Decision

Advice Letter: Rishi Sunak, Senior Advisor, Microsoft Corporation

Updated 9 October 2025

1. BUSINESS APPOINTMENT APPLICATION: The Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Paid appointment with Microsoft Corporation.

You approached the Advisory Committee on Business Appointments (the Committee) under the government’s Business Appointment Rules for Former Ministers (the Rules) seeking advice on taking up an appointment as a Senior Advisor with Microsoft Corporation (Microsoft).

The purpose of the Rules is to protect the integrity of the government. The Committee has considered the risks associated with the actions and decisions taken during your time in office, alongside the information and influence you may offer Microsoft as the former Prime Minister. The material information taken into consideration by the Committee is set out in the annex below.

The Committee’s^{[footnote 1]} advice is not an endorsement of the appointment. The advice imposes a number of conditions to mitigate the potential risks to the government associated with this appointment under the Rules – including a limitation to the role.

The Ministerial Code sets out that ministers must abide by the Committee’s advice. It is an applicant’s personal responsibility to manage the propriety of any appointment. Former ministers of the Crown, and Members of Parliament, are expected to uphold the highest standards of propriety and act in accordance with the 7 Principles of Public Life.

2. The Committee’s consideration of the risks presented

2.1 Context

Microsoft is a US-based, global technology company, with services in AI, cloud, computing, gaming, enterprise services and hardware. It is one of the world’s most valuable companies.^{[footnote 2]} It is a strategic supplier and major stakeholder of the UK government – a relationship which both predates and postdates your time in government. It has a range of contracts with government departments including the newest memorandum of understanding with Crown Commercial Services, representing a yearly spend of £1.4bn to deliver digital transformation, adoption of AI and cloud services.^{[footnote 3]}

Microsoft is also a major investor into the UK. During your time as Prime Minister you announced a £2.5 billion investment^{[footnote 4]} at the AI Safety Summit in November 2023,^{[footnote 5]} for AI infrastructure and skills. Microsoft has just, in September 2025, committed another £22 billion investment into the UK for AI infrastructure and operations, alongside additional investment from other tech companies (including Google and Nvidia).^{[footnote 6]}

You said that your role as a Senior Advisor to Microsoft would involve providing high-level strategic perspectives on macro-economic and geopolitical trends and how they intersect with technology and society. You will also speak at the annual Microsoft Summit. You noted that you will not be advising on any UK policy matters.

2.2 The risks associated with your official dealings with the sector 

As Prime Minister, you were responsible for the government’s policies and decisions, and for overseeing all ministers, the Civil Service and government agencies. While you were not, and could not be, involved in all detail, you were accountable for government decision-making. The Committee agreed with the assessment of the Cabinet Office for this application – that it is likely there were numerous decisions you made which impacted the tech/AI sector.

During your time as Prime Minister, tech and AI were significant priorities. You had considerable engagement with the sector and provided significant support for the developments and investments made during, and by, your administration.  Your sector engagement included one-to-one meetings with Bill Gates, roundtables with industry representatives including Microsoft, supporting Microsoft’s investments into the UK, hosting the AI Safety Summit, and subsequently establishing the AI Safety Institute.^{[footnote 7]}

During your time as Prime Minister, the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024^{[footnote 8]} passed through parliament – a legislative decision which gives the Competition and Markets Authority powers to investigate and enforce penalties on anticompetitive practices, which has the potential to negatively impact Microsoft given that, through its market share and the duopoly it shares with Amazon Web Services (AWS) in cloud services, its practices could be considered to be anticompetitive.^{[footnote 9]}

Overall, the Committee does not consider you could reasonably be perceived to have taken any specific decisions or actions in anticipation of this role. However, your close engagement with the sector during your time in office was relevant to the Committee’s decision. In particular, you led the government at a time when tech and AI were significant global issues and introduced and supported a range of initiatives and policies, some of which may be seen as indirectly beneficial to the sector and  Microsoft. 

2.3 Risks associated with your access to privileged information, contacts and influence

There is clear overlap between this appointment and your role in office – a risk that would likely arise with almost any outside role, given the breadth of issues you would have dealt with. As the former Prime Minister, you will have been privy to a range of high-level sensitive information on most government-related matters. This includes information relating to the tech/AI sector, given your extensive engagement with the industry and other stakeholders operating in the sector. As such, there are risks associated with your access to information that may grant Microsoft an unfair advantage. 

There are factors that reduce this risk, broadly and in relation to the tech/AI sector. There is no specific information that the Cabinet Office is aware of from your time as Prime Minister that would offer Microsoft an unfair advantage; and you have been out of office for 14 months. The passage of time helps to reduce the likely value of any information you retain. In that time there have been some economic and geopolitical developments that impact the sector, which is fast moving.  

Despite the limiting factors above, it is difficult to demonstrate that information that was available to you as Prime Minister on relevant matters is now obsolete. It is significant that you confirmed your role will not include advising on specific UK policy matters.

Microsoft has an interest in UK government policy and commercial contracts. As the former Prime Minister there is a reasonable concern that you could be seen to offer unfair access to, and influence in, the UK government. This risk is heightened given the ongoing debate and lobbying efforts by large tech companies, including Microsoft, on the approach to best regulate AI.^{[footnote 10]} Although you have said that your role will not involve any lobbying or contact with the UK government, the Committee considered that it would be impossible to mitigate the risk of perceived lobbying were you to initiate contact of any sort with the UK government on behalf of Microsoft; given its extensive interest in government.

3. The Committee’s advice

The main risk in this case stems from your former role as Prime Minister, when you had overall responsibility for the UK government, and your privileged position granted you power to influence decisions and unique access to high-level information and contacts.

The Committee recognised that the risks associated with your access to information are somewhat limited by the factors discussed above.  However, it considered that it is likely that you will be seen to have retained privileged insight and influence. Consequently, alongside the standard conditions, conditions have been imposed to prevent you from having any direct engagement with the UK government and on working on matters you were involved in as Prime Minister to limit the potential for risks to arise under the Rules.

Microsoft has confirmed that your role will be appropriately ring-fenced so as to not conflict with the conditions set out below. Further, Microsoft told the Committee  that, should any conflicts arise, it has a robust system in place for addressing such matters. 

The Committee advises, under the government’s Business Appointment Rules, that your appointment with Microsoft Corporation be subject to the following conditions:

• you should not draw on (disclose or use for the benefit of yourself or the persons or organisations to which this advice refers) any privileged information available to you from your time in ministerial office; 

• for two years from your last day in ministerial office, you should not become personally involved in lobbying the UK government or its arm’s length bodies on behalf of Microsoft Corporation (including parent companies, subsidiaries, partners and clients); nor should you make use, directly or indirectly of your contacts in the government and/or ministerial contacts to influence policy, secure business funding or otherwise unfairly advantage Microsoft Corporation (including parent companies, subsidiaries, partners and clients); 

• for two years from your last day in ministerial office, you should not provide advice to, or on behalf of, Microsoft Corporation on the terms of, or with regard to the subject matter of, a bid or contract with, or relating directly to the work of the UK government or its arm’s length bodies; 

• for two years from your last day in ministerial office, your role with Microsoft Corporation should be limited to providing advice on strategy, macro-economic and geopolitical matters that do not conflict with your time as Prime Minister. This includes: 

  • not advising on matters not yet in the public domain in line with the conditions above; 
  • not advising on matters that are already in the public domain where it could reasonably be perceived that your role as Prime Minister in developing or determining a policy or regulatory decision would give rise to a conflict under the government’s Business Appointment Rules; and 

• for two years from your last day in ministerial office, you must not initiate any engagement with the UK government or its arm’s length bodies on behalf of Microsoft Corporation (or parent companies, subsidiaries, partners and clients).

The advice and the conditions under the government’s Business Appointment Rules relate to your previous role in government only; they are separate from rules administered by other bodies such as the Office of the Registrar of Consultant Lobbyists, the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards and the Registrar of Lords’ Interests.^{[footnote 11]} You are reminded that as a Member of Parliament you have a separate ban on paid lobbying under the Parliamentary Code of Conduct. It is an applicant’s personal responsibility to understand any other rules and regulations they may be subject to in parallel with this Committee’s advice.

By ‘privileged information’ we mean official information to which a minister or Crown servant has had access as a consequence of his or her office or employment and which has not been made publicly available. Applicants are also reminded that they may be subject to other duties of confidentiality, whether under the Official Secrets Act, the Civil Service Code or otherwise.

The Business Appointment Rules explain that the restriction on lobbying means that the former Crown servant/minister ‘should not engage in communication with government (ministers, civil servants, including special advisers, and other relevant officials/public office holders) – wherever it takes place – with a view to influencing a government decision, policy or contract award/grant in relation to their own interests or the interests of the organisation by which they are employed, or to whom they are contracted or with which they hold office.’

You must inform us as soon as your appointment is live or is announced. You must also inform us if you propose to extend or otherwise change the nature of your role as, depending on the circumstances, it may be necessary for you to make a fresh application.

Once the appointment has been publicly announced or taken up, it will be published.

4. Annex – Material information 

4.1 The company

Microsoft is a US-based, global technology company offering services in AI, cloud, computing, gaming, enterprise services and hardware. It is one of the world’s most valuable companies based on the total value of its outstanding shares of stock.

Microsoft has an ongoing commercial relationship with the government. In October 2024 a memorandum of understanding (MoU) was signed between Crown Commercial Services (CCS) and Microsoft, which represents circa £9 billion of spend over five years. CCS negotiated this as a baseline of commercial pricing, discounts and terms on behalf of the government. The government and wider public sector procures Microsoft services through:

• The G-Cloud Framework – which allows public sector organisations to procure Microsoft’s cloud services in a simplified manner.
• The Technology Products and Associated Services Framework for aggregated procurement of Microsoft licensing, which can help public sector organisations achieve greater savings.
• Individual Contracts between Microsoft and government departments, some of which are with Microsoft resellers.

Since 2019, Microsoft has been OpenAI’s largest investor (over $13 billion to date). OpenAI has developed ChatGPT, a generative AI, large language model, and Microsoft’s cloud platform Azure is the exclusive cloud provider for OpenAI’s operations. Microsoft has also integrated OpenAI’s technology, such as ChatGPT, into its products.  In July 2025, the government signed an MoU with OpenAI and covers collaboration on public sector AI adoption (of tools such as Humphrey^{[footnote 12]} and Consult^{[footnote 13]}), infrastructure development, and technical information exchange. 

4.2 Other relevant information

Microsoft’s investment into the UK

In November 2023 you announced Microsoft’s £2.5 billion investment into the UK  at the Global Investment Summit. This was focused on expanding AI infrastructure – to bring 20,000 advanced Graphics Processing Units to the UK by 2026, boosting AI capabilities and supporting the government’s aim to be a science and technology superpower. This coincided with the opening of Microsoft’s new AI hub in London.^{[footnote 14]}

On 17 September 2025 Microsoft announced that it, alongside Nvidia, Google and other large technology firms had pledged a total investment of £31bn into the UK, in an agreement dubbed the ‘Tech Prosperity Deal’. The investment will in part develop the UK’s infrastructure, with creation of data centres and a new supercomputer in Essex. Microsoft pledged £22 billion.

Relevant policies and legislation from your premiership

The AI Safety Institute (now the AI Security Institute):^{[footnote 15]} The AI Safety Summit was held in 2023,^{[footnote 16]} bringing together leaders within the AI space. Led by the Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT), a key outcome was the establishment of the UK’s AI Safety Institute – a new body dedicated to testing the safety of new AI models. Microsoft attended and participated in discussions^{[footnote 17]} and, alongside other tech and AI companies, is directly affected by the emerging global consensus on AI safety and regulation.

AI Opportunity Forum: This forum was announced by you in January 2024, aimed at boosting adoption of AI across the UK’s private sector to help companies improve productivity, fuel growth, and unlock new opportunities. Microsoft was included in this group, which comprised leading tech firms.^{[footnote 18]}

Digital Markets and Competition Policy: Your administration took significant steps to regulate digital markets and promote competition. The Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (DMCC Act) gives the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) new powers to regulate technology companies. For example, to designate firms with Strategic Market Status^{[footnote 19]} in specific digital activities; and impose tailored codes of conduct to prevent them from abusing their market power. 

This legislation is designed to address concerns about the dominance of large tech firms and will likely have a significant impact on Microsoft’s business practices in the UK. The Department for Business and Trade^{[footnote 20]} led on the implementation of the Act, and DSIT was involved, as was the CMA, which has published its initial implementation plan for the digital markets regime.^{[footnote 21]} It comes into force slowly, over 2024 and 2026.^{[footnote 22]}

There is currently a duopoly for cloud computing – between Amazon Web Service (AWS) and Microsoft. The CMA conducted an investigation into anticompetitive practices within the cloud services market. The investigation recommended that the CMA use its powers under the DMCC Act, to prioritise commencing strategic market status investigations to consider designating AWS and Microsoft with Strategic Market Status in relation to anticompetitive practices within their digital cloud services. Doing so would allow bespoke conduct and behavioural requirements to be imposed. The CMA Board is expected to consider its options in early 2026.^{[footnote 23]}

4.3 The role

You seek to take up a paid part-time role with Microsoft. You told the Committee that the role would involve providing high-level strategic perspectives on macro-economic and geopolitical trends and how they intersect with innovation, regulation, and digital transformation; and speaking at the annual Microsoft Summit and other events.^{[footnote 24]} You said that you will not be advising on UK policy matters and the role will be internally-facing, working with the senior leadership of the company. 

In addition, you said:

• The role will not involve contact with the UK government. 
• You will be donating your salary from this appointment to a charity that you launched in February 2025 called The Richmond Project.^{[footnote 25]} You said that you will not personally financially benefit from this appointment. 

4.4 Correspondence with Microsoft

Microsoft provided the Committee with the following confirmation: 

• your role will be appropriately ring-fenced to ensure adherence to the conditions in this advice letter;
• it will comply with the Business Appointment Rules;
• the role will not include any lobbying on behalf of Microsoft to the UK government or advising on any UK policy matters; and
• should any actual or potential conflicts of interest arise, Microsoft has a robust system in place for addressing such matters.

4.5 Dealings in office 

Regarding your role as Prime Minister, you told the Committee: 

• You did not make any commercial decisions specific to Microsoft.
• You did not make any policy or regulatory decisions specific to Microsoft.

• You did have involvement in government events and decisions relating to the technology sector, some of which will have been relevant to Microsoft, but said that these are now in the public domain. For example:

  • You hosted the first global AI Summit in Bletchley Park in November 2023.^{[footnote 26]}
  • The establishment of the AI Security Institute,^{[footnote 27]} following the 2023 UK AI Summit.^{[footnote 28]}
  • The passage and enactment of the Digital Markets Competition and Consumer Bill (given Royal Assent on 24 May 2024).^{[footnote 29]}
  • The introduction of the Data Protection and Digital Information Act (which did not reach Royal Assent).^{[footnote 30]}

You said you had contact with Microsoft at larger events including  the Business Connect Event,^{[footnote 31]} Global Investor Summit^{[footnote 32]} and the AI Safety Summit, all of which were attended by 100+ businesses. You also met with leading figures across the tech sector, including competitors to Microsoft.

You said you no longer have access to sensitive information that could grant Microsoft an unfair advantage. You said that the currency of information to which you had access has reduced because you have been out of office for over 14 months, AI is a fast-moving sector, and there have been comprehensive new policies announced in the AI space since you left office. You said that these include the AI Opportunities Action Plan^{[footnote 33]} and the Cyber Security and Resilience Bill.^{[footnote 34]}

4.6 Departmental assessment

The Cabinet Office confirmed the details provided by you in your application. It also provided information about your time in office as Prime Minister with regard to your decision-making, access to information, and contact with Microsoft. 

Decision-making and departmental relationship with Microsoft

The Cabinet Office said that there are numerous contracts and partnerships between the Cabinet Office and Microsoft, including the planned move from Google based services to Microsoft based services;^{[footnote 35]} and an agreement for AI services.^{[footnote 36]} It said that as the Prime Minister it was unlikely you had any direct involvement in departmental decision-making on Microsoft contracts.

The Cabinet Office said it is likely that you took decisions that impacted Microsoft due to the wide-ranging nature of your role as Prime Minister. You championed and supported many different policies, some of which are now in the public domain, and some of which will have been progressed by the new administration. 

The Cabinet office noted that you were the main driving force for the  AI Safety Summit in November 2023. It confirmed that your involvement did not lead to any decisions being made that were specific to Microsoft. 

Contact with Microsoft, Bill Gates, OpenAI

The Cabinet Office said that as Prime Minister, you had contact with:

• Microsoft, in the form of conferences, roundtables, and networking events. 
• Bill Gates in a one-to-one youtube video where you were interviewed by AI.^{[footnote 37]}
• the Bill And Melinda Gates Foundation for discussions on climate and sustainability. 
• OpenAI – on a one-to-one basis and at roundtables. 

Relevant meetings the Cabinet Office provided, taken from its departmental transparency records, are listed at the end of this annex. 

Access to information

The Cabinet Office said that you did not have access to any specific information that could grant Microsoft an unfair advantage. It said that the 14 months since you left office will have helped to diminish the salience and currency of the information to which you had access. 

It also confirmed, as set out in the list below (at paragraph 25), that you had wide-ranging engagement with the sector including meeting with competitors of Microsoft.

4.7 Departmental recommendation

The Cabinet Office recommended that this appointment be subject to the standard conditions, plus:

• that your role is limited to advising on strategy, macro-economic and geopolitical matters that do not conflict with your time as Prime Minister;
• that you should not advise on matters in which you were involved as Prime Minister which have have not yet been determined or have not yet been made public; and
• that you should not advise clients/investors with whom you had material dealings in his role as PM.
• that you should not initiate any direct engagement with the UK government on behalf of Microsoft. 

4.8 Contact with the sector

Relevant meetings the departmental provided from its  transparency records, are listed below 

Contact with Microsoft

• 2023-02-13: OpenAI – Artificial intelligence technology application opportunities in public services, and a demonstration of a multimodal large language model^{[footnote 38]}
• 2023-02-15: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Breakthrough Energy – The launch of Cleantech for the UK
• 2023-04-24: Microsoft UK – Informal engagement with business leaders at a Business Connect event to discuss achieving economic growth through innovation
• 2023-05-24: OpenAI – Roundtable with leading frontier AI companies on the risks and opportunities from frontier AI development
• 2023-10-12: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Breakthrough Energy – Innovation in sustainable energy and funding for UK projects, the Global Investment Summit and AI
• 2024-04-08: Open AI – Artificial Intelligence safety
• You have videos appearing with Bill Gates on the No 10 YouTube page.
• You visited the headquarters of Microsoft in February 2022.

Contact with other technology companies

• 2023-04-11: Andreessen Horowitz – Andreessen Horowitz investment in the UK
• 2023-04-17: Oracle – Oracle’s work in the UK and the importance of maths to 18
• 2023-04-24: OpenAI, Anthropic, DeepMind – The opportunities and risks of frontier Artificial Intelligence development, and the UK’s role in its development
• 2023-05-26: Alphabet, Google UK and Ireland – The UK’s strengths as a technology superpower, the AI White Paper and regulatory guardrails, and Google’s investments in the UK
• 2023-06-08: Snap – The UK as a business destination for social media tech platforms and science and technology education
• 2023-06-12: Various Tech companies – Informal engagement with tech entrepreneurs during dinner at No 10 to mark commencement of London Tech Week
• 2023-07-04: Apple Inc – Tech policy and data protection
• 2023-07-27: Alphabet Google – Artificial Intelligence, digital markets and the Online Safety Bill
• 2023-10-06: Samsung Group, Samsung UK – The Republic of Korea State Visit, Samsung’s operations in the UK and AI
• 2023-11-02: Tesla Inc/SpaceX/X Corp – Development of AI, AI Safety and Regulation and the technology ecosystem
• 2024-02-28: Dell Technologies and Intel - Dell and Intel’s UK investments and AI developments
• 2024-03-28
• 2024-04-08: Andreessen Horowitz – The UK’s pro-innovation approach to Artificial Intelligence model safety
• 2024-04-18: Alphabet, Google UK – How to protect young people from social media harms
• 2024-04-19: Amazon – The UK as a destination for AI innovation and investment
• 2024-05-01: Eric Schmidt – Wide-ranging discussion on current AI technologies

1. This application for advice was considered by Isabel Doverty; Hedley Finn OBE; Sarah de Gay; Dawid Konotey-Ahulu CBE DL; Michael Prescott; and The Baroness Thornton. ↩

2. https://www.statista.com/statistics/263264/top-companies-in-the-world-by-market-capitalization/#:~:text=With%20a%20market%20capitalization%20of,parent%20company%20Alphabet%2C%20and%20Amazon ↩

3. https://www.crowncommercial.gov.uk/news/crown-commercial-service-signs-memorandum-understanding-microsoft-uk-spa24 ↩

4. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/boost-for-uk-ai-as-microsoft-unveils-25-billion-investment ↩

5. https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/ai-safety-summit-2023 ↩

6. https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2025/09/16/microsoft-30-billion-uk-ai-future/ ↩

7. Tackling AI security risks to unleash growth and deliver Plan for Change - GOV.UK ↩

8. https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3453, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/13/contents ↩

9. https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/cloud-services-market-investigation ↩

10. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c7016ljre03o ↩

11. All Peers and Members of Parliament are prevented from paid lobbying under the the House of Commons Code of Conduct and the Code of Conduct for Members of the House of Lords. Advice on your obligations under the Code can be sought from the Parliamentary Commissioners for Standards, in the case of MPs, or the Registrar of Lords’ Interests, in the case of peers. ↩

12. ‘Humphrey’ is a suite of bespoke AI powered tools created to improve a range of different processes within government and better deliver on ministerial priorities. Included in this toolkit are: Consult, Minute, Redbox, Parlex and Lex. Most of i. AI’s products are not yet open-access. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jun/15/government-roll-out-humphrey-ai-tool-reliance-big-tech ↩

13. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/openai-to-expand-uk-office-and-work-with-government-departments-to-turbocharge-the-uks-ai-infrastructure-and-transform-public-services ↩

14. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2024/04/07/announcing-new-microsoft-ai-hub-in-london/ ↩

15. Tackling AI security risks to unleash growth and deliver Plan for Change - GOV.UK ↩

16. The AI safety summit was held in November 2023. It was to address the challenges and potential risks of advanced AI. This summit led to the signing of a joint declaration by 58 nations, the Statement on Inclusive and Sustainable Artificial Intelligence for People and the Planet, at the subsequent AI Action Summit. ↩

17. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-safety-summit-2023-chairs-statement-2-november/chairs-summary-of-the-ai-safety-summit-2023-bletchley-park#:~:text=During%20the%20second%20set%20of,October%20%5Bfootnote%206%5D). ↩

18. https://www.uktech.news/ai/google-microsoft-ai-opportunity-20240212 ↩

19. A company can be designated as such if it has a global turnover of over £25 billion or UK turnover exceeding £1 billion, has substantial and entrenched market power in particular digital activity, and holds a position of strategic significance in that digital activity. ↩

20. https://questions-statements.parliament.uk/written-statements/detail/2024-09-09/hcws74#:~:text=Statement%20from,HLWS74 ↩

21. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-sets-out-approach-to-new-digital-markets-regime#:~:text=The%20Digital%20Markets%2C%20Competition%20and%20Consumer%20Bill,the%20legislative%20process%20and%20led%20by%20DSIT. ↩

22. https://www.dlapiper.com/en/insights/publications/2024/09/uk-government-implementation-plan-for-digital-markets-competition-and-consumers-act-2024 ↩

23. https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/cloud-services-market-investigation ↩

24. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2025/03/18/microsoft-ability-summit-2025-accessibility-in-the-ai-era/#:~:text=Today%2C%20we%20hosted%20the%2015th,at%20the%202025%20Ability%20Summit. ↩

25. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sunak-rishi-prime-minister-acoba-advice/advice-letter-rishi-sunak-trustee-the-richmond-project ↩

26. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-host-first-global-summit-on-artificial-intelligence ↩

27. Formerly called the AI Safety Institute ↩

28. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-launches-new-ai-safety-institute ↩

29. https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3453 ↩

30. https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3430 ↩

31. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-doubles-down-on-driving-growth-with-new-business-connect-series ↩

32. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-ministers-keynote-speech-at-the-global-investment-summit-27-november-2023 ↩

33. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-opportunities-action-plan/ai-opportunities-action-plan ↩

34. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/cyber-security-and-resilience-bill ↩

35. https://www.publictechnology.net/2025/08/18/science-technology-and-research/cabinet-office-ditches-plan-to-build-its-own-new-it-system-as-part-of-google-to-microsoft-switch/ ↩

36. https://news.microsoft.com/source/emea/features/microsoft-and-uk-government-sign-five-year-agreement/ ↩

37. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JJCLN0qk8ag ↩

38. Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are deep learning algorithms that can understand and generate various forms of content ranging across text, images, video, audio, and more ↩