Transparency data

Patterns of education, social care and youth offending: Technical guide

Published 14 May 2026

1. Data sources and matching methodology 

This section sets out details of the data share between the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) and Department for Education (DfE), and the matching process between the Police National Computer and National Pupil Database data. It refers to the most recent iteration of the share that was completed in 2026. 

1.1 Data sources 

Data from several large datasets were brought together in this data share, as permitted by the Ministry of Justice’s common law powers and various prescribed legislative data sharing powers available to DfE.^{[footnote 1]} A brief description of the two main datasets is included below:  

National Pupil Database (NPD) – DfE 

A wide range of information about pupils and students which provides evidence on educational performance and context. The data includes detailed information about pupils’ test and exam results, prior attainment, and progression between each key stage for all state schools in England. It also includes information about the characteristics of pupils in the state sector and non-maintained special schools, such as their gender, ethnicity, first language, eligibility for Free School Meals, awarding of bursary funding for 16-19 year-olds, information about Special Educational Needs, and detailed information about any absences and exclusions. 

Police National Computer (PNC) – MoJ  

This is an administrative data system used by police to monitor recordable offences, the offenders convicted or cautioned for them, and the outcomes received by these offenders. The system is live and subject to change e.g. following appeals. Recordable offences are defined as offences that can attract a custodial sentence plus some additional offences defined in legislation. Some non-recordable offences are also included on the PNC, particularly when they accompany recordable offences in the same case. The data analysed in this report is a subset of the total number of individuals on PNC and only some information (e.g. personal characteristics) will be available through the linked MoJ-DfE data. The linked share is based on an extract of PNC at a point in time. This report is based on children and young people cautioned or convicted from the PNC that were successfully matched to the NPD, covering the period 2000 – May 2025.   

1.2 How was the data matched?  

The methodology used to match the data sources together was similar to that used in other MoJ data linking projects, such as the data share between MoJ and the Department of Work and Pension (DWP) and Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (HMRC). ^{[footnote 2]}

The data were matched using combinations of six demographic variables from the PNC and NPD: forename, middle name, surname, date of birth, gender, postcode, and the derived variable: full name.  

Matching rules were agreed between MoJ and DfE and included combinations of at least four exact matches of the common variables. The majority of data was matched on rule 1 (exact names, date of birth, postcode and gender) accounting for 64% of all matches. In addition to full matching, partial matching was used to improve match rates when matching on forename, middle name and surname was not successful. As exact matching is very strict (either a word matches or it does not), partial matching improved match rates by including matches where the first two characters from forename, middle name or surname matched. Partial matching was also employed for Date of Birth (i.e. when date and month of birth were inverted) and postcode (i.e. by matching on the postcode sector, e.g. “SE14 5”, rather than the full postcode).  

Alias information – alternative names and dates of birth recorded for the same offender in the PNC was also included in the data share. Previous data shares have indicated that this information plays a key role in data matching reports. As such, multiple names, dates of birth and postcodes were provided for some offenders.  

Match rate 

Not all offenders on the PNC were involved in the match to the National Pupil Database (NPD) as the NPD only began to record data from the 2001/02 academic year. Whilst attempting to match as many offenders on the PNC as possible, due to the limited time coverage of the NPD, it was only possible to match offenders between the ages of 10 and 40 as at May 2025. This meant the records of around 2.57 million offenders, aged between 10 and 40 years, from between 2000 and 2025 who were on the PNC were shared with DfE. Of those, around 1.88 million were matched and included in the final matched dataset after cleaning. A good match rate of around 73% was achieved. Figures in this publication are based on matched offenders only and, as a result, volumes will be lower than published statistics from individual data sources.  

Representativeness of the matched dataset 

The 1.88 million records in the final matched PNC dataset were compared against the 0.69 million records shared with DfE for data matching that did not match. Overall, the matched dataset had similar characteristics to the unmatched dataset in terms of age, with some noted differences for gender and ethnicity.  

• The matched dataset had a higher proportion of female offenders (26% of the matched data compared to 21% of the unmatched data) and a slightly lower proportion of male offenders (74% of the matched data compared to 79% of the unmatched data).  

• The age breakdown of the matched dataset was similar to the unmatched dataset, although the matched dataset slightly under-represents offenders born in earlier years and slightly over-represents offenders born in later years. This is due to better matching rates for offenders born in later years.

Figure 1: Age breakdown of matched dataset compared to unmatched dataset

Comparisons were also made between the matched and unmatched officer-identified ethnicity. The comparisons in table 1 show a higher proportion of offenders from a “Black” background (9% of the matched data compared to 5% of the unmatched data), and a slightly lower proportion from a “White” background (84% of the matched data compared to 86% of the unmatched data). 

Table 1: Officer identified ethnicity breakdown of matched data compared to unmatched data

Ethnicity	Matched data	Unmatched data
White	84%	86%
Black	9%	5%
Asian	6%	6%
Other	1%	3%

Match rates by age 

The overall match rate was around 73%, but a greater proportion of younger offenders were matched, reflecting their higher likelihood of being included in the NPD, for which matched data are available from 2002/03. 

Figure 2: Match rates by year of birth

Caveats when using matched data 

There are a number of caveats which should be considered when using the matched data:  

• The matched data has been produced using administrative data sources whose main purposes are not solely statistical. Therefore, as with any large recording system, the data are subject to possible errors with data entry and processing. Quality assurance procedures, including cleaning of duplicated offender entries and checks for completeness and representativeness, have been applied to the matched data.  

• The comparisons on representativeness provide some assurances that the matched data is broadly reflective of the offender cohort, but it should be made clear that this is not the full offender population. 

• The analysis in this report is based only on the final matched PNC dataset. Around 27% of offenders aged 40 and under were not uniquely matched to the NPD. Reasons for this include:  

  • They offended in England or Wales and were educated in Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland or outside of the United Kingdom. 

  • Different names were recorded (potentially due to the offender changing their name or reporting a different name) on the NPD and the PNC. 

  • They have a common set of characteristics (i.e. the same name, date of birth and/or postcode) that make it difficult to determine a unique match across the datasets.

2. Descriptive analysis and methodology 

2.1 Defining the total pupil cohort 

The descriptive analysis includes children and young people who finished key stage 2 (KS2) in the academic years from 2008/09 to 2013/14 and were aged 10 at the start of these academic years. Individuals in this cohort were therefore at key stage 4 (KS4) during the academic years of 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2016/17, 2017/18 or 2018/19.  

The cohort comprises approximately 3.13 million pupils. All available records from Year 1 to Year 13 (or equivalent) are included. Pupils without a KS4 record are excluded (Figure 3). Pupils who attended an independent primary or secondary school have been excluded, as information on their characteristics is not recorded. The cohorts were defined in this way to maximise data coverage and balance data availability across the datasets provided in the share. 

Children that appear on a school census at the end of KS2 and the end of KS4 have been included. Those that have moved ahead or been kept behind by one or more academic years were excluded. 

Figure 3: Year group breakdown for the all-pupil cohort

Academic Year	KS4 Academic Year 2018/19	KS4 Academic Year 2017/18	KS4 Academic Year 2016/17	KS4 Academic Year 2015/16	KS4 Academic Year 2014/15	KS4 Academic Year 2013/14
2020/21	Year 13
2019/20	Year 12	Year 13
2018/19	Year 11	Year 12	Year 13
2017/18	Year 10	Year 11	Year 12	Year 13
2016/17	Year 9	Year 10	Year 11	Year 12	Year 13
2015/16	Year 8	Year 9	Year 10	Year 11	Year 12	Year 13
2014/15	Year 7	Year 8	Year 9	Year 10	Year 11	Year 12
2013/14	Year 6	Year 7	Year 8	Year 9	Year 10	Year 11
2012/13	Year 5	Year 6	Year 7	Year 8	Year 9	Year 10
2011/12	Year 4	Year 5	Year 6	Year 7	Year 8	Year 9
2010/11	Year 3	Year 4	Year 5	Year 6	Year 7	Year 8
2009/10	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4	Year 5	Year 6	Year 7
2008/09	Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4	Year 5	Year 6
2007/08		Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4	Year 5
2006/07			Year 1	Year 2	Year 3	Year 4
2005/06				Year 1	Year 2	Year 3
2004/05					Year 1	Year 2
2003/04						Year 1

Results are provided for the all-pupil cohort (including all children and young people who had been cautioned or sentenced for an offence) for comparison purposes.^{[footnote 3]}  

The findings presented are the combined results of all six year groups, except for findings on children known to social care. Full children in need (CIN) data are available from 2012/13.^{[footnote 4]} This means each KS4 cohort has a different length of time in which CIN involvement can be observed (earlier KS4 cohorts have fewer years of CIN data available, while later cohorts have more). To maximise coverage of the CIN data and avoid skewed results, analysis of children known to social care is based on children matched to the KS4 academic year 2018/19. The figures for individual academic years can be found in the accompanying tables.

2.2 Defining the offending cohort  

‘Children and young people who had been cautioned or sentenced for any offence’ relates to all children and young people in the linked data who were in the KS4 academic years 2013/14 to 2018/19, and who had been cautioned or sentenced for any offence recorded on the PNC over the defined coverage period.^{[footnote 5]} All cohorts in this analysis are limited to ages 10-21 except for analysis conducted in the ‘Sequencing of education and social care factors descriptive statistics’ report which only includes children aged 10 to 18. This helps to reduce bias due to differences in data availability by age. Additionally, without this restriction, those born in earlier years would have longer observation periods in which offences could be recorded.  

The analysis identified approximately 157,900 children and young people who had been cautioned or sentenced for any offence, representing 5% of the all-pupil cohort. In addition to this overall offending group, the analysis examines children and young people who had been cautioned or sentenced to the following three offending sub-groups: 

1.  A knife offence (approximately 2,400 children and young people) which is based on a proxy measure, defining knife offences as: 

• A knife possession or threatening offence is recorded (e.g. having an article with a blade or point, possession of offensive weapon), and 

• An offence type that can be flagged as ‘knife-enabled’ in Police Recorded Crime (PRC) data occurs on the same day. 

A knife possession or threatening offence includes possession or threatening with offensive weapons, as possession of some knifes (e.g. zombie knives) will be recorded as offensive weapons. In this analysis, only the seven offence types that can be flagged as ‘knife-enabled’ in the PNC data will be considered.  

However, there are several limitations associated with this approach: 

• It is not known how well this proxy measure aligns with actual knife-enabled crime. 

• The inclusion of possession and threatening with offensive weapons in this proxy measure increases the likelihood of capturing offences involving other types of offensive weapons (not knives), so it may overestimate instances of ‘knife-enabled’ crime.  

• Some knife possession offences may be separate offences from the other offence, or could have been recorded during an arrest search, so this measure may overestimate instances of knife-enabled crime and incorporate non-knife offences.  

• Some knife possession may not be recorded in cases of knife-enabled crime. For example, if the child or young person does not have the knife on their person once identified. This approach may therefore underestimate instances of knife-enabled crime and miss knife offences.  

• Recording practices can differ across police forces, which may introduce bias affecting area level-breakdowns. 

• The recording of knife possession offences is influenced by police activity such as stop and search, which is known to be used disproportionately for certain demographic groups (Home Office Police powers and procedures statistics), therefore including knife possession offences as part of a proxy flag for knife offences may introduce demographic bias into this analytical approach. For example, this may result in higher proportions of individuals from ethnic minority groups being identified. For ethnicity, while high disproportionality in representation may reflect the underlying offender demographics, it could also be influenced by the inclusion of possession data, which are affected by selection for stop and search.  

2. An anti-social behaviour (ASB) and acquisitive offence (approximately 80,300 children and young people), which includes:  

• Categories used in the Crime Survey England and Wales (offences that cause distress or alarm, including littering, loud noises, vandalism, intimidation and drug possession), and 

• Crimes disproportionately affecting town centres and high streets, i.e. retail and street crime which includes shop theft, robbery and theft from the person, and ASB which includes littering, nuisance noise, vandalism and drug possession. 

• Other theft offences, such as vehicle crime. 

This offence group is not exhaustive of all offences that may be classified as an ASB or acquisitive offence. While care has been taken to cover as wide a range of ASB offences as possible, due to the nature of this analysis, some lower harm ASB behaviours will not be captured. The ‘other theft’ category includes vehicle crime but does not reflect all other thefts (such as burglary) as wider crimes relevant to town centre were included here. This offence group includes only individuals who were cautioned or sentenced for ASB offences, or acquisitive offences, or both. 

3. A VAWG offence (approximately 7,700 children and young people) which is based on offences that are known to disproportionately impact women and girls and are identifiable within the PNC data. The definition includes but is not limited to: 

• Sexual offences: Rape, sexual assault, sexual activity with minors, exploitation and grooming 

• Non-Sexual offences: Harassment, stalking, coercive control, exploitation of prostitution, forced marriage and female genital mutilation 

This offence list is not deemed to be an exhaustive list of behaviours captured by the Government’s VAWG definition, and it is recognised that some behaviours will not be included. 

Previous Home Office analyses include domestic abuse and ‘honour’ based abuse flagged offences. These flags are not available on the PNC, or in other MoJ held datasets, and as such cannot be included in these analyses. 

Not all offence codes specify victim gender or age. As the Government’s VAWG strategy^{[footnote 6]} recognises that men and boys also experience these offences, offences for all victims, including male victims, are included in the analysis.  

The ‘Patterns of education, social care and youth offending’ statistics release examines children and young people who had been cautioned or sentenced for any offence, and separately for knife offences, ASB and acquisitive offences, and VAWG offences. These offence-specific groups are treated independently, and individuals may appear in more than one group.   

Apart from the analysis which investigates overlaps between these offence groups (see ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report), interactions between offence types are not considered. Children and young people cautioned or sentenced for these offence groups are subsets of the wider offending cohort and therefore findings across groups are not additive. For a list of the specific Home Office offence codes included under each offence group, refer to Annex A. 

2.3 Change in those cautioned or sentenced over time 

This section provides detail on the composition of the offending cohort over time, by presenting a breakdown of children and young people cautioned or sentenced for any offence by academic year.  

Table 2 shows the number of children and young people within each year group who were cautioned or sentenced for an offence. The year-on-year decrease in the number of children and young people cautioned or sentenced is consistent with the fall in first time entrants to the Criminal Justice System^{[footnote 7]} over a similar period. This trend is likely linked to an increased focus from police and youth offending teams on diverting children and young people away from the courts.  

The makeup of those cautioned or sentenced for offences in the later years may therefore be different to that in the earlier years, due to the change in the types of cases coming to court. Those cautioned or sentenced in the earlier years will also make up a larger share of the offending population, and as such results will be weighted more towards the earlier year groups. Figures have been provided for each individual year group in the main tables to allow for comparisons. 

Table 2: The number of children and young people within each year group who were cautioned or sentenced for an offence

Children and young people who had been cautioned or sentenced for

Academic Year	All pupils	any offence	a knife offence	an ASB and acquisitive  offence	a violence against women and girls offence
2013/14	540,724	35,959	343	19,936	1,767
2014/15	534,903	30,655	387	16,122	1,535
2015/16	520,567	26,883	419	13,753	1,294
2016/17	507,410	23,455	414	11,516	1,139
2017/18	504,814	21,048	429	10,009	985
2018/19	523,231	19,859	414	8,988	933
Overall	3,131,649	157,859	2,406	80,324	7,653

Of the overall cohort of children and young people who have been cautioned or sentenced for an offence, approximately 2% had been cautioned or sentenced for a knife offence, 51% for an ASB and acquisitive offence and 5% for a VAWG offence (see Figure 4). This is equivalent to 0.08%, 2.56% and 0.24% of the total pupil cohort, respectively.

Figure 4: The proportion of pupils matched to KS4 academic years 2013/14 to 2018/19 who were cautioned or sentenced for an offence, and the proportion of these pupils that were cautioned or sentenced for a knife offence, an ASB and acquisitive offence or a VAWG offence (Source: Table 1.1.1)

3. Key points on the analysis: limitations and caveats 

There are several points that should be considered when interpreting the findings across the suite of reports: 

• Children and young people who had been cautioned or sentenced for a knife offence, ASB and acquisitive offence or VAWG offence represent a small group of young people. Their results should not be assumed to be representative of all children and young people who have been cautioned or sentenced for any offence or children and young people more generally.  

• These are descriptive statistics only. The findings do not imply a causal link between educational or social care characteristics and being cautioned or sentenced for an offence.  

• The data used for this publication allows the examination of both the proportion of individuals in each offending group who have a given characteristic, and the proportion of all children and young people with a given characteristic that also offend. For example, approximately 78% of children and young people who had been cautioned or sentenced for a knife offence were known to have ever been eligible for free school meals (FSM), but it is not possible to conclude from these findings that there is a causal relationship between FSM eligibility and being cautioned or sentenced for a knife offence (or vice versa). Indeed, those children and young people who have been cautioned or sentenced for a knife offence identified as being eligible for FSM made up only 0.2% of all pupils known to be eligible for FSM.  

  • If there were a causal link, a much higher number might be expected. So, whilst it can be said that most children and young people who have ever been cautioned or sentenced for a knife offence have also been eligible for FSM at some stage, it is not true that most children and young people eligible for FSM are also cautioned or sentenced for a knife offence. This is a pattern which emerges throughout the analysis and should be considered when interpreting the findings.  

• In addition to those above, there are other reasons why this analysis cannot draw causal links. There are many additional factors which could influence someone’s offending behaviour for which the data was not available for this analysis. The factors looked at come from education, children’s social care, and offending datasets, and there are many unobserved factors which have not been accounted for, such as health characteristics.  

• The education variables included in this paper have generally been analysed independently of each other. Potential interrelationships between these variables, as well as other factors not captured in the data, have not been accounted for.   

• This analysis will not be directly comparable with other published government statistics. Unless otherwise specified, when referencing whether a child has “ever” had a certain characteristic, the analysis considers all periods up to the end of KS4. This methodology may differ from that of other published statistics where, for example, only the previous six years are considered. For this reason, figures outlined may appear higher than those available in other publications. 

• Recorded offending patterns may be influenced by police activity and local criminal justice practices (including the use of stop and search and out‑of‑court resolutions) which vary by offence type, geography and demographic group, and can affect both who is recorded on the PNC and the observed age at first caution or conviction. 

• School term dates vary by academic year and local authority, so standardised term boundaries are used in the ‘Sequencing of education and social care factors descriptive statistics’ report to estimate whether education and social care factors occurred in any term before, any term after or in the same term as a child’s first offence. For ‘any term before’ or ‘any term after’, terms are only included where data is available. The use of standard term boundaries means this analysis does not account for offences occurring during school holidays. For example, if a child is cautioned or sentenced for an offence during the summer holiday this will be treated as having occurred within the summer term.  

• The analysis in the ‘Sequencing of education and social care factors descriptive statistics’ report also assumes that education and social care factors take place within a school term. However, some factors (for example, children’s social care referrals) may take place when a child is no longer attending school. 

• The periods used to identify prior offending and reoffending in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report vary between children and young people, depending on their age at first recorded offence and the timing of their index disposal. As a result, some individuals have longer periods in which prior offences or reoffences could be recorded than others. Findings should therefore be interpreted with caution, as differences between offence groups or disposals may partly reflect variation in observation periods rather than underlying differences in offending behaviour. 

• The analysis in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report does not control for differences in offence harm^{[footnote 8]} or disposal severity within index offence categories, which may influence prior offending, sentencing outcomes and reoffending patterns.  

• Individuals who received an immediate custodial disposal for their index offence are excluded from the reoffending analysis in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report. These exclusions account for around 60% of knife index offences, 2.5% of ASB and acquisitive index offences, and 16% of VAWG index offences, and may include some individuals associated with more serious index offences. Reoffending findings should therefore be interpreted with this exclusion in mind.   

• Findings relating to prior offending and reoffending in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report are not directly comparable. Reoffending patterns may also vary across disposal groups due to differences in prior offending profiles, so offending levels before and after the index disposal should not be compared. 

• The effectiveness of different sentences in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report should not be compared because this analysis does not control for differences in offender characteristics. Factors that affect sentencing decisions, such as the severity of offence or the personal circumstances of an offender, do not form part of the data used for this analysis.^{[footnote 9]}

4. Geographical analysis 

Regional and Local Authority (LA) breakdowns reflect the pupil’s home address in the specified period, collected in the DfE KS4 spring school census. If no address was present in the KS4 spring school census, it was collected from the most recent census record that had complete address information. Region and LA breakdowns therefore reflect where the pupil was residing when they attended school in the sampled academic years. This does not necessarily correspond to the region or LA in which their school was located, and it does not provide information on where offences were committed. 

Specifically, the dataset contains pupil’s upper-tier LA of residence, which was then assigned to one of the nine regions in England. For LA-level breakdowns, LA codes and names were updated to April 2025, the latest available boundaries in the ONS Geography Portal. Two LAs were not updated to their 2025 boundaries due to them being split into smaller entities which could not be identified from recorded data: Cumbria, which remained at its pre-2023 boundary, and Northamptonshire, which remained at its pre-2021 boundary. 

Figure 5 displays regional boundaries used for geographic analysis and mapping. A list of the LAs that make up each region is provided in Annex D. 

Figure 5: Regional boundaries used for geographic analysis and mapping

4.1 Cohort for regional and Local Authority breakdowns  

Some exclusions from the total all-pupil cohort of the descriptive analysis have been implemented for the geographical breakdowns.  

From the total all-pupil cohort of 3,131,649 pupils, 115 who attended schools in England but were resident in Scotland or Wales were excluded. A further 2,209 pupils were excluded due to missing home address information. 

The final cohort for the geographical breakdowns by region and LA was 3,129,325 pupils, 99.9% of the total all-pupil cohort for the descriptive analysis.

5. Information about the pupil data used 

Most of the DfE data used in the descriptive statistics analysis is taken from the school census, which is a pupil-level data collection from primary, secondary, special and state-funded alternative provision (AP) schools (pupil referral units, AP academies and AP free schools). The school census takes place three times a year; in the autumn, spring and summer terms.  

Data from the Pupil Referral Unit (PRU) and the AP censuses is also included. The PRU census was a yearly spring collection census of all state-funded AP settings which was incorporated into the school census in 2013/14. The AP census is also a yearly spring census. Since the AP and PRU censuses are yearly, missing data for autumn and summer terms was inferred from the spring data collection of the same academic year, where appropriate. Additionally, some data is collected in the school census that is not collected in the AP and PRU census. Where appropriate, this missing data has been filled in from the school census. 

Examination data was also included. This data was matched to the school census base data at a pupil-level from the KS2 and KS4 examination data. Where duplicate results existed for students, the latest academic year was taken. If duplicates remained, the highest score was used. 

5.1 Ethnicity data  

Data on a child’s ethnicity is taken from the school census. As of 2011, information regarding ethnicity could only be provided by the child or their parent(s). Tables 3 and 4 provide the detail of the ethnic group categories available. 

Table 3: Ethnic group major categories

Code	Ethnic group
AOEG	Any Other Ethnic Group
ASIA	Asian
BLAC	Black
CHIN	Chinese
MIXD	Mixed
UNCL	Unclassified
WHIT	White

Table 4: Ethnic group minor categories

Code	Ethnic group
ABAN	Bangladeshi
AIND	Indian
AOTH	Any Other Asian Background
APKN	Pakistani
BAFR	Black African
BCRB	Black Caribbean
BOTH	Any Other Black Background
CHNE	Chinese
MOTH	Any Other Mixed Background
MWAS	White and Asian
MWBA	White and Black African
MWBC	White and Black Caribbean
NOBT	Information Not Yet Obtained
OOTH	Any Other Ethnic Group
REFU	Refused
WBRI	White British
WIRI	White Irish
WIRT	Traveller of Irish Heritage
WOTH	Any Other White Background
WROM	Gypsy/Roma

5.2 Children known to children’s social care data 

Data from the children in need (CIN) census and children looked after (CLA) census were also included. CIN and CLA data used indicates whether a pupil was CIN or CLA on the 31 March in a given year. This differs from the measures used in the annual publication ‘Children looked after in England including adoptions’, which looks at whether the child was recorded as being looked after on 31 March in the previous year; whether the child started being looked after during the previous year ending 31 March; and for offending specifically, whether the child had been looked after for at least 12 months in the year ending 31 March.  

5.3 Special Educational Needs data 

Pupils identified with Special Educational Needs (SEN) are classified as those that have a statement of SEN or Education, Health and Care (EHC) plan (or, prior to reforms introduced in September 2014, a Statement of SEN) and those who are in the SEN Support category (or, prior to reforms introduced in September 2014, School Action or School Action Plus). The period for local authorities to transfer children and young people with Statements of SEN to EHC plans started in September 2014 and ended on 31 March 2018. 

Primary type of need is collected through the school census for those pupils on SEN Support, or EHC plan (or the pre-2014 equivalents) (see Table 5). The coverage for January 2015 onwards is different to previous years. Pupils who were on School Action were not required to have a primary type of need recorded. From 2015 pupils who were on School Action who had transferred to SEN support were recorded as having a primary type of need. This has led to an increase in the number of pupils recorded as having a primary type of need.  

There were changes to the classification of type of need in 2015: the previous code of ‘Behaviour, Emotional and Social Difficulties (BESD)’ was removed. A new code ‘Social, Emotional and Mental Health (SEMH)’ was introduced, although this was not intended to be a direct replacement.

Table 5: Special Educational Needs categories

Code	SEN primary need
ASD	Autistic spectrum disorder
HI	Hearing impairment
MLD	Moderate learning difficulty
MSI	Multi-sensory impairment
PD	Physical disability
PMLD	Profound & multiple learning difficulty
SEMH	Social, emotional & mental health
BESD	Behaviour, emotional and social difficulties
SLCN	Speech, language & communication
SLD	Severe learning difficulty
SPLD	Specific learning difficulty
VI	Visual impairment
OTH	Other difficulty/disability

6. Sequencing of education and children’s social care factors analysis 

The analysis in the ‘sequencing of education and children’s social care factors descriptive statistics’ report explores the sequencing of education and social care factors in relation to children’s first offence or first knife, ASB and acquisitive or VAWG offence. For the date of the first offence, the date on which the offence was recorded as having taken place was used, rather than the date on which the child was sentenced or cautioned. 

A small number of records contained dates of first offence that are likely to be inaccurate, based on information relating to the Key Stage 4 cohort and age at offence. As this affected approximately 0.1% of records, these were retained in the analysis. In these instances, the date of first offence was assumed to be correct, and the timing of education and social care factors was reported in relation to this date. 

Term dates vary by academic year and local authority, so when determining whether an offence occurred in the same term as an education or social care factor, the following term boundaries were used: 

• Autumn term: 1 September to 31 December 

• Spring term: 1 January to 30 April 

• Summer term: 1 May to 31 August 

7. Persistent absence 

The analysis in the ‘sequencing of education and children’s social care factors descriptive statistics’ report uses termly data, so a child is marked as having ever been persistently absent if they have missed 10% of their possible sessions over the course of a school term. This differs from the ‘Education and social care background descriptive statistics’ report, where annual absence data is used.  

A child is flagged as having ever been persistently absent unauthorised other (PAUO) if they have missed 10% of their possible sessions over the course of a school term for ‘unauthorised other’ reasons. PAUO is used as a proxy for truancy.  

7.1 Suspensions and permanent exclusions 

The analysis in the ‘sequencing of education and children’s social care factors descriptive statistics’ report looks at both the child’s first suspension or permanent exclusion and, in the case of multiple events, their closest suspension or permanent exclusion.  

Lunch time suspensions are included in this analysis but are not reported in DfE published exclusions statistics. This analysis will therefore differ from suspensions and permanent exclusions in England statistics. 

Permanent exclusions are rare and it is uncommon for a child to be permanently excluded more than once, so there is little variation between the first or closest permanent exclusion to knife, ASB and acquisitive or VAWG offences.  

Pupils with multiple suspensions or permanent exclusions that are an equal distance before or after their first offence are excluded from this analysis. This affects only a small number of pupils (< 1% of the total pupils within each offence group). 

These pupils are also excluded from figures for first suspension or permanent exclusion and the overall number of suspensions and permanent exclusions.  

7.2 Children known to social care 

The analysis in the ‘sequencing of education and children’s social care factors descriptive statistics’ report includes children who had been cautioned or sentenced for any offence that had a record in the children in need (CIN) or children who are looked after (CLA) episodes data as defined by the Children Act 1989. This differs from the ‘Education and social care background descriptive statistics’ analysis, enabling more granular examination of those recorded in the children’s social care system at any point in the given year, not just on the 31 March, and to look at changes in their social care group throughout the year.  

Full CIN data is available from 2012/13.^{[footnote 10]} This means each KS4 cohort has a different length of time in which CIN involvement can be observed (earlier KS4 cohorts have fewer years of CIN data available, while later cohorts have more). 

CLA episode data is available from 2005/06 to 2021/22. To maximise coverage of the CIN data and avoid skewed results, analysis of children known to social care is based on children matched to the KS4 academic year 2018/19.

8. Offending overlaps and journeys analysis 

8.1 Offending overlaps  

The offending overlaps section of the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report focuses on children and young people cautioned or sentenced for at least one of the following offence types: knife offences, ASB and acquisitive offences or VAWG offences. Where there is overlap, counts represent distinct individuals rather than numbers of offences, highlighting how individuals are represented across the three offence groups. This analysis is limited to knife offences, ASB and acquisitive offences, and VAWG offences and therefore does not capture any overlap with other offence categories.   

Additionally, there are overlaps between offence codes used in the definitions of knife offences, ASB and acquisitive offences, and VAWG offences. This could result in a child or young person committing a single offence that falls under more than one offence group. For a list of the Home Office offence codes that overlap between knife offences, ASB and acquisitive offences, and VAWG offences, refer to Annex B. 

8.2 Prior offending  

In the analysis conducted in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report, prior offending is defined as any offence committed by a child or young person before their first knife offence, ASB and acquisitive offence or VAWG offence, where that prior offence subsequently resulted in a caution or sentence. It is calculated from the first (earliest recorded) date on which a knife offence, ASB and acquisitive offence or VAWG offence was committed, rather than the date of caution or conviction. This approach differs from the MoJ’s First time entrants (FTE) into the Criminal Justice System and Offender Histories statistics release, which measure prior offences by counting the number of previous cautions or convictions at the time of an individual’s latest court caution date. 

The date on which an offence was committed is used because it helps to explore offender trajectories, providing more granularity than the date an individual was cautioned or sentenced for the offence. This means that the analysis captures any offences committed prior to an individual’s first knife, ASB and acquisitive or VAWG offence, even where those offences took place on the same date. This measure only includes prior offences for which children and young people received a caution or sentence. Police-initiated diversion means that some children and young people may have committed prior offences but were diverted away from the justice system so will not be captured in this analysis.   

The period used to identify prior offending vary between children and young people, depending on their age at first recorded offence which ranges between the ages of 10 and 21. As a result, some individuals have longer periods in which prior offences could be recorded than others. Findings should therefore be interpreted with caution, as differences between offence groups may partly reflect variation in observation periods rather than underlying differences in offending behaviour. 

9. Reoffending 

In the analysis conducted in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report, reoffending is defined as a child or young person who, after receiving a court conviction or caution for a first knife, ASB and acquisitive or VAWG offence (referred to as the index offence), commits a subsequent offence resulting in a court conviction or caution (referred to as the reoffence) within the follow-up period.  

The follow-up period is measured from the date of conviction or caution, excluding those who received a custodial sentence,^{[footnote 11]} and can cover a period of up to twelve years, depending on the individual’s age at first offence. The dataset used is restricted to offences committed between the ages of 10 and 21, to focus exclusively on offending by children and young people.  

The period used to identify reoffending varies between children and young people, depending on their age at first recorded offence and the timing of their index disposal (the type of sentence the individual received for their index offence). As a result, some individuals have longer periods in which reoffences could be recorded than others. Findings should therefore be interpreted with caution, as differences between offence groups or disposals may partly reflect variation in observation periods rather than underlying differences in offending behaviour. 

This approach to measuring reoffending differs from the definition of reoffending used in MoJ’s proven reoffending statistics, where reoffending is identified within 12 months of a previous caution or non-custodial sentence, or release from a custodial sentence, with an additional six months allowed to provide time for offences to appear in court records.  

In the reoffending section of the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report, multiple offences committed by a child or young person on the same day are counted as one further appearance by the individual, but for the purposes of counting further reoffences, each separate offence is counted. Where multiple offences occur on the same day, the reoffence is classified as knife, ASB and acquisitive or VAWG if at least one offence is flagged as such. 

In the event of multiple offences being recorded on the same date for the same individual, several rules were followed:  

• The offences were considered to have been committed together, at the same time.  

• The offence was considered to be a knife, ASB and acquisitive or VAWG offence if one offence committed on that date is flagged as such. A reoffence may therefore be counted as both, for example, a knife offence and an ASB and acquisitive offence.  

• The record was counted as one further appearance for that individual. However, for the purposes of counting reoffences, each offence will be counted separately, so one appearance by an individual may yield multiple reoffences.  

Identifying index offences 

Multiple offences can be recorded as having the same offence date, and in these cases, it is necessary to develop criteria for identifying a single index offence.  

For the purposes of the reoffending analysis carried out in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report, an index offence is defined as the first knife, ASB and acquisitive or VAWG offence for which a child or young person received a conviction or caution. An individual can have more than one “index offence” if they have committed offences in more than one offence sub-group (i.e. they have committed both a knife and a VAWG offence, either at the same time or on separate occasions).  

The data used does not contain rankings of offence impact or disposal severity that can be used to straightforwardly extract a single record, so a derived measure has been used.  

Disposal codes were assigned to groups and then ranked by severity according to the methodology used in the MoJ’s Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly published statistics where possible.^{[footnote 12]}  

There are several methodological differences between the ranking used in Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly and that used in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report. Neither disposal length nor fine or compensation amount are considered as factors for ranking disposal severity in this analysis. As the data used in this work is derived from the PNC, information on cautions is also available. Cautions are typically considered less severe than any conviction-related disposal, including discharges and acquittals, and therefore cautions were considered the least severe potential outcome. While cautions require an admission of guilt, simple cautions are spent immediately and do not, except in some circumstances, require disclosure to employers, and conditional cautions are spent 3 months after the condition is fulfilled.  

Offences that occur on the same date may not always have the same caution or court conviction date, therefore if offences occur on the same date, the earliest caution or court conviction date is used. This means that more severe disposals, imposed at a later date, may be discarded in favour of less severe disposals imposed on an earlier date, for offences that occurred at the same time.  

In the event of two or more records being tied on offence date, caution or court conviction date and disposal ranking, the record that appears first in the data is chosen as the index offence.  

Reoffending by index disposal 

Reoffending by disposal type is also included in the ‘Offending overlaps and journeys descriptive statistics’ report. Refer to Annex C for a detailed breakdown of individual disposal types, definitions and groups. 

The data used for this analysis does not contain information on release dates or time served for those given custodial sentences. Therefore, those who receive immediate custodial sentences of any length for their first knife, ASB and acquisitive or VAWG offence are excluded from this analysis, as it is not possible to determine what opportunity they had to reoffend.  

The period covered by the data also includes the replacement of warnings and reprimands with youth cautions. Whilst these continue to be defined as ‘cautions’ within the data, their introduction was designed to divert young people, where possible, away from the justice system, and therefore an impact on the data cannot be discounted.  

Cohort-level reoffending 

When examining reoffending rates of the same children and young people by KS4 cohort year, reoffending rates generally decrease across all categories from the 2013/14 to 2018/19 cohorts. In line with the overall cohort, reoffending rates are highest for those cautioned or sentence for a knife index offence, followed by those who commit an ASB and acquisitive index offence, with reoffending rates lowest for those who commit VAWG index offences (Figure 6).  

Table 3.4.2 also shows that, while the number of children and young people committing ASB and acquisitive offences and VAWG offences decreases from the 2013/14 to 2018/19 cohorts (from 19,559 to 8,701 and from 1,471 to 773 respectively), the number committing knife index offences rises slightly (from 126 in the 2013/14 cohort to 172 in the 2018/19 cohort). Reoffending rates for knife offences also fluctuate more by cohort period than the other offence types, for which reoffending rates fall gradually but consistently between each cohort. There are fewer children and young people committing knife offences (951) compared to those committing either ASB and acquisitive offences (78,303) or VAWG offences (6,419), making the cohort-level reoffending rates of knife offending more prone to fluctuation.  

Figure 6: Reoffending rates, for any reoffence type, for children and young people cautioned or sentenced for an index offence of knife, ASB and acquisitive offences and violence against women and girls, by KS4 cohort year

10. Definitions 

This section sets out the definitions used for the education, social care and offending-related factors included in this suite of reports. It explains how each measure is derived and what aspect of children and young people’s circumstances it is intended to capture. 

10.1 Education factors 

Alternative provision (AP): Education arranged by local authorities for pupils who, because of permanent exclusion, illness or other reasons, would not otherwise receive suitable education; education arranged by schools for pupils on a fixed period exclusion (suspension); and pupils being directed by schools to off-site provision to improve their behaviour. 

Free School Meals (FSM): The metric used in this analysis is FSM eligibility. Children are eligible for FSM if a claim has been made by them or on their behalf and either: 

• the relevant local authority or school has confirmed that they are entitled to FSM 

• the relevant local authority or school has seen the necessary documentation (that confirms entitlement to FSM) 

FSM are available to pupils in receipt of, or whose parents are in receipt of, one or more of the following benefits:  

• Universal Credit (provided you have an annual net earned income of no more than £7,400, as assessed by earnings from up to three of your most recent assessment periods)  

• Income Support 

• Income-based Jobseeker’s Allowance 

• Income-related Employment and Support Allowance  

• Support under Part VI of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999  

• The guaranteed element of Pension Credit  

• Child Tax Credit (provided you are not also entitled to Working Tax Credit and have an annual gross income of no more than £16,190)  

• Working Tax Credit run-on – paid for four weeks after you stop qualifying for Working Tax Credit. 

Permanent exclusion: when a pupil is no longer allowed to attend a school. 

Persistent absence: when a pupil’s overall absence equates to 10% or more of the possible sessions they could have attended. 

Persistent absence (unauthorised other) (PAUO): when a pupil’s absence due to ‘unauthorised other’ reasons equates to 10% or more of the possible sessions they could have attended. PAUO represents a subset of persistent absence where the absence reason is ‘unauthorised other’ which is used as a proxy for truancy. 

Special Education Needs (SEN): A child or young person has SEN if they have a learning difficulty or disability which calls for special educational provision to be made for them i.e., educational or training provision that is additional to or different from that made generally for their peers. A pupil identified as having SEN will either: 

• be receiving ‘SEN support’ 

• in a minority of cases, have a statutory Education, Health and Care plan setting out their needs and how these will be met 

Suspension: where a pupil has been temporarily removed from the school (including during lunchtime). Prior to 2019/20, suspensions were referred to as a fixed period exclusion. Please see here for more information: Pupil exclusion statistics: methodology. 

10.2 Social care factors  

Children in Need (CIN): A broad definition spanning a wide range of children and adolescents, in need of varying types of support and intervention, for a variety of reasons. A child is defined as ‘in need’ under section 17 of the Children Act 1989 where:  

• they are unlikely to achieve or maintain, or to have the opportunity of achieving or maintaining, a reasonable standard of health or development without the provision for them of services by a local authority  

• their health or development is likely to be significantly impaired, or further impaired, without the provision for them of such services; or  

• they are disabled 

Children on a Child Protection Plan and Children Looked After are subsets of CIN. 

Children Looked After (CLA): Under the Children Act 1989, a child is looked after by a local authority if they fall into one of the following: 

• is provided with accommodation, for a continuous period of more than 24 hours [Children Act 1989, Section 20 and 21] 

• is subject to a care order [Children Act 1989, Part IV] 

• is subject to a placement order 

Child Protection Plan (CPP): Support for a child where there is reasonable suspicion that child is suffering, or likely to suffer, significant harm.  

10.3 Offending-related factors 

Caution: A warning given to adult offenders who admit guilt and agree to be cautioned. They are issued on the instructions of a senior police officer where there is sufficient evidence for a conviction, and it is not considered in the public interest to institute criminal proceedings. 

Youth caution: Introduced in April 2013. Youth cautions are formal out-of-court disposals for young offenders (aged 10 to 17) intended to allow a more flexible response to offending than the preceding Final Warning Scheme. These now replace reprimands and warnings. Guidance on youth cautions can be found at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/out-of-court-disposals.

11. Confidentiality 

This statement sets out the arrangements in place for protecting persons’ confidential data when statistics are published or otherwise released into the public domain. The Code of Practice for Statistics states that “Producers must manage data and statistics safely and securely and be open about how data will be used and protected so that the public can be confident about providing their own information for official statistics”.^{[footnote 13]} 

To comply with this and with the Data Protection Act of 2018 and to maintain the trust and co-operation of those who use these ad hoc statistics, the following provisions have been put in place:   

• Private information collected by MoJ is stored in line with our data security policies. 

• Electronic data is held on password-protected networks. 

• All new staff undergo security vetting before receiving access to data systems and all staff undertake mandatory annual training on information responsibility.  

Some counts may have been removed for Statistical Disclosure Control purposes. In line with MoJ and Government Statistical Service guidance, assessment of the risk of disclosure considers the following:  

• Level of aggregation (including geographic level) of the data;  

• Size of the population;  

• Likelihood of an attempt to identify; and   

• Consequences of disclosure.

12. Users 

The contents of this suite of reports will be of interest to government policymakers, the agencies responsible for youth offender management at both national and local levels, providers and practitioners. It will also be of interest to those who want to understand more about the education and social care backgrounds of children and young people who have been cautioned or sentenced for knife, ASB and acquisitive, and VAWG offences, and their offending patterns.   

Government policymakers may use these statistics to inform key elements of government policies. Youth offending agencies, providers and practitioners may use these statistics to gain a better understanding of the backgrounds and needs of children and young people who come into contact with the police and youth justice system. Key departments and agencies include: MoJ, Home Office, Youth Justice Board, Youth Custody Service, His Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS), private and voluntary sector providers of youth justice services.

13. Annex A: Knife, ASB and acquisitive, and VAWG offence definitions – list of offences 

Table A1: Knife offence – list of offences

Home Office Offence code	Offence description
Knife possession or threatening offence
00864	Threaten with blade/sharply pointed article in a public place
00826	Having an article with a blade or point in a public place
00862	Threaten with a blade or sharply pointed article on school premises
00827	Having an article with a blade or point on school premises
00861	Threaten with an offensive weapon in a public place
00811	Possession of offensive weapons without lawful authority or reasonable excuse
00863	Threaten with an offensive weapon on school premises
00828	Possession of offensive weapons without lawful authority or reasonable excuse on school premises
00853	Using another to look after, hide or transport a dangerous weapon, knife or bladed weapon
Offence types that can be flagged as knife-enabled in Police Recorded Crime  (PRC) data
00506	Burning, maiming, etc. by explosion
00527	Torture
00802	Administering poison with intent to injure or annoy
00805	Assaults on person preserving wreck
00806	Assaults occasioning actual bodily harm
00820	Assault with intent to resist apprehension or assault a person assisting a constable
00834	Racially aggravated actual bodily harm (assaults occasioning ABH)
00841	Religiously aggravated assault/assault occasioning actual bodily harm (ABH)
00847	Racially or religiously aggravated actual bodily harm (ABH)
00852	Offences under the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003
00860	Racially or religiously aggravated assault occasioning actual bodily harm
00868	Fail to protect girl from risk of genital mutilation
00501	Wounding etc. with intent to do grievous bodily harm etc. or to resist apprehension
00804	Causing bodily harm by furious driving
00869	Care worker ill-treat/wilfully neglect an individual
00870	Care provider breach duty of care resulting in ill-treatment / neglect of individual
00877	Intentional strangulation or suffocation
00878	Offences relating to racially or religiously aggravated strangulation or suffocation
00833	Racially aggravated wounding or inflicting grievous bodily harm (inflicting bodily injury with or without weapon)
00840	Religiously aggravated malicious wounding or grievous bodily harm
00846	Racially or religiously aggravated malicious wounding or grievous bodily harm (GBH)
00859	Racially or religiously aggravated wounding or grievous bodily harm
00200	Attempted murder
03401	Robbery
03402	Assault with intent to rob
00301	Making threats to kill
01907	Rape of a female aged 13 to 15
01908	Rape of a female aged 16 or over
01909	Rape of a male aged 13 to 15
01910	Rape of a male aged 16 or over
01911	Attempted rape of a female aged 13 to 15
01912	Attempted rape of a female aged 16 or over
01913	Attempted rape of a male aged 13 to 15
01914	Attempted rape of a male aged 16 or over
01916	Rape of a female child aged under 13 by a male
01917	Rape of a male child aged under 13 by a male
01918	Attempted rape of a female child aged under 13 by a male
01919	Attempted rape of a male child aged under 13 by a male
01713	Sexual assault on a male aged 13 or over - penetration
01714	Sexual assault on a male child aged under 13 - penetration
01715	Sexual assault on a male aged 13 or over - no penetration
01716	Sexual assault on a male child aged under 13 - touching
02003	Sexual assault on a female aged 13 or over - penetration
02004	Sexual assault on a female child aged under 13 - penetration
02005	Sexual assault on a female aged 13 or over - no penetration
02006	Sexual assault on a female child aged under 13 - touching
00101	Murder of persons aged 1 year or over
00102	Murder of infants under 1 year of age
00401	Manslaughter
00405	Manslaughter due to diminished responsibility

Table A2: ASB and acquisitive offences – list of offences

Home Office Offence code	Offence description	ASB and acquisitive offence group category
00831	Breach of Restraining Order (Protection from Harassment Act 1997)	Anti-social Behaviour
00832	Breach of Anti-Social Behaviour Order and Interim ASBO (order made to protect from alarm, distress or harassment)	Anti-social Behaviour
03401	Robbery	Street crime
03900	Stealing from the person of another	Street crime
04200	Stealing mail bags or postal packets or unlawfully taking away or opening mail bag	Other theft
04400	Theft of pedal cycle	Other theft
04510	Theft from a motor vehicle	Other theft
04511	Theft from a vehicle - other than a motor vehicle	Other theft
04600	Theft from shops	Retail crime
04700	Theft from automatic machine or meter	Other theft
04801	Theft of a motor vehicle (excluding aggravated vehicle taking) - triable either way	Other theft
04910	Other stealing and unauthorised taking: Offences under the Theft Act 1968 S.1 not classified elsewhere	Other theft
04911	Other stealing and unauthorised taking: Removal of articles on show from places open to the public	Other theft
04912	Other stealing and unauthorised taking: Stealing conveyance other than motor vehicle or pedal cycle	Other theft
05325	Making off without payment	Other theft
05800	Other criminal damage	Anti-social Behaviour
05801	Racially aggravated other criminal damage	Anti-social Behaviour
05802	Religiously aggravated other criminal damage	Anti-social Behaviour
05803	Racially or religiously aggravated other criminal damage	Anti-social Behaviour
05804	Racially or religiously aggravated criminal damage	Anti-social Behaviour
05911	Threat to commit criminal damage	Anti-social Behaviour
05913	Possessing anything with intent to destroy or damage property	Anti-social Behaviour
09250	Having possession of a controlled drug - class A (cocaine)	Anti-social Behaviour
09251	Having possession of a controlled drug - class A (heroin)	Anti-social Behaviour
09252	Having possession of a controlled drug - class A (LSD)	Anti-social Behaviour
09253	Having possession of a controlled drug - class A (MDMA)	Anti-social Behaviour
09254	Having possession of a controlled drug - class A (crack cocaine)	Anti-social Behaviour
09255	Having possession of a controlled drug - class A (methadone)	Anti-social Behaviour
09259	Having possession of a controlled drug - class A (other)	Anti-social Behaviour
09260	Having possession of a controlled drug - class B (amphetamine)	Anti-social Behaviour
09261	Having possession of a controlled drug - class B (cannabis, including cannabis resin, cannabinol and cannabinol derivatives)	Anti-social Behaviour
09262	Having possession of a controlled drug - class B (synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists)	Anti-social Behaviour
09263	Having possession of a controlled drug - class B (4-Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone or Methcathinone))	Anti-social Behaviour
09265	Having possession of a controlled drug - class B (other)	Anti-social Behaviour
09266	Having possession of a controlled drug - class C (cannabis, including cannabis resin, cannabinol and cannabinol derivatives) - historic	Anti-social Behaviour
09267	Having possession of a controlled drug - class C (anabolic steroids)	Anti-social Behaviour
09268	Having possession of a controlled drug - class C (other)	Anti-social Behaviour
09367	Having possession of a controlled drug - class A (Methylamphetamine (Crystal meth))	Anti-social Behaviour
09369	Having possession of a controlled drug - class C (Gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BD))	Anti-social Behaviour
09370	Having possession of a controlled drug - class C (piperazines, including BZP)	Anti-social Behaviour
09371	Having possession of a controlled drug - class C (GHB - Hydroxy-n-butyric acid)	Anti-social Behaviour
09372	Having possession of a controlled drug - class B (Ketamine (Special ‘K’ or Club ‘Horse’ Drug))	Anti-social Behaviour
09374	Having possession of a controlled drug - class C (khat)	Anti-social Behaviour
11104	Owner or person in charge causing or permitting dog to be in public place without collar	Anti-social Behaviour
11105	Owning or person in charge of dog worrying livestock on agricultural land	Anti-social Behaviour
11106	Cause or permit dog to be on designated road when not held on leash	Anti-social Behaviour
11118	Owner or person in charge allowing dog to be dangerously out of control in a public place, without injury being caused	Anti-social Behaviour
11119	Owner or person in charge allowing dog to enter a non-public place causing fear of injury to a person	Anti-social Behaviour
11125	Owner / person in charge of a dog dangerously out of control - no injury	Anti-social Behaviour
11901	Trespassing in the daytime in search of game, etc and other offences in connection therewith (Game Act 1831)	Anti-social Behaviour
12301	Throwing or firing any fireworks in or into a street	Anti-social Behaviour
12305	Deposit / place material / dirt / water / wire / rope / light fire / discharge firearm or firework on highway / carriageway causing danger	Anti-social Behaviour
12403	Offences concerning obstruction/damage etc. to footpath/highway/traffic sign, other than those caused by vehicles	Anti-social Behaviour
12516	Possessing fireworks etc in, or when entering, a designated sports ground	Anti-social Behaviour
12522	Failing to leave land when directed or to return as a trespasser within three months	Anti-social Behaviour
12534	Failure to leave land when directed or returning within 3 months of direction (aggravated trespass)	Anti-social Behaviour
12536	Failure to leave within 24 hours of interim possession order, or returning as a trespasser or attempting to do so after the expiry of the order but within 1 year from the day it was served	Anti-social Behaviour
12565	Failure to leave relevant land as soon as reasonably practicable or entering any land in area of relevant local authority as a trespasser before end of relevant period with the intention of residing there	Anti-social Behaviour
14101	Being guilty, while drunk, of disorderly behaviour	Anti-social Behaviour
14396	Breach of drinking banning order or interim drinking banning order	Anti-social Behaviour
14900	Criminal damage to property valued under £5,000	Anti-social Behaviour
16203	Offences which relate to disorderly behaviour (except offences included under specific heads such as drunkenness) Town Police Clauses Act 1847	Anti-social Behaviour
16210	Disorderly behaviour: Offences against byelaws made under Local Government Act 1972 and Municipal Corporation Act 1882	Anti-social Behaviour
16403	Offences under Town Police Clauses Act 1847 (except offences involving disorderly behaviour or those included under specific heads such as Dogs, Highways, Drunkenness etc)	Anti-social Behaviour
16410	Offences against byelaws made under Local Government Act 1972 and Municipal Corporation Act 1882 and against regulations made under the Police, Factories, etc. (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1916 (except those relating to allowing chimneys to be on fire, disorderly behaviour or playing in the street or those included under specific heads such as Dogs, Highways, Drunkenness etc)	Anti-social Behaviour
16411	Offences under Metropolitan Police Acts, Metropolitan Street Acts, Environmental Protection Act 1990 and Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 (except those relating to allowing chimneys to be on fire, disorderly behaviour or playing in the street or those included under specific heads such as Dogs, Highways, Drunkenness etc)	Anti-social Behaviour
16701	Soliciting another for the purpose of obtaining their sexual services as a prostitute in a street or public place	Anti-social Behaviour
16863	Contravene a notice issued by a local authority to control noise on a construction / demolition / dredging site	Anti-social Behaviour
16882	Depositing litter (Environmental Protection Act 1990)	Anti-social Behaviour
16883	Failing to comply with a litter abatement notice	Anti-social Behaviour
16897	Offences under the Noise Act 1996	Anti-social Behaviour
19601	Contravening a prohibition imposed by fireworks regulations	Anti-social Behaviour
19621	After conviction under S.75(9) of Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 still failing to comply with remedial order	Anti-social Behaviour
19622	Wilful obstruction of a person acting in the exercise of powers under Section 84 Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 to enter land and take action	Anti-social Behaviour
19644	Failure to comply with litter clearing notice	Anti-social Behaviour
19688	Remaining on or entering premises in contravention of a Part 1A Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 closure notice	Anti-social Behaviour
19689	Obstructing person acting under SS.11A(7) or 11C(2) of Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003	Anti-social Behaviour
82200	Aiding, abetting, causing or permitting noise offences	Anti-social Behaviour

Table A3: VAWG – list of offences

Home Office Offence code	Offence description
01713	Sexual assault on a male aged 13 or over - penetration
01715	Sexual assault on a male aged 13 or over - no penetration
01714	Sexual assault on a male child aged under 13 - penetration
01716	Sexual assault on a male child aged under 13 - touching
01908	Rape of a female aged 16 or over
01912	Attempted rape of a female aged 16 or over
01907	Rape of a female aged 13 to 15
01911	Attempted rape of a female aged 13 to 15
01916	Rape of a female child aged under 13 by a male
01918	Attempted rape of a female child aged under 13 by a male
01910	Rape of a male aged 16 or over
01914	Attempted rape of a male aged 16 or over
01909	Rape of a male aged 13 to 15
01913	Attempted rape of a male aged 13 to 15
01917	Rape of a male child aged under 13 by a male
01919	Attempted rape of a male child aged under 13 by a male
02003	Sexual assault on a female aged 13 or over - penetration
02005	Sexual assault on a female aged 13 or over - no penetration
02004	Sexual assault on a female child aged under 13 - penetration
02006	Sexual assault on a female child aged under 13 - touching
02102	Causing or inciting a female child aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - penetration
02103	Causing or inciting a female child aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - no penetration
02104	Causing or inciting a male child aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - penetration
02105	Causing or inciting a male child aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - no penetration
02110	Engaging in sexual activity in the presence of a child aged under 13 - offender aged 18 or over
02111	Causing a child aged under 13 to watch a sexual act - offender aged 18 or over
02112	Sexual activity with a female child aged under 13 - offender aged under 18
02113	Sexual activity with a male child aged under 13 - offender aged under 18
02114	Causing or inciting a female child aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - offender under 18
02115	Causing or inciting a male child under 13 to engage in sexual activity - offender under 18
02116	Engaging in sexual activity in the presence of a child aged under 13 - offender under 18
02117	Causing a child under 13 to watch a sexual act - offender under 18
02122	Sexual activity with a female child aged under 13 -  offender aged  under 18 - no penetration
02123	Sexual activity with a male child aged under 13 - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02124	Causing or inciting a female child aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02125	Causing or inciting a male child aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02126	Arrange / facilitate the rape / assault by penetration of a child under 13
02127	Arrange / facilitate commission of offence of cause / incite child under 13 to engage in sexual activity - penetration
02202	Causing a female person to engage in sexual activity without consent - penetration
02203	Causing a male person to engage in sexual activity without consent - penetration
02204	Causing a female person to engage in sexual activity without consent - no penetration
02205	Causing a male person to engage in sexual activity without consent - no penetration
02206	Sexual activity with a female child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02207	Sexual activity with a male child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02208	Causing or inciting a female child aged 13 to 15 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02209	Causing or inciting a male child aged 13 to 15 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02210	Engaging in sexual activity in the presence of a child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged 18 or over
02211	Causing a child aged 13 to 15 to watch a sexual act - offender aged 18 or over
02212	Sexual activity with a female child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged under 18 - penetration
02213	Sexual activity with a male child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged under 18 - penetration
02214	Causing or inciting a female child aged 13 to 15 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged under 18 - penetration
02215	Causing or inciting a male child aged 13 to 15 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged under 18 - penetration
02216	Engaging in sexual activity in the presence of a child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged under 18
02217	Causing a child aged 13 to 15 to watch a sexual act - offender aged under 18
02218	Sexual activity with a female child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged 18 or over - no penetration
02219	Sexual activity with a male child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged 18 or over - no penetration
02220	Causing or inciting a female child aged 13 to 15 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over - no penetration
02221	Causing or inciting a male child aged 13 to 15 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over - no penetration
02222	Sexual activity with a female child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02223	Sexual activity with a male child aged 13 to 15 - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02224	Causing or inciting a female child aged 13 to 15 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02225	Causing or inciting a male child aged 13 to 15 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02226	Arrange / facilitate sexual activity with a child / incite a child to engage - penetration
02230	Arrange / facilitate a sexual offence committed by a child / young person
02304	Sexual activity with a female child family member aged 13 to 17 - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02305	Sexual activity with a male child family member aged 13 to 17 - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02306	Sexual activity with a female child family member aged 13 to 17 - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02307	Sexual activity with a male child family member aged 13 to 17 - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02308	Inciting a female child family member aged 13 to 17 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02309	Inciting a male child family member aged 13 to 17 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02310	Inciting a female child family member to engage in sexual activity - offender aged under 18 or over at time of offence and victim aged 13 to 17
02311	Inciting a male child family member to engage in sexual activity - offender aged under 18 or over at time of offence and victim aged 13 to 17
02312	Sex with an adult relative aged 18 or over - offender aged 16 or over - penetration
02313	Sex with an adult relative aged 18 or over - offender aged 16 or over - consenting to penetration
02314	Sexual activity with a female child family member aged under 13 - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02315	Sexual activity with a male child family member aged under 13 - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02316	Sexual activity with a female child family member aged under 13 - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02317	Sexual activity with a male child family member - offender not 18 or over at time of offence and victim under 13
02318	Inciting a female child family member aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over - penetration
02319	Inciting a male child family member to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over at time of offence and victim under 13 - penetration
02320	Inciting a female child family member aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged under 18 - no penetration
02321	Inciting a male child family member to engage in sexual activity - offender not 18 or over at time of offence and victim under 13
02322	Sexual activity with a female child family member aged 13 to 17 - offender aged 18 or over - no penetration
02323	Sexual activity with a male child family member aged 13 to 17 - offender aged 18 or over - no penetration
02324	Sexual activity with a female child family member aged under 13 - offender aged 18 or over - no penetration
02325	Sexual activity with a male child family member aged under 13 - offender aged 18 or over - no penetration
02326	Inciting a female child family member aged 13 to 17 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over at time of offence - no penetration
02327	Inciting a male child family member aged 13 to 17 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over at time of offence - no penetration
02328	Inciting a female child family member aged under 13 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over at time of offence - no penetration
02329	Inciting a male child family member to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over at time of offence and victim under 13 - no penetration
02330	Sexual activity with a female child family member aged under 13 - offender aged under 18 - penetration
02331	Sexual activity with a male child family member under 13 - offender under 18 - penetration of anus, vagina or mouth by penis or other part of body
02332	Sexual activity with a female child family member aged 13 to 17 - offender aged under 18 - penetration
02333	Sexual activity with a male child family member 13 to 17 - offender under 18 - penetration of anus, vagina or mouth by penis or other part of body
02334	Inciting a female child family member under 13 to engage in sexual activity - offender under 18 - penetration of anus, vagina or mouth by penis or other part of body
02335	Inciting a male child family member under 13 to engage in sexual activity - offender under 18 - penetration of anus, vagina  or mouth by penis or other part of body
02336	Inciting a female child family member aged 13 to 17 to engage in sexual activity - offender under 18 - penetration
02337	Inciting a male child family member aged 13 to 17 to engage in sexual activity - offender under 18 - penetration
07001	Sexual activity with a male person with a mental disorder impeding choice - penetration
07002	Sexual activity with a female person with a mental disorder impeding choice - penetration
07003	Sexual activity with a male person with a mental disorder impeding choice - no penetration
07004	Sexual activity with a female person with a mental disorder impeding choice - no penetration
07005	Causing or inciting a male person with a mental disorder impeding choice to engage in sexual activity - penetration
07006	Causing or inciting a female person with a mental disorder impeding choice to engage in sexual activity - penetration
07007	Causing or inciting a male person with a mental disorder impeding choice to engage in sexual activity - no penetration
07008	Causing or inciting a female person with a mental disorder impeding choice to engage in sexual activity - no penetration
07009	Engaging in sexual activity in the presence of a person with a mental disorder impeding choice
07010	Causing a person with a mental disorder impeding choice to watch a sexual act
07011	Inducement, threat or deception to procure sexual activity with a person with a mental disorder - penetration
07012	Inducement, threat or deception to procure sexual activity with a person with a mental disorder - no penetration
07013	Causing a person with a mental disorder to engage in sexual activity by inducement, threat or deception - penetration
07014	Causing a person with a mental disorder to engage in sexual activity by inducement, threat or deception - no penetration
07015	Engaging in sexual activity in the presence, procured by inducement, threat or deception, of a person with a mental disorder
07016	Causing a person with a mental disorder to watch a sexual act by inducement, threat or deception
07017	Care workers: Sexual activity with a male person with a mental disorder - penetration
07018	Care workers: Sexual activity with a female person with a mental disorder - penetration
07019	Care workers: Sexual activity with a male person with a mental disorder - no penetration
07020	Care workers: Sexual activity with a female person with a mental disorder - no penetration
07021	Care workers: causing or inciting sexual activity (person with a mental disorder) - penetration
07022	Care workers: causing or inciting sexual activity (person with a mental disorder) - no penetration
07023	Care workers: sexual activity in the presence of a person with a mental disorder
07024	Care workers: causing a person with a mental disorder impeding choice to watch a sexual act
07101	Arranging or facilitating the commission of a child sex offence
07102	Paying for sex with a female child under 13 - penetration
07103	Paying for sex with a male child under 13 - penetration
07104	Paying for sex with a female child under 16 - no penetration
07105	Paying for sex with a male child under 16 - no penetration
07106	Paying for sex with a female child aged 16 or 17
07107	Paying for sex with a male child aged 16 or 17
07108	Causing or inciting child prostitution or pornography - child aged 13 to 17
07109	Controlling a child prostitute or a child involved in pornography - child aged 13 to 17
07110	Arranging or facilitating child prostitution or pornography - child aged 13 to 17
07111	Causing or inciting child prostitution or pornography - child under 13
07112	Controlling a child prostitute or a child involved in pornography - child under 13
07113	Arranging or facilitating child prostitution or pornography - child under 13
07114	Paying for sex with a female child aged under 16 - penetration
07115	Paying for sex with a male child aged under 16 - penetration
07116	Possess a paedophile manual
07307	Abuse of a position of trust: sexual activity with a female child aged 13 to 17 - offender aged 18 or over
07308	Abuse of a position of trust: sexual activity with a male child aged 13 to 17 - offender aged 18 or over
07309	Abuse of a position of trust: causing or inciting a female child aged 13 to 17 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over
07310	Abuse of a position of trust: causing or inciting a male child aged 13 to 17 to engage in sexual activity - offender aged 18 or over
07311	Abuse of a position of trust: sexual activity in the presence of a child aged 13 to 17 - offender aged 18 or over
07312	Abuse of a position of trust: causing a child aged 13 to 17 to watch a sexual act - offender aged 18 or over
07313	Abuse of a position of trust: sexual activity with a female child aged under 13 - offender aged 18 or over
07314	Abuse of a position of trust: sexual activity with a male child aged under 13 - offender aged 18 or over
07315	Abuse of a position of trust: causing or inciting a female child to engage in sexual activity (offender aged 18 or over and victim aged under 13)
07316	Abuse of a position of trust: causing or inciting a male child to engage in sexual activity (offender aged 18 or over and victim aged under 13)
07317	Abuse of a position of trust: sexual activity in the presence of a child (offender aged 18 or over and victim aged under 13)
07318	Abuse of a position of trust: causing a child to watch a sexual act (offender aged 18 or over and victim aged under 13)
07117	Engage in sexual communication with a child
08801	Meeting a female child aged under 16 following sexual grooming etc. - offender aged 18 or over
08802	Meeting a male child aged under 16 following sexual grooming etc. - offender aged 18 or over
08805	Administer substance with intent to stupefy or overpower to engage in sexual activity
08806	Committing an offence with intent to commit a sexual offence
08807	Trespass with intent to commit a sexual offence
08815	Sharing intimate photograph or film to cause alarm, distress or humiliation, or for sexual gratification
17508	Share photograph or film of person in intimate state without consent
08803	Intercourse with an animal (male offender)
08804	Intercourse with an animal (female offender)
08811	Sexual penetration of a corpse
08809	Exposure
08810	Voyeurism
08812	Voyeurism additional offences (upskirting)
08813	Offences relating to using equipment to film or observe another while breastfeeding
08814	Sending photograph etc or film of genitals
00829	Breach of the conditions of an injunction against harassment
00830	Other harassment - putting people in fear of violence
00831	Breach of Restraining Order (Protection from Harassment Act 1997)
12568	Harassment etc. of a person in his home
19594	Offence of harassment
00865	Stalking involving fear of violence
00866	Stalking involving serious alarm/distress
00874	Breach of stalking order / interim stalking order
19512	Pursue course of conduct in breach of S.1(1) of Protection from Harassment Act 1997 which amounts to stalking
00867	Engage in controlling / coercive behaviour in an intimate / family relationship
02417	Causing or inciting prostitution for gain
02418	Controlling a prostitute for gain
02419	Keeping a brothel used for prostitution
16701	Soliciting another for the purpose of obtaining their sexual services as a prostitute in a street or public place
16702	Paying or promising to pay a person to provide sexual services, where that person is subject to exploitative conduct to induce or encourage them to provide those services
03605	Forced marriage
00852	Offences under the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003
00868	Fail to protect girl from risk of genital mutilation

14. Annex B: Knife, ASB and acquisitive, and VAWG offence code overlaps 

Table B1: Knife offence and ASB and acquisitive offence code overlap

Home Office Offence Code	Offence Description	Number of offences
03401	Robbery	1,776

Table B2: ASB and acquisitive offence, and VAWG offence code overlap

Home Office Offence Code	Offence Description	Number of offences
00831	Breach of Restraining Order (Protection from Harassment Act 1997)	1,509
16701	Soliciting another for the purpose of obtaining their sexual services as a prostitute in a street or public place	20

Table B3: Knife and VAWG offence code overlap

Home Office Offence Code	Offence Description	Number of offences
01715	Sexual assault on a male aged 13 or over - no penetration	*
01912	Attempted rape of a female aged 16 or over	*
01908	Rape of a female aged 16 or over	*
02003	Sexual assault on a female aged 13 or over - penetration	*
02005	Sexual assault on a female aged 13 or over - no penetration	18

15. Annex C: Home Office disposal codes, definitions and the disposal category assigned^{[footnote 14]}

HO Disposal Code	Disposal code definition	Assigned disposal category
25	Imprisonment without option of fine (effective) including consecutive sentences	Immediate Custody
27	Sentences to extend licence where sexual or violent offences (s.58(1) of Crime and Disorder Act 1998)	Immediate Custody
34	Imprisonment for Public Protection, aged under 18	Immediate Custody
35	Imprisonment without option of fine (non-effective)	Immediate Custody
60	Suspended sentence of imprisonment (custody minus) - effective/consecutive	Suspended Sentence
61	Suspended sentence of imprisonment (Custody minus) – effective/consecutive: min.14 weeks; max.12 months	Suspended Sentence
62	Suspended sentence of imprisonment (custody minus) - non-effective concurrent	Suspended Sentence
70	Suspended sentence of imprisonment duration of suspension 1 year	Suspended Sentence
85	Detention in a young offender institution (effective)	Immediate Custody
90	Detention in a young offender institution (non-effective)	Immediate Custody
100	Detention and Training Order - Consecutive	Immediate Custody
105	Detention and Training Order - Concurrent	Immediate Custody
110	Police cells 1 day (s 135 of MC Act 1980)	Immediate Custody
171	Community Order - without electronic monitoring	Community Penalty
172	Community Order - with electronic monitoring	Community Penalty
173	Community Order - with curfew requirements and with electronic monitoring	Community Penalty
174	Community Order - with curfew requirements and without electronic monitoring	Community Penalty
175	Curfew order with electronic monitoring (Criminal Justice Act 1991) [see note at the end of this section	Community Penalty
180	Attendance centre (minimum 12 hours, maximum 36 hours unless offender is under 14 for minimum hours)	Community Penalty
181	Youth Rehabilitation Order	Community Penalty
182	Youth Rehabilitation Order With Intensive Supervision & Surveillance	Community Penalty
183	Youth Rehabilitation Order With Fostering	Community Penalty
185	Reparation order - young offender (s.67(1),(4) of Crime and Disorder Act 1998)(Powers of Criminal Courts Sentencing Act 2000 S73 S74)	Community Penalty
190	Action plan order - young offender (s.69(1),(11) of Crime and Disorder Act 1998)	Community Penalty
195	Drug treatment and testing order (s.61(1),(4) of Crime and Disorder Act 1998)	Community Penalty
201	Community Order - with exclusion requirements and with electronic monitoring	Community Penalty
202	Community Order - with exclusion requirements and without electronic monitoring	Community Penalty
240	Supervision order - with other or no requirements	Community Penalty
300	Refer to a youth offender panel	Community Penalty
305	Extension of Referral Order	Community Penalty
315	Fine alone, or with some other penalty	Other
317	Anti-social behaviour order (on conviction)	Preventative Order
319	Criminal Behaviour Order	Preventative Order
320	Conditional discharge	Discharge
340	Bindover on conviction.	Other
343	Football Banning Order- Football Spectators Act 1989 sec 14a	Preventative Order
350	One day in Crown Court cells	Immediate Custody
360	Absolute Discharge	Discharge
460	Hospital order (with conviction)	Protective Order
470	Guardianship order (with conviction)	Other
530	Compensation Order	Other
540	Parents to pay fine or compensation or costs	Other
545	Parenting Order given in a Criminal Court (not civil court) Parenting Orders-Crime and Disorder Act 1998 S8	Preventative Order
580	Confiscation order (money)	Other
585	Confiscation order (property)	Other
590	Order for forfeiture of property used or intended for use for purposes of committing offence	Other
600	Not separately dealt with	Other
650	Supervision order either imposed at the same time as a suspended sentence or for breach of a suspended sentence	Other
660	Restraining Order (protection from Harassment Order Act 1997 Sec.5)	Protective Order
672	Rehabilitation Activity Requirement (Community Sentence)	Community Penalty
680	Sexual Offences Prevention Order (SOPO)	Protective Order
681	Sexual Harm Prevention Order	Protective Order
690	Otherwise dealt with on conviction	Other
931	Miscellaneous supervisory disposals	Other
935	Case adjourned ‘sine die’	Other
945	Died before charge disposed of, or before arraignment	Other
990	Disposal - without conviction - details to be given	Other

16. Annex D: Local authority and corresponding region look-up

Local Authority Code	Local Authority Name	Region Code	Region Name
E06000047	County Durham	E12000001	North East
E06000005	Darlington	E12000001	North East
E08000037	Gateshead	E12000001	North East
E06000001	Hartlepool	E12000001	North East
E06000002	Middlesbrough	E12000001	North East
E08000021	Newcastle upon Tyne	E12000001	North East
E08000022	North Tyneside	E12000001	North East
E06000057	Northumberland	E12000001	North East
E06000003	Redcar and Cleveland	E12000001	North East
E08000023	South Tyneside	E12000001	North East
E06000004	Stockton-on-Tees	E12000001	North East
E08000024	Sunderland	E12000001	North East
E06000008	Blackburn with Darwen	E12000002	North West
E06000009	Blackpool	E12000002	North West
E08000001	Bolton	E12000002	North West
E08000002	Bury	E12000002	North West
E06000049	Cheshire East	E12000002	North West
E06000050	Cheshire West and Chester	E12000002	North West
E10000006	Cumbria (before 2023)	E12000002	North West
E06000006	Halton	E12000002	North West
E08000011	Knowsley	E12000002	North West
E10000017	Lancashire	E12000002	North West
E08000012	Liverpool	E12000002	North West
E08000003	Manchester	E12000002	North West
E08000004	Oldham	E12000002	North West
E08000005	Rochdale	E12000002	North West
E08000006	Salford	E12000002	North West
E08000014	Sefton	E12000002	North West
E08000013	St. Helens	E12000002	North West
E08000007	Stockport	E12000002	North West
E08000008	Tameside	E12000002	North West
E08000009	Trafford	E12000002	North West
E06000007	Warrington	E12000002	North West
E08000010	Wigan	E12000002	North West
E08000015	Wirral	E12000002	North West
E08000038	Barnsley	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E08000032	Bradford	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E08000033	Calderdale	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E08000017	Doncaster	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E06000011	East Riding of Yorkshire	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E06000010	Kingston upon Hull, City of	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E08000034	Kirklees	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E08000035	Leeds	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E06000012	North East Lincolnshire	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E06000013	North Lincolnshire	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E06000065	North Yorkshire	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E08000018	Rotherham	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E08000039	Sheffield	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E08000036	Wakefield	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E06000014	York	E12000003	Yorkshire and The Humber
E06000015	Derby	E12000004	East Midlands
E10000007	Derbyshire	E12000004	East Midlands
E06000016	Leicester	E12000004	East Midlands
E10000018	Leicestershire	E12000004	East Midlands
E10000019	Lincolnshire	E12000004	East Midlands
E10000021	Northamptonshire (before 2021)	E12000004	East Midlands
E06000018	Nottingham	E12000004	East Midlands
E10000024	Nottinghamshire	E12000004	East Midlands
E06000017	Rutland	E12000004	East Midlands
E08000025	Birmingham	E12000005	West Midlands
E08000026	Coventry	E12000005	West Midlands
E08000027	Dudley	E12000005	West Midlands
E06000019	Herefordshire, County of	E12000005	West Midlands
E08000028	Sandwell	E12000005	West Midlands
E06000051	Shropshire	E12000005	West Midlands
E08000029	Solihull	E12000005	West Midlands
E10000028	Staffordshire	E12000005	West Midlands
E06000021	Stoke-on-Trent	E12000005	West Midlands
E06000020	Telford and Wrekin	E12000005	West Midlands
E08000030	Walsall	E12000005	West Midlands
E10000031	Warwickshire	E12000005	West Midlands
E08000031	Wolverhampton	E12000005	West Midlands
E10000034	Worcestershire	E12000005	West Midlands
E06000055	Bedford	E12000006	East of England
E10000003	Cambridgeshire	E12000006	East of England
E06000056	Central Bedfordshire	E12000006	East of England
E10000012	Essex	E12000006	East of England
E10000015	Hertfordshire	E12000006	East of England
E06000032	Luton	E12000006	East of England
E10000020	Norfolk	E12000006	East of England
E06000031	Peterborough	E12000006	East of England
E06000033	Southend-on-Sea	E12000006	East of England
E10000029	Suffolk	E12000006	East of England
E06000034	Thurrock	E12000006	East of England
E09000002	Barking and Dagenham	E12000007	London
E09000003	Barnet	E12000007	London
E09000004	Bexley	E12000007	London
E09000005	Brent	E12000007	London
E09000006	Bromley	E12000007	London
E09000007	Camden	E12000007	London
E09000001	City of London	E12000007	London
E09000008	Croydon	E12000007	London
E09000009	Ealing	E12000007	London
E09000010	Enfield	E12000007	London
E09000011	Greenwich	E12000007	London
E09000012	Hackney	E12000007	London
E09000013	Hammersmith and Fulham	E12000007	London
E09000014	Haringey	E12000007	London
E09000015	Harrow	E12000007	London
E09000016	Havering	E12000007	London
E09000017	Hillingdon	E12000007	London
E09000018	Hounslow	E12000007	London
E09000019	Islington	E12000007	London
E09000020	Kensington and Chelsea	E12000007	London
E09000021	Kingston upon Thames	E12000007	London
E09000022	Lambeth	E12000007	London
E09000023	Lewisham	E12000007	London
E09000024	Merton	E12000007	London
E09000025	Newham	E12000007	London
E09000026	Redbridge	E12000007	London
E09000027	Richmond upon Thames	E12000007	London
E09000028	Southwark	E12000007	London
E09000029	Sutton	E12000007	London
E09000030	Tower Hamlets	E12000007	London
E09000031	Waltham Forest	E12000007	London
E09000032	Wandsworth	E12000007	London
E09000033	Westminster	E12000007	London
E06000036	Bracknell Forest	E12000008	South East
E06000043	Brighton and Hove	E12000008	South East
E06000060	Buckinghamshire	E12000008	South East
E10000011	East Sussex	E12000008	South East
E10000014	Hampshire	E12000008	South East
E06000046	Isle of Wight	E12000008	South East
E10000016	Kent	E12000008	South East
E06000035	Medway	E12000008	South East
E06000042	Milton Keynes	E12000008	South East
E10000025	Oxfordshire	E12000008	South East
E06000044	Portsmouth	E12000008	South East
E06000038	Reading	E12000008	South East
E06000039	Slough	E12000008	South East
E06000045	Southampton	E12000008	South East
E10000030	Surrey	E12000008	South East
E06000037	West Berkshire	E12000008	South East
E10000032	West Sussex	E12000008	South East
E06000040	Windsor and Maidenhead	E12000008	South East
E06000041	Wokingham	E12000008	South East
E06000022	Bath and North East Somerset	E12000009	South West
E06000058	Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole	E12000009	South West
E06000023	Bristol, City of	E12000009	South West
E06000052	Cornwall	E12000009	South West
E10000008	Devon	E12000009	South West
E06000059	Dorset	E12000009	South West
E10000013	Gloucestershire	E12000009	South West
E06000053	Isles of Scilly	E12000009	South West
E06000024	North Somerset	E12000009	South West
E06000026	Plymouth	E12000009	South West
E06000066	Somerset	E12000009	South West
E06000025	South Gloucestershire	E12000009	South West
E06000030	Swindon	E12000009	South West
E06000027	Torbay	E12000009	South West
E06000054	Wiltshire	E12000009	South West

17. Contact details and feedback

These statistics have been produced by Ministry of Justice: Data First - GOV.UK.

Any enquiries and feedback on these statistics can be sent to Ministry of Justice at datafirst@justice.gov.uk

17.1 Media contacts

Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office: 020 3334 3536

1. MoJ DfE data share: Privacy and Data Protection ↩

2. Experimental statistics from the 2013 MoJ /DWP /HMRC data share - GOV.UK ↩

3. Offender numbers and pupil population figures quoted in this analysis may differ when analysing different education variables, since the information on these variables may not be recorded for all offenders and pupils. ↩

4. The CIN census was introduced in 2008/09 and initially covered a reduced 6-month period. A full year collection was introduced in 2009 – 2010, however a number of local authorities were unable to provide a complete, clean children in need return for that year. Reviews were carried out on the CIN census and resulted in some data items being removed from the 2010 – 2011 collection onward. ↩

5. The analysis covers offences in the period 2000 – 2024. However, to reduce the skew of the data, the offence may have been committed at any point over a defined coverage period related to the offending group’s academic year. The coverage period for the offending group with a KS2 academic year of 2008/09 is 2000 - 31 August 2019,  a KS2 academic year of 2009/10 is 2000 - 31 August 2020, a KS2 academic year of 2010/11 is 2000 - 31 August 2021, a KS2 academic year of 2011/12 is 2000 - 31 August 2022, a KS2 academic year of 2012/13 is 2000 - 31 August 2023 and a KS2 academic year of 2013/14 is 2000 - 31 August 2024. ↩

6. Freedom from violence and abuse: a cross-government strategy - GOV.UK ↩

7. Youth Justice Statistics: 2023 to 2024 - GOV.UK ↩

8. Attempts to quantify the relative harm caused by different offences include the Cambridge Crime Harm Index, and ‘The economic and social costs of crime’ (Annex 1: Costs of crime index) published by the Home Office. ↩

9. Further information on the effectiveness of sentences given to young offenders are available in MoJ published analysis Impact of sentencing on proven reoffending for young offenders. ↩

10. The CIN census was introduced in 2008/09 and initially covered a reduced 6-month period. A full year collection was introduced in 2009 – 2010, however a number of local authorities were unable to provide a complete, clean children in need return for that year. Reviews were carried out on the CIN census and resulted in some data items being removed from the 2010 – 2011 collection onward. ↩

11. Immediate custodial sentences, of any length, accounted for 60% of all disposals given to children or young people cautioned or sentenced for a knife index offence, 16% of those cautioned or sentenced for a VAWG index offence and 2% of those cautioned or sentenced for an ASB and acquisitive index offence. ↩

12. Further details on this methodology can be found in the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly Technical Guide. ↩

13. Taken from Code principle 4 (Manage data responsibly) from core principle Trustworthiness of the ‘The Code of Practice for Statistics’ ↩

14. The disposal categories in this table were devised specifically for this analysis, and may differ from other MoJ statistical publications. ↩