit powder could be used to substantiate the claim
• for study duration, only studies that evaluated outcome measures directly related to bowel function at 7 days or less could be used to substantiate the claim

During the stop the clock process, the applicant was informed of the committee’s approach to assessing the claim and was given the opportunity to clarify or amend the:

• conditions of use for the claim
• evidence submitted as pertinent for the substantiation of the claim

The committee notes that for the proposed conditions of use:

• it is necessary to show that the claimed effect occurs at, near or below the minimum intake level (that is, 600mg per day) - evidence from studies with doses higher than 600mg per day cannot confirm whether the effect is achievable at the specified 600mg per day threshold
• studies with doses above 600mg per day may only be considered as supportive to any evidence used to substantiate a claim at 600mg per day
• it is necessary to show that the claimed effect occurs at 7 days or less - studies that did not capture outcomes at 7 days or less cannot confirm whether the effect is achievable at the specified 7-day threshold
• studies with outcomes assessed beyond 7 days may only be considered as supportive to any evidence used to substantiate a claim at 7 days

3.2 Literature review

The applicant performed literature searches in the following databases: Embase, Medline, Google Scholar and The University of Auckland library. Literature searches in Embase and Medline were conducted on 21 October 2024. The applicant provided the following search terms and syntax for Embase and Medline (as shown in table 1):

Table 1: search terms as provided by the applicant

Search strategy line number	Search term
1	‘green kiwifruit powder’
2	(green kiwifruit powder’ OR ‘kiwifruit powder’ OR ‘green kiwifruit’ OR ‘kiwi’ OR ‘kiwifruit’ OR ‘zygestinase’ OR ‘zyactinase’ OR ‘phloe’ OR ‘kivia’ OR ‘digestin’ OR ‘livaux’ OR ‘actazin’)
3	1 OR 2
4	gastro* OR bowel* OR digest* OR prote* OR antiox* OR bloat* OR flatul* OR laxat* OR abdomin* OR diarrh* OR nause* OR vomit* OR defecat* OR regular*
5	3 AND 4
6	5 AND human only

Note: asterisks (*) represent the truncation symbol used to search for different possible endings of the word that comes before it.

The applicant noted that the search was not limited by age of the study participants, and no language limits were applied.

The applicant reported the inclusion and exclusion criteria that were applied to select the papers that they considered pertinent.

The applicant included RCTs and systematic reviews with meta-analysis that used green kiwifruit powder (administered alone as a treatment). Outcome measures included:

• stool frequency (for example, bowel movements per week)
• stool consistency (measured using the BSFS)
• subjective ease of defecation
• patient-reported outcomes related to bowel regularity and gastrointestinal comfort

The applicant reviewed references of identified papers for additional relevant reports.

3.3 Evidence identified by the applicant

The applicant identified a total of 8 studies (reported in 10 publications) that they considered to be pertinent to the proposed claim (Ansell and others, 2015; Blatchford and others, 2017; Briskey and others, 2023; Eltorki and others, 2022; Graham and others, 2024; Kindleysides and others, 2015; Lewis and others, 2023; Udani and others, 2013; van der Schoot and others, 2023; Weir and others, 2018).

The committee assessed each of the studies identified by the applicant to consider whether they could be used to substantiate the proposed claim. The committee assessed each study in relation to dose, duration, target population and outcomes assessing bowel function. A risk of bias (RoB) assessment was conducted on those studies that the committee considered could potentially be used to substantiate the claim.

The committee agreed that 7 out of the 8 studies submitted by the applicant could not be used to substantiate the proposed claim. This was because:

• 4 studies used a dose of more than 600mg per day (Briskey and others, 2023; Kindleysides and others, 2015; Udani and others, 2013; Weir and others, 2018) - in addition:

  • 3 of the 4 studies did not report outcomes at 7 days or less (Briskey and others, 2023; Kindleysides and others, 2015; Udani and others, 2013)
  • one of the 4 studies used a food that was different to the food that is the subject of the claim (Kindleysides and others, 2015)
• one study (reported in 2 publications) used a dose of 600mg per day but did not report outcomes at 7 days or less (Ansell and others, 2015; Blatchford and others, 2017)

• 2 systematic reviews with meta-analysis (Eltorki and others, 2022; van der Schoot and others, 2023):

  • included studies that did not align with the proposed conditions of use for the claim
  • did not include any additional evidence from primary studies at doses of 600mg or less per day

3.4 Evidence considered by the committee to substantiate the claim

The committee considered that one RCT reported in 2 publications (Graham and others, 2024; Lewis and others, 2023) could be used to substantiate the proposed claim. The committee notes that only Graham and others (2024) reported on outcome measures of relevance to the proposed claim.

Graham and others (2024) reported 2 arms of a larger double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel RCT in which 85 participants were randomly assigned to 600mg per day of green kiwifruit powder (44 participants) or placebo (41 participants) for 28 days. Graham and others (2024) reported on the following outcomes at 7 days:

• Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS)
• complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBM)
• spontaneous bowel movements (SBM)

The results on the reported outcomes were:

Improvements in the BSFS were observed at day 7 compared to baseline in the intervention group, but no significant differences between the intervention and placebo groups were observed (data reported in figure 2 in Graham and others, 2024).

Improvements in the mean number of CSBM and SBM were observed at day 7 compared to baseline in both the intervention and placebo groups.

For CSBM, in the:

• intervention group (43 participants), change from baseline was 1.19 (standard deviation (SD) plus or minus (±) 1.97), p less than 0.001
• placebo group (40 participants), change from baseline was 1.14 (SD ± 2.81), p = 0.001

For SBM, in the:

• intervention group (43 participants), change from baseline was 0.87 (SD ± 2.19), p = 0.005
• placebo group (40 participants), change from baseline was 0.81 (SD ± 2.73), p = 0.010

However, there were no significant differences observed between study groups (between group p value: 0.927 for CSBM and 0.913 for SBM) (data reported in table 2 in Graham and others, 2024).

A RoB assessment (based on Cochrane RoB2 for parallel trials) (Sterne and others, 2019) was undertaken for the RCT. The RoB assessment considered both Graham and others (2024) and Lewis and others (2023), and considered information included in the clinical trial registry of the RCT on ClinicalTrials.gov (ID number NCT03462199). The RoB evaluation for the outcomes assessed (BSFS, CSBM and SBM) identified concerns due to:

• the potential impact of selective reporting
• differences between the reported information and the approach stated in the trial registry

4. Weighing the evidence

On the basis of the evidence presented, the committee identified only one RCT that could be used to substantiate the claim. Of the 2 publications that reported this RCT, only one publication (Graham and others, 2024) reported relevant outcome measures. The RCT found no evidence of a difference between green kiwifruit powder and placebo supplemented groups at 7 days or less for bowel function outcomes.

In weighing the evidence, the committee concludes that a cause-and-effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of 600mg per day green kiwifruit powder and maintenance of normal defecation at 7 days or less.

5. Conclusions

Based on the evidence presented by the applicant, the committee concludes the following.

The food, green kiwifruit powder, which is the subject of the health claim, is sufficiently characterised to progress the assessment of the claim in this instance but notes the lack of information on batch-to-batch variability provided by the applicant.

The claimed effect relates to the maintenance of normal defecation. The target population is adults aged 18 to 65 years. Maintenance of normal defecation is a beneficial physiological effect.

A cause-and-effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of green kiwifruit powder and maintenance of normal defecation based on the proposed conditions of use.

References

Ansell J, Butts CA, Paturi G, Eady SL, Wallace AJ, Hedderley D and others. Kiwifruit derived supplements increase stool frequency in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition Research 2015: volume 35, issue 5, pages 401 to 408.

Blatchford P, Stoklosinski H, Eady S, Wallace A, Butts C, Gearry R and others. Consumption of kiwifruit capsules increases Faecalibacterium prausnitzii abundance in functionally constipated individuals: a randomised controlled human trial. Journal of Nutrition Science 2017: volume 6, article e52.

Briskey D, Mallard A and Rao A. Efficacy of a kiwifruit extract (PhenActivTM) on gastrointestinal tract function: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Food and Nutrition Sciences 2023: volume 14, pages 1,281 to 1,295.

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies. General scientific guidance for stakeholders for health claim applications. EFSA Journal 2016a: volume 14, issue 1, article 4367.

EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies. Guidance on the scientific requirements for health claims related to the immune system, the gastrointestinal tract and defence against pathogenic microorganisms. EFSA Journal 2016b: volume 14, issue 1, article 4369.

Eltorki M, Leong R and Ratcliffe EM. Kiwifruit and kiwifruit extracts for treatment of constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2022: article 7596920.

Graham E, McKeen S, Lewis ED, Evans M, Li Z, Henning SM and others. Actazin® green kiwifruit powder consumption at 600 mg per day for 28 days improves stool form and relieves occasional constipation in healthy individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 2024: volume 32, article 100436.

Kindleysides S, Kuhn-Sherlock B, Yip W and Poppitt SD. Encapsulated green kiwifruit extract: a randomised controlled trial investigating alleviation of constipation in otherwise healthy adults. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2015: volume 24, issue 3, pages 421 to 429.

Lewis ED, Crowley DC, Trivedi R, Wolever T, Buggia MA, Graham E and others. Green and gold kiwifruit powders consumed for 28 days by healthy individuals with occasional constipation are safe and well-tolerated: a randomized controlled trial. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre 2023: volume 30, article 100382 (registration and subscription required for full article).

Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I and others. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 2019: volume 366, article l4898.

Udani JK and Bloom DW. Effects of kivia powder on Gut health in patients with occasional constipation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrition Journal 2013: volume 12, issue 1, page 78.

UKNHCC, 2024. ‘A framework for evaluation of evidence submitted for the substantiation of nutrition and health claims (version 2)’, available on the UKNHCC webpage.

van der Schoot A, Creedon A, Whelan K and Dimidi E. The effect of food, vitamin, or mineral supplements on chronic constipation in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 2023: volume 35, issue 11, article e14613.

Weir I, Shu Q, Wei N, Wei C and Zhu Y. Efficacy of actinidin-containing kiwifruit extract Zyactinase on constipation: a randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled clinical trial. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2018: volume 27, issue 3, pages 564 to 571.