UK competent authorities for pesticide residues in food: annual report for 2025
Published 30 October 2026
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About food monitoring programme
The Health and Safety Executive’s (HSE) annual programme checks food and drink in the UK for traces of pesticide residues on behalf of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), the Northern Ireland Executive, the Scottish Government and the Welsh Government.
The food monitoring programme ensures that food and drinks are safe and meets legal requirements by assessing whether any pesticide residues detected in food and drinks are within the maximum residue levels (MRLs) set by law.
If a pesticide residue is detected in a food or drink sample, HSE will:
- check that testing results align with those set by the regulatory regime when the law on using the pesticides or on pesticide residues in food were set
- conduct a risk assessment to identify whether the levels found are likely to impact on human health. This is done for all residues, whether or not the MRL has been exceeded
- assess the risk of residues detected on various consumer groups including vulnerable consumers such as babies, toddlers and the elderly
- where more than one pesticide is found with similar modes of action for certain chemical groups of pesticides, HSE will assess if the impact of the sum of the residues is of concern
- communicate with suppliers and food produces when issues are detected with samples
- contact the Food Standards Agency (FSA) if any risk issues are found in routine testing
- forward any suspected unapproved uses for enforcement action
This report from HSE summarises the results from monitoring samples collected throughout 2025, and the conclusions about those results. It also the work being conducted in 2026.
Details of all the samples HSE have collected and tested for the food monitoring programme are available at: Pesticide Residues in Food Data.
If you have any comments about this report, send them to pesticideresiduesteam@hse.gov.uk.
Executive summary
Pesticides, also known as plant protection products (PPPs), are used to control pests, weeds and diseases. When used in farming, it can result in residues remaining in the food and drinks produced. To ensure a high level of protection for consumers, there are strict legal controls on the levels of pesticide residues that are permitted in food.
These levels are the maximum residue level (MRL) which is the maximum concentration of a pesticide residue in or on food or feed that is legally tolerated when a pesticide is applied correctly. MRLs are not in themselves safety limits, but rather they are based on the residue levels that may occur when the pesticide is applied correctly in line with Good Agricultural Practice (GAP). They are always set below the level considered to be safe for consumers.
To ensure that pesticide residues in food and drinks on the UK market are safe for consumers, the UK operates an ongoing annual monitoring programme known as the Pesticide Residues in Food Monitoring Programme. This programme analyses pesticide levels across a range of foods to provide assurance that food and drinks available in the UK complies with established MRLs.
This report contains the results of the 2025 Pesticide Residues in Food Monitoring Programme. It describes regulatory framework used to monitor pesticides, the role of MRLs in food as part of these controls, the role of the FSA in relation to this work and the structure of the monitoring programme. It also details the results explaining how findings are assessed to determine whether there are any risks to consumers and sets out the follow‑up actions taken in response to specific results.
HSE organises this monitoring programme and reports findings on behalf of the Department for Environment and Rural Affairs’ (Defra) and the Governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and publishes quarterly reports of the findings.
Food and drink samples analysed in the programme are collected from across the supply chain, including retail, wholesale, ports, distribution depots and food processing facilities throughout the UK, as detailed in this report, and are tested for a wide range of pesticide residues. The findings are assessed, initially for compliance with MRLs, and to determine whether there are any implications for the short and long-term health of those consuming the produce. Results are also reviewed to determine whether pesticides have been used in accordance with their authorisation.
Where appropriate, follow up action may be taken to establish the cause of residue findings and to determine whether enforcement or any other action should be taken. Details of the programme’s findings, assessments and associated activity are published in the 2025 quarterly reports.
For the 2025 programme, 3,550 samples were analysed from 32 different food and drinks (commodities). A breakdown of the results is provided below:
- 1,583 samples (44.59 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 1,884 samples (53.07 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 83 samples (2.34 percent) had residues above the MRL
Overall UK survey results for 2025: 3,550 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 44.59% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 53.07% |
| Residues above the MRL | 2.34% |
Overall, results from the 2025 monitoring programme show that most of the food HSE tested (97.66 percent) complied with legal limits for pesticide residues in that food. The compliance rates in this year’s report are broadly similar with monitoring results in previous years. The following sections in this report present a detailed breakdown of the 2025 findings, including separate results for GB and NI and shows the results for each type of foods and drinks tested (fruits and vegetables, starchy foods and grains, animal products and miscellaneous foods). It also provides details of all the samples which contained residues, including those above the MRL, and highlights cases that required further consideration due to potential risks to consumers.
In 2025, 22 detailed risk assessments detailed (20 short-term and 2 long-term) were conducted where further evaluation was considered necessary to assess potential impacts on consumers from the residues detected. Of these, 12 samples were referred to the FSA where 9 of these samples were followed up with appropriate action.
Roles of HSE and the competent authorities for pesticide residues
The term ‘pesticide residue’ refers to the chemical trace of a pesticide which may be found in or on food. Agriculture and food industries use pesticides to control pests, weeds and diseases on crops.
The UK competent authorities for pesticides and pesticide residues in food are:
- Defra (for England)
- Scottish Government
- Welsh Government
- Northern Ireland Government
In GB, legislation states the three British competent authorities:
- may co-operate to produce and deliver a GB control plan
- must produce and deliver a control plan in their territory
- must co-operate to prepare an annual report of the results
NI is subject to EU legislation, which includes participation in the EU multi-annual control programme and a programme of national testing. They then publish their results annually.
In practice, all 4 competent authorities delegate the relevant powers and responsibilities to HSE to deliver the requirements of a combined GB control plan and a NI control plan.
The GB programme included all common testing as required by British law (Multi-annual Great Britain control plan for pesticide residues) plus an additional programme of national testing. The NI programme included all common testing as required by law (Commission Implementing Regulation (European Union (EU) 2024/989) plus an additional programme of national testing. HSE publish the monitoring results for both GB and NI on the government website, Pesticide Residues in Food (data and results) alongside the quarterly and rolling reporting.
Background on pesticide regulation
In the UK, pesticides can only be used if they are applied in line with the product authorisation conditions.
On behalf of GB agricultural departments, HSE:
- authorises and controls pesticides for use in the UK
- approves the active substances that can be used in pesticides
- sets MRLs for food traded in the GB
- monitors pesticide residues in the UK food supply
For NI, the MRLs and approvals of active substances follow EU decisions. MRLs are set for and apply to all food available in the UK, regardless of where the food was produced. The applicable MRL depends on where the food is tested, for example food in NI must comply with EU MRLs. The overall responsibility for the food safety of food and drinks placed on the market is the FSA.
Most residues detected come from pesticides being used on crops. To work effectively, pesticides must be used in the correct amounts and at the right time in accordance with the GAP. The amount of residue in or on a food is dependent on:
- how much pesticide was used
- when it was applied in relation to harvest date
- how it is metabolised by plants and animals
- how it breaks down in the environment
In addition to this, residues can sometimes be present due to contamination (small amounts of pesticide that remain in the environment after legitimate use). Due to significant technical improvements in laboratory analysis, there is a capability to detect very low levels of residues. So, it is possible that as methods become more sensitive, more residues may be detected.
HSE publish the results from the sample testing, including brand names, where samples were obtained and where possible, who produced them. The open reporting system has encouraged producers and retailers to be responsible about their use of pesticides in their supply chains.
Maximum residue levels
MRLs are set in law at the highest level of pesticide that the relevant regulatory body would expect to find in that crop when it has been treated in line with GAP. When MRLs are set, effects of the residue on human health are also considered. The MRLs are set at a level where consumption of food or drinks containing that residue should not cause any ill health to consumers.
If a food has a higher level of residue than the MRL, it does not automatically mean that the food is not safe to eat. This is because MRLs are not safety limits or thresholds. A pesticide residue that is detected above the MRL may show that the farmer has not used the pesticide properly. Some pesticide residues detected may come from pesticides permitted for use in the country of export but not be authorised for use in GB or NI (EU) or both.
In these cases, the MRL may be set at the lowest level that official laboratories can normally detect and quantify. This is known as the limit of determination (LOD) or the limit of quantification (LOQ). An LOD MRL is indicated by an asterisk after the level (for example, 0.01* mg per kg).
The Food Standards Agency (FSA)
The main objective of the FSA is to safeguard public health and protect the interests of consumers in relation to food. It is the responsibility of the food business operator to ensure that food they place on the market is safe, in accordance with assimilated regulation 178/2002. If there is evidence that food on the market is not safe, then the FSA will provide risk management advice to the relevant enforcement authority.
With regards to the safety of pesticide residues in food, the FSA works with HSE to provide guidance on food safety in relation to the setting of MRLs. The FSA also provides advice in relation to food safety for HSE’s domestic monitoring programme for pesticides in food.
At the border, official controls on imported food are carried out by port health authorities and local authorities at GB’s points of entry. Foods not of animal origin are subject to risk-based surveillance activity regarding pesticides. Commodities which are considered to potentially present a greater risk to public health are stipulated to undergo increased rates of testing according to assimilated regulation 2019/1793. This regulation outlines the current commodities and countries of origin that present a particular concern and are subject to additional controls. This may include, but is not limited to, pesticide analysis at the Border Control Point (BCP) of entry.
The 2025 pesticide residues in food programme identified a relatively small number of products with residues above the MRLs. As discussed previously, MRLs are not by definition “safety limits”. Where the MRLs have been exceeded and the risk assessment process indicates there may be a risk to consumer health, HSE sends these cases to the FSA to determine if further action is required. A risk assessment may be undertaken by the FSA and where the pesticide residues identified are considered to pose a food safety risk, appropriate action is taken.
Appropriate action could include:
- withdrawal or recall of the product from the market via local authority contacts
- where necessary, notifying the International Network Food Safety Authorities (INFOSAN) Emergency Contact Point in the exporting country of the non-compliance and safety risk
This year, the commodity beans with pods has featured most heavily as the one which has the most analysed non-compliances in this survey. Results from the monitoring programme contribute to the data used as intelligence fed into the FSA’s Early Warning System (EWS), which suggests to port health authorities which imports checks should be prioritised. Repetitive high-risk issues found via the EWS can lead to consideration for inclusion on the intensified official controls regulations (under assimilated regulation 2019/1793).
From the 2025 survey, 12 samples were referred to the FSA where the following considerations were made. 2 of the samples referred to the FSA contained dimethoate. The FSA considered the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) 2018 conclusion within the HSE risk assessments, particularly regarding the uncertainty around the genotoxicity of dimethoate and its breakdown product, omethoate. Omethoate is considered genotoxic; therefore, its presence at any level is regarded as undesirable to health. It was advised for both of these samples that there was a withdrawal of any remaining products from the market, and INFOSAN notifications were raised.
6 of the samples referred to the FSA contained chlorpyrifos. There is uncertainty regarding the genotoxicity of chlorpyrifos. The FSA considered the residue levels of chlorpyrifos detected in each sample, alongside the presence of other residues of concern, for example picoxystrobin. It was advised for 5 of these samples that there was a withdrawal of any remaining products from the market and 4 INFOSAN notifications were raised.
2 of the samples referred to the FSA contained carbofuran. The FSA considers the presence of carbofuran to be undesirable due to concerns around genotoxicity. It was advised for both of these samples that there was a withdrawal of any remaining products from the market, and an INFOSAN notification was raised for one of the samples.
The final 2 samples referred to the FSA included one containing ethylene oxide, raising concerns due to its genotoxic potential, and another containing fosthiazate. For the sample containing ethylene oxide, as it is a genotoxic carcinogen and therefore no level can be considered without risk to health, the advice was to withdraw any remaining products, and an INFOSAN notification was raised.
For the sample containing fosthiazate, it was considered from the HSE risk assessment that some individuals may experience transient signs of cholinergic toxicity (such as headache, gastrointestinal upset, increased salivation, and reduced pupil response) following the consumption of large portions. The FSA’s risk assessment drew similar conclusions but identified that the adverse effects were unlikely and if they were to occur, they would be both mild and reversible. Given this conclusion and the time which had passed since the sample was taken, no further action was considered appropriate.
INFOSAN
Since exiting the EU, the UK has third country access to the EU’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) and can only see RASFF alerts which affect the UK. The FSA has significantly increased engagement with the World Health Organisation (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) funded INFOSAN as a mitigation for loss of RASFF and other EU incident and emergency communication systems. INFOSAN gives a reach to authorities in 186 countries, which allows direct engagement on common topics of interest with trade partners. If the FSA identifies a health risk with an imported food product via surveillance programmes, then an INFOSAN notification to the relevant country will be raised.
Monitoring programme design
The planning of the annual programme takes into consideration a number of relevant influencing factors, including:
- previous sampling results
- analysis
- national diet trends
- evidence from other regulators to the programme
As the programme is designed to be one of monitoring to determine compliance with legal levels of pesticide residues in food rather than to be a reactive one, it is unlikely to change significantly throughout the year. But, as mentioned above, incidents that arise are taken into consideration for the following years programme.
The 2025 monitoring programme
HSE test food and drinks to determine whether the levels of any pesticides found meet legal trading levels and if there is any risk to people’s health.
Collecting and testing samples
The size of the sample and the number of individual units of a food within each sample is set down in assimilated Commission Directive 2002/63/EC (for example, for Apples the sample must be made up of at least 10 Apples and weigh at least 1 kilogram).
HSE send samples to the following laboratories to be tested:
- Agri Food and Bioscience Institute (AFBI) – Belfast
- Fera Science Ltd – York
- Science & Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA) – Edinburgh
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) – Dublin
The data provided by all these laboratories has been considered together to calculate the annual figures presented in this report.
Residues tested for
Laboratories test food samples collected as part of the monitoring programme for a wide range of pesticides. Over the last 20 years, the number of pesticides tested for has risen. The increase is consistent with the current capability of most laboratories which test food for pesticide residues.
The choice of pesticides tested for in a survey depends on:
- which pesticides have been found before
- what HSE know is being used to grow specific foods (that is, which pesticides are approved for certain crops)
- what HSE know about pesticides used in the UK and other countries
- what HSE know about pesticides being found in tests in other countries
- the risk residues of that pesticide may present
- the MRLs set in law
Why HSE chose certain foods
There is a wide range of foods available in the UK throughout the year. To make the most of resources and ensure HSE test a wide range of food, the programme changes from year to year.
When HSE select the foods to be tested in the monitoring programme, a range of factors are considered. Some foods are so common within the UK diet that even if previous testing showed little or no residues, it is appropriate to carry on testing them. Although there have been no recent health concerns, HSE continue to monitor staples like milk and bread because of their prominent role in the UK diet.
HSE group the foods to be tested into 5 categories:
- fruit and vegetables
- animal products
- starchy food and grains
- miscellaneous groceries
- infant food
Other foods are not as commonly consumed but are still important in the diet of some groups of people, for example, speciality fruit and vegetables. Therefore, HSE review these to protect those who consume these foods more frequently or in the greater amount. Some foods are not staples in our diets are still included most years because HSE regularly find residues in them that are not compliant with the MRLs.
HSE also take account of monitoring data from other countries including information from the EU Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) and INFOSAN. Both systems share notifications of foods which could be a risk to human health.
40 foods of dietary importance are collected over a three-year period as part of a GB multi-annual control programme (GBCP) established in legislation. In 2025, apples, barley, cabbage, lettuce, peaches and nectarines, oats, spinach, strawberries, tomatoes, and wine formed part of this larger survey. The same foods were tested in NI as part of a similar EU wide multi-annual control programme.
Outside of the foods designated in either the GB or EU control plans, HSE publishes an annual proposed list of foods to be sampled in both GB and NI for the following year.
HSE publish detailed results from the programme every three months (quarterly reports), the reports are published in 2 parts. The first is the Quarterly Summary report which details the findings and any risk assessments that were conducted. This part of the report is published on the Pesticide residues in food: results of monitoring programme website. The second part of the report provides all the sample details, such as brand name found in each survey. This part of the report is published in an accessible format on the Pesticide Residues in Food (data and results) website.
| Report | Sample collection | Report published |
|---|---|---|
| Quarter 1 2025 | January to March 2025 | October 2025 |
| Quarter 2 2025 | April to June 2025 | February 2026 |
| Quarter 3 2025 | July to September 2025 | March 2026 |
| Quarter 4 2025 | October to December 2025 | August 2026 |
All the results for samples collected in 2025 are available for download at Pesticide Residues in Food (data and results).
Surveys are reported separately for samples collected in GB and those collected in NI. The information published includes:
- where and when samples were collected
- country of origin, as shown on labelling at the point of sampling
- brand names, if available
- pesticides detected and if so whether the residues were above the MRL
- reporting level for all pesticides tested for including those sought but not found
Part 1: Results from the UK 2025 programme
Summary of the results for UK (GB and NI combined)
The programme tested 3,550 samples each for an appropriate range of pesticides. In total, HSE tested around 1,238,350 food and pesticide combinations. For the UK – GB and NI combined, HSE surveyed 32 different food and drink commodities and conducted 22 detailed risk assessments in 2025.
There were some differences in the foods surveyed between GB and NI. Cheese (hard) and infant food (fruit and vegetable) were only surveyed in NI. Apple Juice, infant food (animal), mango juice, plant-based protein, rice, spices (cumin & turmeric) and tomatoes (processed) were only surveyed in GB.
The following results summarise all the UK surveys:
- 1,583 samples (44.59 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 1,884 samples (53.07 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 83 samples (2.34 percent) had residues above the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, food from UK: 1,468 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 44.59% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 53.07% |
| Residues above the MRL | 2.34% |
HSE checked for the risk to consumers by means of a risk assessment screening mechanism. If any sample had a detected residue, HSE carried out an initial risk assessment. In 2025, 41 samples required further risk assessment following initial screening that identified potential concerns. From these 41 samples, HSE published the results of 22 detailed (20 short-term and 2 long-term) risk assessments which considered whether the detected residues indicated a potential concern for human health. Of the 20 short-term risk assessments, 3 were combined risk assessments.
Following a risk assessment if there are concerns about the potential health risks from consumption, HSE provides information about theses samples of food and drink to the FSA. From these 22 risk assessments, 12 were referred to the FSA. 9 of these were followed up by the FSA with the appropriate action (for example, an INFOSAN notice).
Foods tested in 2025
As the availability of some foods varies throughout the year, samples may be collected over one, 2, 3, or all 4 quarters of the year. HSE sometimes report results of tests every six months rather than every three months. This is done when there are only a small number of samples in a survey or when it is not expected that there to be many residues in the samples. Also, analysing larger batches of samples is more economical.
The detailed results from the food monitoring programme are published every three months. Quarterly reports for 2025 are available through Pesticide residues in food: quarterly monitoring results for 2025 webpage.
| Quarter 1 2025 | Quarter 2 2025 | Quarter 3 2025 | Quarter 4 2025 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apples | Apples | Apples (dessert) | Apples (cooking) |
| Apple juice (GB) | Asparagus | Apple juice (GB) | Apples (dessert) |
| Barley | Barley | Asparagus | Barley |
| Beans with pods | Beans with pods | Barley | Beans with pods |
| Cabbage | Cabbage | Beans with pods | Bread (GF) |
| Cheese (NI) | Cheese (NI) | Bread (GF) | Bread (ordinary) |
| Figs | Figs | Bread (ordinary) | Cabbage |
| Fish (tinned) | Fish (tinned) | Cabbage | Celery (GB) |
| Grapes | Grapes | Celery (GB) | Figs |
| Lettuce | Lettuce | Figs | Fish (tinned) |
| Mango | Mango | Fish (tinned) | Grapes |
| Milk | Milk | Grapes | Lettuce |
| Oats | Oats | Infant food (animal) (GB) | Mango |
| Peaches and nectarines | Peaches and nectarines | Infant food (cereal) (NI) | Milk |
| Pork | Plums | Lettuce | Oats |
| Potatoes | Pork | Mango | Peaches and nectarines |
| Prepacked salad leaves | Potatoes | Mango Juice (GB) | Plant-based chocolate (GB) |
| Rice (GB) | Prepacked salad leaves | Milk | Pork |
| Spinach | Rice (GB) | Oats | Potatoes |
| Strawberry | Spinach | Peaches and nectarine | Prepacked salad leaves |
| Tomatoes | Strawberry | Plant based protein (GB) | Spinach |
| Tomatoes (processed) (GB) | Tomatoes | Plums | Strawberry |
| Wine (GB and NI) | Pork | Tomatoes | |
| Potatoes | Wine (GB) | ||
| Prepacked salad leaves | |||
| Spices (cumin and turmeric) (GB) | |||
| Spinach | |||
| Strawberry | |||
| Wine (NI) |
Sampling locations for 2025
Each year, samples are collected from different places throughout the UK. At least 2 towns or cities are chosen from each government region. In 2025, 3,550 samples were collected in total; 2,893 samples from a range of retail outlets and APHA inspectors collected 657 samples from places such as wholesalers, ports, supermarket distribution depots and processor factories.
2025 Survey Towns and Cities
England
- Barnsley
- Basingstoke
- Burnley
- Cambridge
- Frome
- Gloucester
- Harrogate
- Hexham
- Leicester
- Luton
- Middlesbrough
- Nottingham
- Romford
- Southampton
- Uxbridge
- Warrington
- Wolverhampton
- Worcester
Northern Ireland
- Belfast
- Cookstown
- Derry
- Newry
Scotland
- Falkirk
- Glasgow
Wales
- Cardiff
- Wrexham
Analysis of risks to UK consumer health
Consumer risk assessment
HSE conducts a screening assessment of all the pesticide residues found in the food monitoring programme. If screening identifies any samples where dietary intakes exceed the relevant health-based reference values, HSE will conduct a more detailed risk assessment to consider whether there are any implications for health. Detailed risk assessments, where needed, are presented in the quarterly reports. If it is understood that a pesticide residue has a risk of genotoxicity, or potential carcinogen properties this will also be included in the risk assessment.
Pesticide dietary intakes are assessed using models that combine data on the levels of residues in food and drink with dietary consumption values. If the dietary intakes are within the health-based reference values, given the precautions built into the model assessments, it is concluded that an effect on health is not anticipated. If dietary intakes exceed the reference values this does not automatically mean that there are expected adverse health effects. However, this acts as a ‘trigger’ for HSE to consider these cases more thoroughly.
HSE conducts both short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) assessments based on the pesticide residues detected in samples from the food monitoring programme surveys. Each of these risk assessments is tailored according to what residues have been detected, their amounts and the risk they pose. Further information on the nature of HSE’s assessments and approach is provided in the bullet points below. More detail, with reference to international assessment contexts, is available in the 2025 quarterly reports.
- For an acute assessment, HSE apply short-term estimation values that use the highest residue found in a commodity and short-term consumption values for calculating short-term dietary intakes. These are then compared to the Acute Reference Dose (ARfD), a suitable health-based reference value for effects that could be caused by a single day or one-off consumption of a higher than usual residue. For acute assessments, the potential variability within a sample is considered. A variability (multiplication) factor is therefore included to reflect the risk of exposure to a higher than usual residue in a single item, such as a single apple or potato
- For a chronic assessment, HSE use long-term estimation values based on median residues and long-term consumption values for calculating long-term dietary intakes for each commodity. This is then compared to the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), a suitable health-based reference value which estimates the amount of food that can safely be consumed daily over a lifetime. This issue is considered in detail during the review of active substances, pesticides and MRLs. This assessment is carried out across all commodities as a precautionary approach, using the pesticide levels determined in GAP compliant trials. These trials are intended to address highest likely residues that might arise following pesticide use according to label recommendations
- For fruit and vegetables, that have peel or skin that might not be consumed, HSE present alternative risk assessments for ‘without peel-flesh only’ where peel versus pulp residue distribution data is available. As standard, HSE present a ‘worst case’ assessment for when all the peel is consumed
- HSE also calculate dietary intakes for different consumer groups from infants, toddlers and children of varying age to adults, elderly, and vegetarians. This is to take account of people with low bodyweights and varying dietary habits and are protective for all consumers
- Where multiple pesticide residues are detected within a sample, HSE consider the possible implications to health of more than one pesticide being found in consumed (sometimes called the ‘cocktail effect’). The current focus is on selected groups that are prioritised based on toxicity considerations and prevalence
If samples of UK grown produce contain residues of pesticides not authorised for use in the UK on those crops, they are followed up by HSE enforcement. Where obvious reasons could not be identified for the residues, these are investigated with the grower or supplier to determine how these residues could have arisen.
Full details are provided in the quarterly reports. The following explanations are for the 4 UK samples that required further follow up:
- one sample of NI potatoes contained glufosinate residues. HSE have reported this sample to DAERA and is currently in contact with NI to understand the outcome of the investigation investigate
- one sample of GB cabbage contained propyzamide residues. Spray records showed that propyzamide had been applied two days before the same sprayer was used to treat the cabbage field. Although the sprayer was cleaned between applications, it is believed that a trace amount of propyzamide remained in the equipment and subsequently contaminated the cabbage crop. Therefore, HSE concluded that the residues were not the direct result of a pesticide misapplication and, as such, did not warrant enforcement action
- one sample of GB plums contained flonicamid residues. No definitive source of contamination was identified. Spray drift from nearby raspberry crops was considered unlikely, and spray equipment cleaning procedures were found to be robust. The most likely route of contamination was during cold storage, where plums were stored alongside crops for which flonicamid use is authorised. Therefore, HSE concluded that the residues were not the direct result of a pesticide misapplication and, as such, did not warrant enforcement action
As the monitoring programme follows a risk-based approach, it targets foods in which residues are most likely to be found. Therefore, the findings cannot be taken as representative the UK food supply as a whole.
Residues over the MRL
In the 2025 programme, 83 samples contained residues above the MRL, comprising 67 samples from GB and 16 from NI. These are presented in tables at the end of Section 2 for GB and Section 3 for NI and are listed by commodity.
In each case where there has been an MRL exceedance, HSE has written to the brand owner or the sampling point, asking for comments on how the residue occurred. HSE provide advice on how to prevent recurrence, including technical advice to assist in identifying the source of the residue where necessary. HSE also offer the opportunity for brand owners or suppliers to arrange additional testing of samples with MRL exceedances.
It is not possible to identify with absolute certainty the source or reason for every individual pesticide residue detected above the MRL. However, with the cooperation of growers and brand owners, HSE can identify some groups of results where it is reasonable to reach a conclusion on both the reasons for the breaches and some risk management decisions.
LOD MRLs
Residues above the MRL do not necessarily mean the grower did not follow GAP. A number of the MRLs have an asterisk (*) next to them, which means that the MRL is set at the limit of determination (the lowest level that can normally be detected by official laboratories).
This often means that the pesticide has no authorised uses on those crops in the GB or EU (for NI samples only). HSE cannot determine whether particular pesticides are authorised in countries outside the UK and EU, therefore, cannot establish whether a residue found on an imported products are the result from a legally permitted use in that country. Provided the food meets the MRL requirements in the UK, it is legal to trade.
Anyone can apply for a higher MRL to be set by HSE for trade in GB. However, this needs to be supported with sufficient data or evidence for HSE to assess the suitability of the proposed MRL. This process may not be cost effective for some producers.
Analytical measurement uncertainty
No measurement can ever be guaranteed to be exact; this can be caused by many things. Measurement uncertainty is a calculated indicator of HSE’s confidence in the accuracy of the amount of pesticide the laboratory detected. It is not expressing a doubt about which pesticides have been found. It has been agreed for reporting purposes that measurement uncertainty will only be applied to any result that contained a residue over the MRL.
In line with the international guidance, HSE use a default value of 50 percent for measurement uncertainty. This means that when a sample has a residue over the MRL, HSE report the measured value, but determine which residues should be highlighted in the report as an exceedance by subtracting 50 percent of the reported result (for instance, 10 mg per kg becomes 5 mg per kg) and checking the adjusted value against the MRL. All residues still over the MRL after 50 percent measurement uncertainty has been applied, are highlighted as breaching the law in our quarterly reports.
Measurement uncertainty can only be applied by a regulatory authority. In the UK, this role is taken on by HSE. It should not be applied by the food industry to determine whether a product is compliant with an MRL.
Processing factors to find MRLs for processed foods
MRLs apply to all traded foods and drinks, including foods used as ingredients. The law specifies the level is applied to foods as they are traded. For most foods, this means the raw, unprocessed commodity. However, MRLs also apply to prepared and processed foods and drinks. For these products, the impact of processing must be considered when determining compliance with the relevant MRL.
To check that the ingredients used in prepared and processed foods and drinks complied with the relevant MRLs, HSE use appropriate processing factors, based on scientific studies of the effect of preparation and processing. Different forms of processing remove, concentrate or dilute pesticide residues and the effect may also vary depending on the food, drinks and pesticide concerned.
The use of processing factors enables checks that the original ingredient was compliant with MRLs. Food manufacturers should have information on how they check their ingredients and, on their recipes, and preparation techniques. For instance, this should include information on how much water is added or removed, or how much of an ingredient is used to make a food or drink. HSE always contact producers when there is possible non-compliance so that they can share their own information about processing factors.
Action taken
FSA were aware of all findings and risk assessments. For food and drink samples with residues above the MRL, UK producers were contacted, while suppliers were contacted for products imported from outside the UK.
For foods labelled as, or established to be produced overseas, that contain residues over the MRL and require further consideration following a risk assessment, full details are forwarded to the FSA. The FSA then consider informing the International Food Safety Authorities Network (INFOSAN) which is operated by the World Health Organisation (WHO). This then enables future preventative actions.
In the 2025 programme, 17 surveys contained samples where the pesticide residues detected exceeded the MRL. Following the risk assessments, further consideration was required for 12 of the samples which had MRL exceedances, these were from the survey’s barley, beans with pods, potatoes, and spices (cumin and turmeric). HSE passed details of these samples to the FSA who followed up with the relevant suppliers. For 10 of these referred samples, FSA advised suppliers to withdraw any remaining stock of the product with the relevant batch number, and 9 INFOSAN notices have been issued for these findings.
HSE found some pesticide residues in samples where it cannot be excluded, that there is genotoxic potential. These pesticides are not authorised for use in the UK or EU, and the evaluator (EFSA) considered it was not possible to exclude this risk nor to set safety levels. It is unlikely a pesticide company or an organisation representing users would find it economical to provide a modern data package for older pesticides, particularly when not authorised in GB or the EU (for NI). Therefore, the issue of the approach to residues needs to be resolved via the pesticide or residues review process.
In the meantime, HSE has ensured that a lower-than-normal detection limit is used for these pesticides, to give a broader picture of incidence and inform future considerations.
Common pesticide residues issues arising
Chlorate
Chlorate residues detected in food may arise from a pesticide, sodium chlorate (a weed killer). However, chlorate-based pesticides are not approved for use in the UK or EU. Other sources of the chlorate residues detected may arise from use of chlorine-based biocides for food or water hygiene to maintain food safety.
If the level of chlorate residues detected is above the statutory MRL set for unprocessed food, the law permits HSE to take into account evidence from producers that there use of chlorates occurred from processing. If the evidence from producers demonstrates that the use of chlorates is from legitimate use as a biocide, HSE will not undertake enforcement action. If evidence is not supplied or insufficient to demonstrate that chlorine-based biocides have been used in line with food hygiene guideline, they will be noted as an MRL breach and further action will be taken.
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)
The use of DDT is banned in the UK, the EU and banned or heavily restricted in many other countries worldwide. It is not allowed to be used on food crops in the UK, but it is still used in some countries outside Europe as a public health insecticide. Residues of DDT take a long time to break down in the environment and can accumulate in fatty tissue. This is a major reason that it has been banned in the UK, EU and many other countries.
Due to the bans and restrictions on use, the levels in food have decreased substantially since the 1960s and 1970s. Even so, because it takes a long time to break down, HSE do expect, and do see, occasional DDT residues in the monitoring programme results. Overall, both the incidence and the size of residues have steadily declined over time, as expected.
In recent years, none of the findings were unusual, unexpected or of concern. The residues found nowadays are at levels that would not be expected to have any effect on health.
For residues detected in fish samples in 2025, the chemical form identified by the laboratories allows HSE to determine whether the residues are from historic use. Historic use is indicated by the detection of DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) which is a breakdown product of DDT.
HSE explain this every time DDT detections are published to try to make it clear that the results show food producers are not using DDT today. However, there are occasional media stories about DDT and various links and associations, which do not make this distinction.
Substances that might be genotoxic
Residues detected in food and drink may have the potential to be genotoxic (able to damage genetic material). Where such potential exists, consideration is given to the possible significance for consumers when these residues are identified.
There is a small number of cases of older pesticides, likely found only in imported foods, that might be genotoxic. In such cases, it is not anticipated that modern data will become available to clarify their status. As a result, a precautionary approach is taken, and the presence of these residues is considered undesirable due to the uncertainty surrounding their genotoxicity.
At low residue levels, any risks of adverse health effects are low due to the limited levels of exposure anticipated. HSE use low reporting limits for these pesticides to detect these residues even at very low levels, as we know they are of particular interest to consumers.
Specific findings relating to residues with genotoxic potential are discussed in the relevant commodity sections within this report.
Part 2: Results from the GB 2025 programme
Overall results
In 2025, HSE tested 2,628 samples in GB from 32 different food surveys sampled in 22 locations and analysed for up to 12,236 different pesticides.
The following results summarise the findings from all the GB surveys:
- 1,102 samples (41.93 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 1,459 samples (55.52 percent) had residues at or below the MRL
- 67 samples (2.55 percent) had residues over the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, overall results: 2,628 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 41.93% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 55.52% |
| Residues above the MRL | 2.55% |
Overall, the results are similar to previous years. However, as HSE test a different range of commodities each year it is difficult to interpret a trend. Although for 2025 there was an increase in samples with residues and with residues above the MRL, which could be attributed to testing of different commodities which may have a higher incidence of pesticide residues detected. This could be due to the nature of the produce tested, the weather or the origin of the produce.
Food sampled in GB from the UK
The following results are for samples in the GB surveys labelled as being produced in the UK:
- 713 samples (48.57 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 730 samples (49.73 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 25 samples (1.70 percent) had residues above the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, food from UK: 1,468 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 48.57% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 49.73% |
| Residues above the MRL | 1.70% |
Over the past few years, the number of samples tested of UK origin has gradually increased. Food and drink commodities of UK origin generally have good compliance with the MRL regulations. However, for 2025 similarly to the overall figures there has been an increase in residues detected and residues detected above the MRL.
Food sampled in GB from outside the UK
The following results are for samples in the GB surveys labelled as being produced outside of the UK:
- 389 samples (33.53 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 729 samples (62.84 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 42 samples (3.62 percent) had residues above the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, food from outside the UK: 1,160 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 33.53% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 62.84% |
| Residues above the MRL | 3.62% |
Food and drink commodities of EU origin generally have good compliance with the MRL regulations. Food and drink commodities sampled from non-European countries have a higher non-compliance rate than those of European (including the UK) origin. This is likely due to the difference in regulatory practices in these other countries. However, HSE have observed that for some commodities where they are being specifically sold in Europe are compliant with EU/GB regulations. Which is likely from Euro-centric food business operators encouraging GAP and the requirement for compliance with EU/GB regulations for food to be sold on the market in Europe.
For 2025 similarly to the overall UK figures there has been a similar number of samples with residues detected and residues detected above the MRL, which could be attributed to testing of different commodities which may have a higher incidence of pesticide residues detected. This could be due to the nature of the produce tested, the weather or the origin of the produce.
GB fruit and vegetable results
For the GB survey, 1,416 samples of fruit and vegetables were collected and tested for up to 427 pesticides in 2025.
The following results are for all the fruit and vegetables that were tested:
- 369 samples (26.06 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 985 samples (69.56 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 62 samples (4.38 percent) had residues above the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, overall results for fruit and vegetables: 1,416 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 26.06% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 69.56% |
| Residues above the MRL | 4.38% |
Pesticide residue monitoring programme analyses different fruit and vegetables each year. Therefore, depending on the commodities sampled there may be a slight difference in the number of samples with no residues, which could mean one year we observe a slight increase of samples with residues present. However, compliance remains high from year to year. Where a higher number of pesticides is observed this is probably due some of the commodities that have been sampled that year were foods that have a higher risk for pesticide residues.
Fruit and vegetables from the UK tested in the GB survey
The following results are for fruit and vegetables which were labelled as UK produced:
- 140 samples (27.94 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 339 samples (67.66 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 22 samples (4.39 percent) had residues above the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, fruit and vegetables from the UK:501 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 27.94% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 67.66% |
| Residues above the MRL | 4.39% |
Overall, the compliance with the MRLs for UK produced samples of fruit and vegetables collected in GB has decreased. HSE has observed an increase in MRL exceedances related to the use of chlorates, this could be as a biocide or as a food processing aid. Biocides are important tools for maintaining microbiological food safety and are used by the industry in the processing of some foods. Chlorate can no longer be used as a PPP in GB and the EU. However, HSE have observed a gradual increasing trend of chlorate MRL exceedances in some food commodities and is currently being investigated further by HSE.
During 2025 dry weather was experienced across the UK in spring and summer, with drought conditions declared in several regions. Such extreme conditions, if outside those represented in the trials used to establish the MRLs, could potentially lead to unexpected pesticide residue exceedances particularly where crop growth has been impacted.
Discussion of fruit and vegetables results in GB
In the 2025 programme, no residues above the MRL were found in samples of apples, asparagus, cabbage (head), celery and plums. The other fruit and vegetable surveys did contain at least one sample with a MRL exceedance.
The highest number of MRL exceedances in the fruit and vegetable surveys were observed in the beans with pods survey (17 samples), followed by spinach (11 samples), prepacked salad (9 samples), potatoes (6 samples), strawberries (6 samples), figs (4 samples), tomatoes (3 samples), lettuce (2 samples), peaches and nectarines (2 samples), grapes (1 sample) and mango (1 sample). It is important to note that MRLs are not safety limits; they are set at levels below those considered to pose a risk to consumers.
The paragraphs below describe instances where detected residues required further risk assessment or additional consideration. These residues may not have been detected above the MRL.
Within the beans with pods survey, multiple samples contained residues that required a short‑term dietary risk assessment due to concerns regarding genotoxicity. These included 4 samples which contained chlorpyrifos, 4 samples which contained omethoate, and 2 samples that contained carbofuran. All three of these pesticides are not approved in the EU or UK, however, it is possible that this pesticide may still be used in other non-EU or UK countries. Suppliers were notified of these residue findings and were advised to take steps to adjust their practices for the UK market. Given the low short-term intake, HSE concluded that no short-term health effects are expected. Further information on genotoxicity can be found in the Substances that might be genotoxic in this report.
There were also 2 grape samples in which lambda‑cyhalothrin was detected. As residues of lambda‑cyhalothrin are analytically indistinguishable from those of gamma‑cyhalothrin, they may have arisen from the use of either substance. Given that gamma‑cyhalothrin has potential health risks and is not approved in the UK (its approval was withdrawn in 2025) a short‑term dietary risk assessment was undertaken to determine whether there could be a short‑term effect on health. The HSE risk assessment concluded that a short‑term effect on health would not be expected if the residue originated from lambda‑cyhalothrin and would be unlikely if it originated from gamma‑cyhalothrin.
In the tomatoes survey, one sample contained formetanate at a level that required further assessment to determine whether there could be a short‑term effect on health. Based on the HSE’s assessment, a short‑term effect on health was not expected.
In the potato survey, 2 samples contained fluazifop‑P at levels that exceeded the MRL. As no acute reference dose (ARfD) has been formally established, a short‑term dietary risk assessment was undertaken using the most sensitive relevant toxicological endpoint. Estimated intakes for all consumer groups were below the derived reference value, therefore, HSE concluded that a short‑term effect on health was not expected.
In the potato survey, 1 sample contained fosthiazate at a level of 0.1 mg/kg, exceeding the MRL of 0.02 mg/kg and required further assessment to determine whether there could be a short‑term effect on health. The HSE concluded that, due to a significant reduction in the safety margin, some consumers may experience transient signs of cholinergic toxicity following high‑level consumption (97.5th percentile) of potatoes containing this residue. Such effects, which may include headache, stomach upset, increased salivation and reduced pupil response, are expected to be minor, short‑lived and reversible. HSE wrote to the supplier, however, no communication was received regarding this sample.
HSE also found 11 samples with chlorate residues above the MRL, made up of 9 samples from the salad and baby leaf bags survey and 2 from the spinach survey. The pesticide sodium chlorate, a residual broad action weed killer, is not authorised for use in the UK. However, HSE are confident that the residues being detected do not arise from chlorates being used on crops as a plant protection product. Instead, they are most likely arising from the use of chlorine-based disinfectants, which are widely applied to maintain microbiological safety in both in food processing environments and in public water treatment systems (via chlorination).
Fruit and vegetables results by food type in Great Britain
Table 1: Fruit and vegetables results by food type in GB
| Food sampled | Number of samples tested | Number of samples containing residues at or below MRL | Number of samples containing residues above the MRL | Number of samples containing more than one pesticide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apples | 75 | 50 | 0 | 46 |
| Asparagus | 60 | 39 | 0 | 0 |
| Beans with pods | 96 | 43 | 17 | 35 |
| Cabbage | 96 | 62 | 0 | 35 |
| Celery | 36 | 18 | 0 | 10 |
| Figs | 97 | 13 | 4 | 2 |
| Grapes | 109 | 105 | 1 | 1 |
| Lettuce | 72 | 50 | 2 | 35 |
| Mango | 104 | 87 | 1 | 52 |
| Peaches and nectarines | 96 | 83 | 2 | 65 |
| Plums | 61 | 50 | 0 | 31 |
| Potatoes | 144 | 87 | 6 | 32 |
| Salad and baby leaf bags | 72 | 59 | 9 | 56 |
| Spinach | 99 | 75 | 11 | 68 |
| Strawberries | 121 | 110 | 6 | 109 |
| Tomatoes | 78 | 54 | 3 | 42 |
Table 1 presents the results of each fruit and vegetable survey sampled and analysed in GB in 2025.
GB starchy and cereal-based food
For the GB survey, 420 samples of starchy and cereal-based foods were collected and tested for up to 417 pesticides in 2025.
The following results are for the starchy and cereal-based foods that were tested:
- 120 samples (28.57 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 298 samples (70.95 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 2 samples (0.48 percent) had residues above the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, overall results for starchy food and cereal-based foods: 420 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 28.57% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 70.95% |
| Residues above the MRL | 0.48% |
HSE sample a range of commodities starchy and cereal based foods, depending on the GB control plan and the GB National plan, the number of surveys and samples HSE analyse will vary each year for these commodities. Although the number of samples with pesticide residues are generally high, the number of samples with residues above the MRL are very low. Demonstrating the good compliance starchy and cereal-based foods have with MRLs.
Discussion of starchy and cereal-based food in GB
The 2025 programme in GB collected and analysed barley, bread (gluten free), bread (ordinary), oats and rice. In 2025, HSE found no residues above the MRL in samples of bread (gluten free), bread (ordinary) and oats. Residues above the MRL was detected in one barley sample and one rice sample.
HSE also found 2 residues of possible concern in barley across separate samples. chlorpyrifos was detected in one sample, whilst ethylene oxide was detected in another.
For the barley sample containing chlorpyrifos, a short-term dietary risk assessment was undertaken due to concerns over genotoxicity. Chlorpyrifos is not approved in the EU or UK and was withdrawn in 2020, in 2019 the European Food Safety authority (EFSA) issued a statement on the human health assessment of chlorpyrifos which included a consideration of the potential for genotoxicity (whether damage to genetic material can occur). However, it is possible that this pesticide may still be used in other non-EU or UK countries. HSE concluded that on a precautionary basis any findings of chlorpyrifos are undesirable due to the uncertainty regarding genotoxicity. However, due to the low level of chlorpyrifos (only 0.008 mg per kg) in the barley sample HSE consider risks of adverse health effects are low. Suppliers are informed of these residue findings and were advised to take steps to adjust their practices for the UK market. This helps to promote GAP.
Further information on genotoxicity can be found in the Substances that might be genotoxic in this report.
The other barley sample containing ethylene oxide was assessed through both short- and long-term dietary risk assessments due to its mutagenic and carcinogenic effects (its potential to cause genetic damage which may lead to cancer). As such, ethylene oxide is not permitted in the UK for use in food production. However, it is possible that this pesticide may still be used in other non-EU or UK countries. Suppliers are informed of these residue findings and were advised to take steps to adjust their practices for the UK market. This helps to promote GAP. HSE concluded that that the residue findings are unlikely to be of concern.
Starchy and cereal-based food results by food type in GB
Table 2: Starchy and cereal-based food results by food type in GB
| Food sampled | Number of samples tested | Number of samples containing residues at or below MRL | Number of samples containing residues above the MRL | Number of samples containing more than one pesticide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barley | 84 | 82 | 1 | 79 |
| Bread (gluten free) | 72 | 5 | 0 | 2 |
| Bread (ordinary) | 144 | 144 | 0 | 63 |
| Oats | 72 | 44 | 0 | 35 |
| Rice | 48 | 23 | 1 | 15 |
Table 2 presents the results of each starchy and cereal-based survey sampled and analysed in GB in 2025.
GB animal products results
For the GB survey, 492 samples of animal products were collected and tested in 2025 for up to 125 pesticides. Out of these 492 animal product samples, 96 samples were of fish (tinned). The results for fish (tinned) have not been included in the overall graph of results for the GB animal products survey as these foods have no MRLs. However, of the 96 fish (tinned) samples tested, 10 (10.42 percent) contained residues.
The following results are for the animal products excluding fish (tinned) that were tested:
- 394 samples (99.49 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 2 samples (0.51 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- none of the samples tested had residues above the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, overall results for animal products: 396 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 99.49% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 0.51% |
| Residues above the MRL | 0.00% |
Generally, products of animal origin have excellent compliance with MRLs, and the majority of samples have none of the residues sought by HSE. Fish do not currently have any set MRLs, however, HSE do consider the risks when a pesticide residue is found in fish.
Discussion of animal products results in GB
The GB programme collected and analysed samples of fish (tinned), milk and pork.
HSE found DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) residues in 9 samples in the survey of survey fish (tinned) and 2 samples in the survey of pork. DDT is not approved for use in the UK, the EU or many other countries around the world. The levels of DDT found in the fish (tinned) and pork samples would not be expected to have an effect on health. For residues detected in fish samples in 2025, the chemical form identified by the laboratories allows HSE to determine whether the residues are from historic use. Historic use is indicated by the detection of DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) which is a breakdown product of DDT. HSE found residues of DDE which indicate these findings are from historical use and are consistent with the continued decline of DDT residues in the environment. Further information on DDT can be found in the DDT section of this report.
Animal products results by food type in GB
Table 3: Animal product results by food type in GB
| Food sampled | Number of samples tested | Number of samples containing residues at or below MRL | Number of samples containing residues above the MRL | Number of samples containing more than one pesticide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fish (tinned)* | 96 | 10 | 0 | 1 |
| Milk | 300 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pork | 96 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Table 3 presents the results of animal product surveys sampled and analysed in GB in 2025.
- symbol means that no MRLs are applied to fish.
GB miscellaneous foods results
For the GB survey, 276 samples of miscellaneous foods were collected and tested for up to 417 pesticides in 2025.
The following results are for miscellaneous foods that were tested:
- 109 samples (39.49 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 164 samples (59.42 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 3 samples (1.09 percent) had residues above the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, overall results for miscellaneous food: 276 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 39.49% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 59.42% |
| Residues above the MRL | 1.09% |
Miscellaneous foods generally have good compliance with MRL regulations. HSE sample a range of commodities miscellaneous foods, depending on the GB control plan and the GB National plan, the number of surveys and samples HSE analyse will vary each year for these commodities. Therefore, the number of samples with residues detected or residues detected above the MRL may also vary. This could be attributed to testing of different commodities which may have a higher or lower incidence of pesticide residues detected. This could be due to the nature of the produce tested or the origin of the produce.
Discussion of miscellaneous foods results in GB
The GB programme collected and analysed samples of apple juice, mango juice, plant-based chocolate, plant-based protein, spices (cumin and turmeric), tomatoes (processed) and wine.
MRLs apply to all traded foods and drinks, including foods used as ingredients. For most foods, this means the raw, unprocessed commodity. However, MRLs also apply to prepared and processed foods and drinks. For these products, the impact of processing must be considered when determining compliance with the relevant MRL. To check that the ingredients used in prepared and processed foods and drinks complied with the relevant MRLs, HSE use appropriate processing factors, based on scientific studies of the effect of preparation and processing.
HSE found 3 samples with residues above the MRL in the survey of spices (cumin / turmeric). No MRL exceedances or residues requiring further risk consideration were found in the other miscellaneous foods tested.
In the spices survey, 3 residues of possible concern were identified that required further consideration due to potential genotoxicity. Picoxystrobin was detected in 2 cumin samples, chlorpyrifos was found in 2 cumin samples and 3 turmeric samples and carbofuran was found in 3 samples 1 cumin sample and 2 turmeric samples. Picoxystrobin, chlorpyrifos or carbofuran are not approved in the EU or UK. However, it is possible that these pesticides may still be used in other non-EU or UK countries. Suppliers are informed of these residue findings and were advised to take steps to adjust their practices for the UK market. This helps to promote GAP. Given the low short-term intake, HSE concluded that any risks of adverse health effects are low. Further information on genotoxicity can be found in the Substances that might be genotoxic in this report.
Another residue of concern detected in the spices survey was ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide was detected in 22 cumin and turmeric samples. This substance is of particular concern as it is known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic, with the potential to cause genetic damage and increase cancer risk. Any risks of adverse health effects are low at the highest levels of exposure after eating large portions (97.5th percentile consumption) of the cumin or turmeric samples containing the levels found in this report.
Miscellaneous food results by food type in GB
Table 4: Miscellaneous results by food type in GB
| Food sampled | Number of samples tested | Number of samples containing residues at or below MRL | Number of samples containing residues above the MRL | Number of samples containing more than one pesticide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apple juice | 60 | 53 | 0 | 48 |
| Mango juice | 18 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Plant-based chocolate | 36 | 5 | 0 | 2 |
| Plant-based protein | 24 | 6 | 0 | 0 |
| Spices (cumin and turmeric) | 60 | 46 | 3 | 35 |
| Tomatoes (processed) | 6 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
| Wine | 72 | 51 | 0 | 25 |
Table 4 presents the results of miscellaneous surveys sampled and analysed in GB in 2025.
GB infant food results
For the GB survey, 24 samples of infant food were collected and tested for up to 416 pesticides in 2025. This year the infant food was animal based.
Infant formula and infant food have their own MRLs which are set separately. Department of Health and Social Care are responsible for this legislation. However, these foods have been included in the UK’s national monitoring programme alongside other foods for many years and as part of the multi-annual control plan.
The following results are for the GB survey of infant food (animal based):
- 24 samples (100 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- no samples had residues found at or below the MRL
- none of the samples tested had residues above the MRL
Great Britain survey 2025, infant food (animal based) results: 24 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 100.0% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 0.0% |
| Residues above the MRL | 0.0% |
Infant foods are generally very compliant with MRL regulations set by the Department of Health and Social Care. HSE sample a different type of infant food each year depending on the GB control plan.
GB Samples with Residues over the MRL
All GB 2025 samples with residues above the MRL are presented in the following tables, listed by commodity on pages 35 to 40.
Table 5a: Barley (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1392/2025 | Pearl barley | Lebanon | Ethylene oxide (sum) | 0.1 | 0.02* | Yes |
Table 5b: Beans with pods (GB)
- symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5022/2025 | Guar beans | India | Diafenthiuron | 0.03 | 0.01 | Yes |
| 5022/2025 | Guar beans | India | Monocrotophos | 0.2 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5022/2025 | Guar beans | India | Omethoate | 0.08 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5022/2025 | Guar beans | India | Profenofos | 0.02 | 0.01* | No |
| 5422/2025 | Valor papdi beans | India | Chlorpyrifos | 0.09 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5423/2025 | Valor papdi beans | India | Chlorpyrifos | 0.03 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5017/2025 | Yard long beans | India | Dimethoate | 0.04 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5017/2025 | Yard long beans | India | Omethoate | 0.05 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5253/2025 | Yard long beans | Bangladesh | Chlorpyrifos | 0.08 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5253/2025 | Yard long beans | Bangladesh | Dinotefuran | 0.08 | 0.01 | Yes |
| 5274/2025 | Yard long beans | Thailand | Cypermethrin (sum) | 0.9 | 0.7 | No |
| 5419/2025 | Wing beans | Sri Lanka | Carbofuran (sum) | 0.02 | 0.01* | No |
| 5420/2025 | Long beans | Sri Lanka | Carbofuran (sum) | 0.2 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5179/2025 | Fine green beans | Rwanda | BAC (partial sum) | 0.2 | 0.1 | Yes |
| 5411/2025 | Long beans | Sri Lanka | Chlorothalonil | 0.2 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5412/2025 | Yard long beans | Thailand | Chlorfenapyr | 0.2 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5412/2025 | Yard long beans | Thailand | Propiconazole | 0.1 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5623/2025 | Long beans | Thailand | Buprofezin | 0.05 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5623/2025 | Long beans | Thailand | Fipronil (sum) | 0.03 | 0.005* | Yes |
| 5867/2025 | Fine beans | Rwanda | BAC (partial sum) | 1.9 | 0.1 | Yes |
| 5869/2025 | Fine beans | Rwanda | Chlorfenapyr | 0.03 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5039/2025 | Yard long beans | Thailand | Chlorfenapyr | 0.02 | 0.01* | No |
| 5414/2025 | Yard long beans | Thailand | DDAC (sum) | 2.2 | 0.1 | Yes |
| 5414/2025 | Yard long beans | Thailand | Propiconazole | 0.02 | 0.01* | No |
| 5414/2025 | Yard long beans | Thailand | Triazophos | 0.09 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5910/2025 | Yard long beans | India | Permethrin (sum) | 0.6 | 0.05* | Yes |
| 5910/2025 | Yard long beans | India | Quinalphos | 0.2 | 0.01* | Yes |
Table 5c: Figs (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1488/2025 | Black Bursa figs | Turkey | Azoxystrobin | 0.03 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 1488/2025 | Black Bursa figs | Turkey | Chlorantraniliprole | 0.02 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 3723/2025 | Siyah figs | Turkey | Cyflumetofen | 0.03 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5611/2025 | Figs | Turkey | Deltamethrin | 0.02 | 0.01* | No |
| 5619/2025 | Figs | Egypt | Cyfluthrin (sum) | 0.05 | 0.02* | Yes |
| 5619/2025 | Figs | Egypt | Dithiocarbamates | 0.6 | 0.05* | Yes |
| 5619/2025 | Figs | Egypt | Fludioxonil | 0.02 | 0.01* | Yes |
Table 5d: Grapes (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5562/2025 | Victoria grapes | Brazil | Abamectin (partial sum) | 0.02 | 0.01* | No |
Table 5e: Lettuce (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5560/2025 | Round lettuce | UK | Propyzamide | 2.9 | 0.6 | Yes |
| 5567/2025 | Flat lettuce | UK | Oxadixyl | 0.02 | 0.01* | No |
Table 5f: Mango (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5266/2025 | Kesar mango | India | Acephate | 0.02 | 0.01* | No |
Table 5g: Peaches and nectarines (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0242/2025 | Clariss yellow flesh nectarines | South Africa | Glufosinate (sum) | 0.2 | 0.15 | No |
| 5268/2025 | Boreal white flesh nectarines | South Africa | Glufosinate (sum) | 0.2 | 0.15 | No |
Table 5h: Potatoes (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5510/2025 | Spunta potatoes | Egypt | Fluazifop-p (sum) | 0.4 | 0.15 | Yes |
| 5511/2025 | Spunta potatoes | Egypt | Fosthiazate | 0.1 | 0.02* | Yes |
| 5514/2025 | Santana potatoes | Egypt | Fluazifop-p (sum) | 0.3 | 0.15 | No |
| 5401/2025 | Sagitta potatoes | UK | Flonicamid (sum) | 0.1 | 0.09 | No |
| 5920/2025 | Miranda potatoes | UK | Flonicamid (sum) | 0.2 | 0.09 | Yes |
| 5921/2025 | Sagitta potatoes | UK | Flonicamid (sum) | 0.1 | 0.09 | No |
Table 5i: Salad and baby leaf bags (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0516/2025 | Pre-packed mixed leaf salad | UK | Chlorate | 0.8 | 0.7 | No |
| 1252/2025 | Mild and tender baby leaf salad | UK | Chlorate | 1.6 | 0.7 | Yes |
| 3214/2025 | Bistro style salad | UK | Chlorate | 1.3 | 0.7 | No |
| 4558/2025 | Mixed tender baby leaf | UK | Chlorate | 1.5 | 0.7 | Yes |
| 4570/2025 | Baby leaf and herb salad | UK | Chlorate | 2.6 | 0.7 | Yes |
| 0389/2025 | Rocket and baby leaf salad | UK | Chlorate | 1.6 | 0.7 | Yes |
| 0405/2025 | Delicate and peppery baby leaf | UK | Chlorate | 0.9 | 0.7 | No |
| 1774/2025 | Crispy salad | UK | Chlorate | 4.6 | 0.7 | Yes |
| 4452/2025 | Rocket and baby leaves | UK | Chlorate | 1.8 | 0.7 | Yes |
Table 5j: Rice (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4007/2025 | Brown rice | UK | Hexaconazole | 0.03 | 0.01* | Yes |
Table 5k: Spice (cumin and turmeric) (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3111/2025 | Ground cumin | UK | Chlorpyrifos | 0.02 | 0.01* | No |
| 3111/2025 | Ground cumin | UK | Dinotefuran | 0.02 | 0.01 | Yes |
| 3111/2025 | Ground cumin | UK | Flonicamid (sum) | 0.2 | 0.1* | No |
| 3111/2025 | Ground cumin | UK | Imidacloprid | 0.1 | 0.05* | Yes |
| 3111/2025 | Ground cumin | UK | Tricyclazole | 0.7 | 0.05* | Yes |
| 3645/2025 | Cumin | China | Chlorpyrifos | 0.1 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 3645/2025 | Cumin | China | Kresoxim-methyl | 0.1 | 0.05* | No |
| 3645/2025 | Cumin | China | Picoxystrobin | 0.08 | 0.05* | No |
| 3645/2025 | Cumin | China | Tricyclazole | 0.5 | 0.05* | Yes |
| 3984/2025 | Turmeric | UK | Chlorpyrifos | 0.03 | 0.01* | Yes |
Table 5l: Spinach (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5028/2025 | Bunched spinach | Spain | Acetamiprid | 0.8 | 0.6 | No |
| 5028/2025 | Bunched spinach | Spain | Deltamethrin | 0.07 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5128/2025 | Bunched spinach | Spain | Deltamethrin | 0.03 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5245/2025 | Spinach | Spain | Acetamiprid | 0.8 | 0.6 | No |
| 5245/2025 | Spinach | Spain | Deltamethrin | 0.04 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5277/2025 | Baby spinach | UK | Lenacil | 0.2 | 0.1* | No |
| 5476/2025 | Baby leaf spinach | UK | Lenacil | 0.5 | 0.1* | Yes |
| 2592/2025 | Spinach | UK | Deltamethrin | 0.03 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5263/2025 | Fresh spinach | UK | Cypermethrin (sum) | 0.9 | 0.7 | No |
| 1981/2025 | Baby spinach | UK | Chlorate | 1 | 0.7 | No |
| 2126/2025 | Organic young spinach | Italy | Fluazifop-p (sum) | 0.09 | 0.02 | Yes |
| 2143/2025 | Baby spinach | UK | Chlorate | 1 | 0.7 | No |
| 2202/2025 | Spinach | UK | Deltamethrin | 0.08 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 3767/2025 | Spinach | UK | Deltamethrin | 0.07 | 0.01* | Yes |
Table 5m: Strawberries (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5730/2025 | Lady Emma strawberries | UK | Cyflufenamid | 0.06 | 0.04 | No |
| 5732/2025 | Strawberries | USA | Flonicamid (sum) | 0.1 | 0.03* | Yes |
| 1972/2025 | Monterey strawberries | Jordan | Flonicamid (sum) | 0.3 | 0.03* | Yes |
| 5852/2025 | Elsanta strawberries | Belgium | Flonicamid (sum) | 0.09 | 0.03* | Yes |
| 5853/2025 | Monterey strawberries | Jordan | Flonicamid (sum) | 0.3 | 0.03* | Yes |
| 5943/2025 | Elsanta strawberries | Belgium | Flonicamid (sum) | 0.06 | 0.03* | No |
Table 5n: Tomatoes (GB)
*symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5099/2025 | Pitenza tomatoes | Morocco | Chlorfenapyr | 0.06 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5237/2025 | Round tomatoes | Morocco | Chlorfenapyr | 0.1 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 5178/2025 | Tomatoes | The Netherlands | 2-phenylphenol (partial sum) | 0.05 | 0.01* | Yes |
Part 3: Results from the NI programme
Overall results
In 2025, HSE tested 922 samples from 25 different food surveys sampled in 4 locations in NI and analysed for up to 421 different pesticides. All samples were collected from retail sources.
Some food that is produced NI is specifically labelled as product of NI, but most is labelled as UK produced. Therefore, the results distinguish between UK and non-UK labelled food.
The following results summarise the findings from all the NI surveys:
- 481 samples (52.17 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 425 samples (46.10 percent) had residues at or below the MRL
- 16 samples (1.74 percent) had residues over the MRL
Northern Ireland survey 2025, overall results: 922 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 52.17% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 46.10% |
| Residues above the MRL | 1.74% |
Overall, the results are similar to previous years, and MRL compliance is very good. However, as HSE test a different range of commodities each year it is difficult to interpret a trend. Although for NI there was an no significant difference of the number of samples with residues and those with residues above the MRL.
Food sampled in NI from the UK
The following results are for samples in the NI surveys labelled as being produced in the UK:
- 233 samples (59.90 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 144 samples (37.02 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 12 sample (3.08 percent) had residues above the MRL
Northern Ireland survey 2025, food from the UK: 389 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 59.90% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 37.02% |
| Residues above the MRL | 3.08% |
Over the past few years, the number of samples tested of UK origin has gradually increased. Food and drink commodities of UK origin generally have good compliance with the MRL regulations. However, for NI in 2025 similarly to the overall UK figures there has been an increase in residues detected and residues detected above the MRL, which could be attributed to testing of different commodities which may have a higher incidence of pesticide residues detected. This could be due to the nature of the produce tested, the weather or the origin of the produce.
Food sampled in GB from outside the UK
The following results are for samples in the NI surveys labelled as being produced outside of the UK:
- 248 samples (46.53 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 281 samples (52.72 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 4 Samples (0.75 percent) had residues above the MRL
Northern Ireland survey 2025, food from outside the UK: 533 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 46.53% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 52.72% |
| Residues above the MRL | 0.75% |
Food and drink commodities of EU origin generally have good compliance with the MRL regulations. Food and drink commodities sampled from non-European countries have a higher non-compliance rate than those of European (including the UK) origin. This is likely due to the difference in regulatory practices in these other countries. However, HSE have observed that for some commodities where they are being specifically sold in Europe are compliant with EU/GB regulations. Which is likely from Euro-centric food business operators encouraging GAP and the requirement for compliance with EU regulations for food to be sold on the market in Europe.
For NI in 2025 there has been a decrease in residues detected and residues detected above the MRL, which could be attributed to testing of different commodities which may have a lower incidence of pesticide residues detected. This could be due to the nature of the produce tested, the weather or the origin of the produce. It could also be due to the influence of Euro-centric food business operators which have had an effect by increasing the compliance with EU regulations for certain commodities.
NI fruit and vegetable results
For the NI survey, 538 samples of fruit and vegetables and tested for up to 421 pesticides.
The following results are for all the fruit and vegetables that were tested:
- 218 samples (40.52 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 305 samples (56.69 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 15 samples (2.79 percent) had residues above the MRL
Northern Ireland survey 2025, overall results for fruit and vegetables: 538 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 40.52% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 56.69% |
| Residues above the MRL | 2.79% |
HSE has observed an increasing trend of more samples with no residues of pesticides sought over the past few years with fruit and vegetables in NI. HSE test a different range of commodities each year it is difficult to ascertain whether this trend will continue. However, MRL compliance remains similar across the same years.
Fruit and vegetables from the UK tested in the NI survey
The following results are for fruit and vegetables which were labelled as UK produced:
- 84 samples (52.83 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 64 samples (40.25 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 11 samples (6.92 percent) had residues above the MRL
Northern Ireland survey 2025, fruit and vegetables from the UK: 159 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 52.83% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 40.25% |
| Residues above the MRL | 6.92% |
Overall, compliance with MRLs for UK produced fruit and vegetable samples collected in NI has decreased. All MRL exceedances detected for 2025 were due to chlorates, which is used as a biocide for food hygiene purposes. Biocides are important tools for maintaining microbiological food safety. HSE have observed an increasing trend of MRL exceedances due to chlorates, this issue that is currently being investigated further by Chemical Regulation Division (CRD) Interventions Unit in HSE.
Discussion of fruit and vegetables results in NI
In the 2025 programme, no residues above the MRL were found in samples of beans with pods, cabbage, figs, grapes, lettuce, mango, peaches and nectarines, plums, potatoes, strawberries and tomatoes. The other fruit and vegetable surveys did contain at least one MRL exceedance.
The highest number of MRL exceedances in the fruit and vegetable surveys was observed in salad and baby leaf bags (10 samples), asparagus (2 samples), spinach (2 samples) and apples (one sample). For the MRL exceedances detected in the apple and asparagus samples, these were not considered to have any consumer risk. It is important to note that MRLs are not safety limits; they are set at levels below those considered to pose a risk to consumers.
The paragraphs below describe instances where detected residues required further risk assessment or additional consideration. These residues may not have been detected above the MRL.
In the apples survey, 1 sample containing acetamiprid was subject to a short‑term dietary risk assessment due to ongoing scrutiny regarding potential effects on human health. HSE concluded that no short-term health effects are expected.
In the potato survey, 1 sample contained glufosinate at a level requiring further assessment to determine whether there could be a short‑term effect on health due to multiple ARfD values. A short‑term dietary risk assessment was therefore undertaken, and HSE concluded that an effect on health was not expected.
Chlorate residues exceeding the MRL were detected in 12 vegetable samples in total, including 10 samples from the salad and baby leaf bags survey and 2 samples from the spinach survey. The pesticide sodium chlorate, a residual broad action weed killer, is not authorised for use in the UK or the EU. However, HSE are confident that the residues being detected do not arise from chlorates being used on crops as a plant protection product. Instead, they are most likely arising from the use of chlorine-based disinfectants, which are widely applied to maintain microbiological safety in both in food processing environments and in public water treatment systems (via chlorination).
Biocides are important tools for maintaining microbiological food safety and any changes in practice to comply with current pesticide MRLs need to be carefully considered to ensure food safety is not compromised. HSE continues to work with companies to ensure compliance and safety in this area.
Fruit and vegetables results by food type in NI
Table 6: Fruit and vegetables results by food type in NI
| Food sampled | Number of samples tested | Number of samples containing residues at or below MRL | Number of samples containing residues above the MRL | Number of samples containing more than one pesticide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Apples | 41 | 29 | 1 | 23 |
| Asparagus | 24 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Beans with pods | 36 | 14 | 0 | 7 |
| Cabbage | 36 | 9 | 0 | 2 |
| Figs | 19 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Grapes | 36 | 33 | 0 | 13 |
| Lettuce | 36 | 20 | 0 | 14 |
| Mango | 36 | 34 | 0 | 15 |
| Peaches and nectarines | 36 | 29 | 0 | 21 |
| Plums | 36 | 24 | 0 | 13 |
| Potatoes | 60 | 12 | 0 | 2 |
| Salad and baby leaf bags | 34 | 24 | 10 | 27 |
| Spinach | 36 | 27 | 2 | 20 |
| Strawberries | 36 | 33 | 0 | 28 |
| Tomatoes | 36 | 15 | 0 | 9 |
Table 6 presents the results of each fruit and vegetable survey sampled and analysed in NI in 2025.
NI starchy and cereal-based food
For the NI survey, 132 samples of starchy and cereal-based foods were collected and tested for up to 421 pesticides in 2025.
The following results are for the NI survey of starchy and cereal-based foods:
- 36 samples (27.27 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 96 samples (72.73 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- none of the samples had residues above the MRL
Northern Ireland survey 2025, results for starchy and cereal-based foods: 132 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 27.27% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 72.73% |
| Residues above the MRL | 0% |
HSE sample a range of commodities starchy and cereal based foods, depending on the EU coordinated control plan and the NI National plan, the number of surveys and samples HSE analyse will vary each year for these commodities. Although the number of samples with pesticide residues are generally high, the number of samples with residues above the MRL are very low. Demonstrating the good compliance starchy and cereal-based foods have with MRLs.
Discussion of starchy and cereal-based foods in NI
The NI programme collected and analysed barley, bread (gluten free), bread (ordinary) and oats. No residues above the MRL were detected in any of the starchy food or cereal-based foods tested in NI and none of the residues detected were a cause of concern.
Starchy and cereal-based food results by food type in NI
Table 7: Starchy and cereal-based food results by food type in NI
| Food sampled | Number of samples tested | Number of samples containing residues at or below MRL | Number of samples containing residues above the MRL | Number of samples containing more than one pesticide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barley | 36 | 31 | 0 | 26 |
| Bread (gluten free) | 12 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
| Bread (ordinary) | 48 | 45 | 0 | 20 |
| Oats | 36 | 18 | 0 | 10 |
Table 7 presents the results of each starchy and cereal-based foods survey sampled and analysed in NI in 2025.
NI animal products results
For the NI survey, 216 samples of animal products were collected and tested in 2025 for up to 47 pesticides. Out of these 216 animal product samples, 48 samples were of fish (tinned). The results for fish (tinned) have not been included in the overall graph of results for the NI animal products survey as these foods have no MRLs. However, of the 48 fish (tinned) samples tested, 10 (20.83 percent) contained residues.
The following results are for the NI survey of animal products excluding fish:
- 165 samples (98.21 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 2 sample (1.19 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- 1 sample (0.60 percent) had residues above the MRL
Northern Ireland survey 2025, overall results for animal products: 168 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 98.21% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 1.19% |
| Residues above the MRL | 0.60% |
Generally, products of animal origin have excellent compliance with MRLs, and the majority of samples have none of the residues sought by HSE. Fish do not currently have any set MRLs, however, HSE do consider the risks when a pesticide residue is found in fish.
Discussion of animal products results in NI
The NI programme collected and analysed cheese (hard), fish (tinned), milk and pork.
HSE detected BAC in 1 sample of the fish (tinned) survey and 2 samples of the pork survey. Most of the residues found in animal products were of BAC (benzalkonium chloride) or DDAC which is a disinfectant widely used during food preparation, processing and butchery. Disinfectants are used for microbiological safety to control microorganisms that cause food poisoning.
Biocides are important tools for maintaining microbiological food safety. Any changes in practice to comply with current pesticide MRLs need to be carefully considered to ensure food safety is not compromised. HSE continues to work with companies to ensure compliance and safety in this area.
HSE found DDT residues in 7 samples of fish (tinned). DDT is not approved for use in the UK, the EU or many other countries around the world. The levels of DDT found in the fish (tinned) and pork samples would not be expected to have an effect on health. For residues detected in fish samples in 2025, the chemical form identified by the laboratories allows HSE to determine whether the residues are from historic use. Historic use is indicated by the detection of DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) which is a breakdown product of DDT. HSE found residues of DDE which indicate these findings are from historical use and are consistent with the continued decline of DDT residues in the environment. Further information can be found in the DDT section in this report.
Animal products results by food type in NI
Table 8: Animal product results by food type in NI
| Food sampled | Number of samples tested | Number of samples containing residues at or below MRL | Number of samples containing residues above the MRL | Number of samples containing more than one pesticide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheese (hard) | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fish (tinned)* | 48 | 10 | 0 | 0 |
| Milk | 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pork | 72 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Table 8 presents the results of animal product surveys sampled and analysed in NI in 2025.
- symbol means that no MRLs are applied to fish.
NI miscellaneous foods results
For the NI survey, 24 samples of miscellaneous foods in 2025 were collected and tested for up to 413 pesticides.
The NI programme collected and analysed wine.
The following results are for the NI survey of miscellaneous foods:
- 12 samples (50 percent) had none of the residues HSE looked for
- 12 samples (50 percent) had residues found at or below the MRL
- none of the samples had residues above the MRL
Northern Ireland survey 2025, overall results for miscellaneous food: 24 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 50.00% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 50.00% |
| Residues above the MRL | 0.0% |
HSE sample a range of commodities for miscellaneous foods, depending on the EU coordinated control plan and the NI National plan, the number of surveys and samples HSE analyse will vary each year for these commodities. Therefore, the number of samples with residues detected or residues detected above the MRL may also vary. This could be attributed to testing of different commodities which may have a higher or lower incidence of pesticide residues detected. This could be due to the nature of the produce tested or the origin of the produce.
Discussion of miscellaneous foods results in NI
The NI programme collected and analysed wine. No MRL exceedances or residues requiring further risk consideration were found in wine.
MRLs apply to all traded foods and drinks, including foods used as ingredients. For most foods, this means the raw, unprocessed commodity. However, MRLs also apply to prepared and processed foods and drinks. For these products, the impact of processing must be considered when determining compliance with the relevant MRL. To check that the ingredients used in prepared and processed foods and drinks complied with the relevant MRLs, HSE use appropriate processing factors, based on scientific studies of the effect of preparation and processing.
Miscellaneous food results by food type in NI
Table 9: Miscellaneous results by food type in NI
| Food sampled | Number of samples tested | Number of samples containing residues at or below MRL | Number of samples containing residues above the MRL | Number of samples containing more than one pesticide |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wine | 24 | 12 | 0 | 3 |
Table 9 presents the results of miscellaneous surveys sampled and analysed in NI in 2025.
NI infant food results
For the NI survey, 12 samples of infant food (fruit and vegetable) were collected and tested for up to 408 in 2025.
Infant food and infant formula have their own MRLs which are set separately. Department of Health and Social Care are responsible for this legislation. However, these foods have been included in the UK’s national monitoring programme alongside other foods for many years and as part of the multi-annual control plan.
The following results are for the NI survey of infant food:
- 12 samples (100 percent) contained none of the pesticides HSE looked for
- none of the samples had residues found at or below the MRL
- none of the samples had residues above the MRL
Northern Ireland survey 2025, infant food (fruit and vegetable) : 12 samples
| Result | Percentage (%) of samples |
|---|---|
| None of the residues HSE looked for | 100.0% |
| Residues found at or below the MRL | 0.0% |
| Residues above the MRL | 0.0% |
Infant foods are generally very compliant with MRL regulations set by the Department of Health and Social Care. HSE sample a different type of infant food each year depending on the EU coordinated control plan.
NI Samples with Residues over the MRL
All NI 2025 samples with residues above the MRL are presented in the following tables, listed by commodity on pages 49 to 51.
Table 10a: Apples (NI)
- symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3800/2025 | Apples | Italy | Fenhexamid | 0.026 | 0.01* | Yes |
Table 10b: Asparagus (NI)
- symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0841/2025 | Asparagus | Mexico | Linuron | 0.023 | 0.01* | Yes |
| 4720/2025 | Asparagus | Peru | Fludioxonil | 0.011 | 0.01* | No |
Table 10c: Pork (NI)
- symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1828/2025 | Pork fillet | UK | BAC (sum) | 0.19 | 0.1 | No |
Table 10d: Salad and baby leaf bags (NI)
- symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0979/2025 | Tender baby leaf salad leaves | Ireland | Chlorate | 0.72 | 0.7 | No |
| 1280/2025 | Radicchio, lambs lettuce and frisee | UK | Chlorate | 1.2 | 0.7 | No |
| 1848/2025 | Butterhead salad | UK | Chlorate | 0.95 | 0.7 | No |
| 1865/2025 | Mixed leaf salad | UK | Chlorate | 1.2 | 0.7 | No |
| 2174/2025 | Radicchio, lambs lettuce, frisee | UK | Chlorate | 3.9 | 0.7 | Yes |
| 2541/2025 | Mixed leaf salad | UK | Chlorate | 0.84 | 0.7 | No |
| 3093/2025 | Iceberg lettuce | UK | Chlorate | 0.72 | 0.7 | No |
| 4131/2025 | Rocket | UK | Chlorate | 1.4 | 0.7 | No |
| 4322/2025 | Radicchio, lambs’ lettuce and frisee | UK | Chlorate | 1.7 | 0.7 | Yes |
| 4640/2025 | Baby leaf bags | UK | Chlorate | 1.6 | 0.7 | Yes |
####Table 10e: Spinach (NI)
- symbol indicates LOD MRL
| Sample ID | Food type | Country of origin | Pesticide detected | Residue detected (mg per kg) | MRL (mg per kg) | MRL exceedance after allowing for measurement uncertainty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0750/2025 | Baby leaf spinach | UK | Chlorate | 3.7 | 0.7 | Yes |
| 0770/2025 | Baby leaf spinach | UK | Chlorate | 1.5 | 0.7 | Yes |
Forward look for 2026
Foods to be sampled in 2026
- Baby corn / corn on the cob
- Beans (dried)
- Beans with pods
- Bread (morning bakery)
- Bread (ordinary)
- Carrots
- Cauliflower
- Cherry
- Courgettes
- Grapes (dried)
- Grapes (table)
- Fish (sea)
- Grapes
- Infant formula
- Kiwi fruit
- Lamb
- Leeks
- Liver (bovine)
- Milk
- Onions
- Orange juice
- Oranges
- Parsnips
- Pasta
- Pears
- Potatoes
- Poultry meat
- Rice
- Rice cakes
- Rye flour
- Speciality fruit
- Spring onions
Annex 1 – Laboratory quality control
The samples collected in 2025 for each survey were analysed at one of 4 official laboratories.
Ordinarily, each laboratory tests all the samples for a survey. Sending all the samples of one type to one laboratory gives economies of scale for the programme, as well as enabling laboratories to develop or improve analytical methodology within particular areas.
For samples collected in NI, the official laboratory must be located in either NI or in the EU.
Each laboratory is accredited by the UK Accreditation Service (UKAS) or the Irish National Accreditation Board (INAB) to ISO/IEC 17025:2017 for the analyses performed.
Each laboratory is required to take part in independent proficiency tests relevant to the monitoring programme and share their scores with HSE. During 2025, all 4 laboratories took part in relevant proficiency testing organised by the EU Reference Laboratory.
During 2025, the laboratories were required to follow the Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed.
Great Britain
| Laboratory | Testing accreditation number |
|---|---|
| SASA, Edinburgh | 1406 UKAS [a] |
| Fera Science Ltd, York | 1642 UKAS [a] |
Northern Ireland
| Laboratory | Testing accreditation number |
|---|---|
| Agri Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast | 2632 UKAS [a] |
| Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) | 385T INAB [b] |
[a] UKAS is the national accreditation body for the United Kingdom
[b] INAB is the national accreditation body for Ireland