Research and analysis

NOIDs causative agents: week 40 (week ending 5 October 2025)

Updated 6 October 2025

The list of causative agents that laboratories must notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) about has been expanded to include additional notifiable organisms. These became reportable under the Health Protection (Notification) (Amendment) Regulations from 6 April 2025.

Publication of the additional causative agents will begin at a later date, once reporting development work has been undertaken to include them.

Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify UKHSA of the identification of the following causative agents:

  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Borrelia spp
  • Brucella spp
  • Burkholderia mallei
  • Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • Campylobacter spp
  • Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
  • Chikungunya virus
  • Chlamydophila psittaci
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium tetani
  • Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  • Corynebacterium ulcerans
  • Coxiella burnetii
  • Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Cryptosporidium spp
  • Dengue virus
  • Ebola virus
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Escherichia coli O 157
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Giardia spp
  • Guanarito virus
  • Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
  • Hanta virus
  • hepatitis A
  • hepatitis B
  • hepatitis C
  • hepatitis D
  • hepatitis E
  • influenza virus
  • Junin virus
  • Kyasanur Forest disease virus
  • Lassa virus
  • Legionella spp
  • Leptospira interrogans
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Machupo virus
  • Marburg virus
  • measles virus
  • mpox virus
  • mumps virus
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
  • Plasmodium falciparum
  • Plasmodium Knowlesi
  • Plasmodium Malariae
  • Plasmodium Ovale
  • Plasmodium Vivax
  • polio virus
  • Rabies virus
  • Rickettsia spp
  • Rift Valley fever virus
  • Rubella virus
  • Sabia virus
  • Salmonella spp
  • SARS coronavirus
  • Shigella spp
  • Streptococcus group A (invasive)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
  • Varicella zoster virus
  • Variola virus
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • West Nile virus
  • Yellow fever virus
  • Yersinia pestis

Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism

Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.

Week notification received 2025/35 2025/36 2025/37 2025/38 2025/39 2025/40
Arboviruses            
West Nile Virus - - - 1 - -
Bacillus            
Bacillus cereus 22 36 27 24 15 28
Bordetella            
Bordetella pertussis 6 10 2 3 1 7
Borrelia            
Borrelia burgdorferi 72 50 37 52 51 60
Borrelia other named - 1 - - - -
Borrelia sp 9 3 9 5 1 1
Brucella            
Brucella melitensis - 1 1 - - -
Brucella sp - - 3 1 - 2
Burkholderia            
Burkholderia pseudomallei - - 1 - - -
Campylobacter            
Campylobacter coli 45 51 46 52 38 34
Campylobacter jejuni 238 290 299 286 296 245
Campylobacter other named 2 2 2 1 - 2
Campylobacter sp 938 1,126 1,078 987 1,014 983
Campylobacter upsaliensis - - - 1 1 1
Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) 1 2 - - - 1
Chikungunya virus            
Chikungunya virus - - - 1 - 1
Clostridium            
Clostridium perfringens 32 37 40 34 40 37
Coronavirus            
Coronavirus 16 34 21 16 40 25
Human coronavirus oc43 - - 1 - 1 -
SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate - - 16 - - 8
SARS-CoV-2 antibody void 20 28 6 16 30 20
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) 1,516 1,708 1,779 2,187 2,662 2,972
SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate 39 41 81 117 102 142
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative 16 32 10 18 33 8
SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive 41 66 83 87 84 63
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative 20 16 4 8 8 16
SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive 33 37 33 26 40 54
Corynebacterium            
Corynebacterium diphtheriae - - 1 3 3 5
Corynebacterium ulcerans - 2 2 1 - -
Cryptosporidium            
Cryptosporidium cuniculus 2 1 2 2 - -
Cryptosporidium felis - - - 1 - -
Cryptosporidium hominis 14 38 70 50 30 10
Cryptosporidium meleagridis - 1 - - - -
Cryptosporidium parvum 34 37 58 36 21 9
Cryptosporidium sp 45 65 58 60 57 81
Entamoeba            
Entamoeba histolytica 4 4 1 2 2 1
Escherichia            
Escherichia coli O 157 22 29 35 22 21 18
Flaviviruses            
Dengue virus 3 6 6 9 5 6
Giardia            
Giardia intestinalis - - 1 1 4 -
Giardia sp 122 141 146 130 136 135
Haemophilus            
Haemophilus influenzae 61 38 46 39 50 36
Hepatitis viruses            
Hepatitis A 18 17 22 26 27 20
Hepatitis B 251 248 307 248 277 233
Hepatitis C 271 232 238 216 240 239
Hepatitis D 6 7 9 3 5 5
Hepatitis E 31 44 37 39 45 24
Influenza virus            
Influenza A 137 168 150 233 417 769
Influenza B 8 37 10 16 54 42
Influenza indeterminate - 1 5 11 4 33
Influenza ungrouped 2 6 2 1 10 -
Legionella            
Legionella pneumophila 6 9 5 13 11 7
Legionella sp - 3 7 2 6 10
Listeria            
Listeria monocytogenes 3 2 4 1 5 5
Mycobacterium            
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 85 95 101 70 77 76
Neisseria            
Neisseria meningitidis 18 20 16 19 27 25
Orthopoxvirus            
Mpox virus positive 5 6 4 5 2 4
Paramyxoviruses            
Measles virus 6 7 3 8 4 8
Mumps virus 6 7 5 11 4 4
Plasmodium            
Plasmodium falciparum 2 2 13 - - -
Plasmodium ovale - - 1 - - -
Plasmodium vivax - - 3 - - -
Polyomavirus            
Polyomavirus BK 34 56 67 60 53 67
Polyomavirus JC 10 14 16 11 13 12
Polyomavirus untyped 7 12 19 21 - -
Rickettsia            
Rickettsia spotted fever 1 - 2 3 - 2
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi - - 1 - - -
Rubella virus            
Rubella virus 3 8 4 5 3 5
Salmonella            
Other salmonellas 87 87 92 80 65 35
Salmonella agona - 6 7 6 - -
Salmonella blockley - - - 5 - -
Salmonella braenderup 8 - 8 - - -
Salmonella chester 8 - 6 - - -
Salmonella enterica 7 11 10 9 - 8
Salmonella enteritidis 99 133 100 125 70 30
Salmonella heidelberg - 5 - - - -
Salmonella infantis - 9 - - - -
Salmonella java - 7 - - 7 -
Salmonella kottbus - - - 7 - -
Salmonella mikawasima - - 5 5 - -
Salmonella newport 5 7 - 10 - -
Salmonella saint-paul - 6 9 11 - -
Salmonella sp 28 34 28 69 153 207
Salmonella stanley - - 6 - - -
Salmonella stanleyville 5 - - 7 - -
Salmonella strathcona - 6 - 5 - -
Salmonella thompson 9 7 - - - -
Salmonella typhi and paratyphi 18 32 45 38 30 15
Salmonella typhimurium 37 65 52 44 26 15
Salmonella virchow - 5 - 8 - -
Shigella            
Shigella boydii - 1 2 4 2 -
Shigella dysenteriae 1 4 1 2 3 -
Shigella flexneri 14 16 16 22 13 5
Shigella sonnei 13 29 32 39 27 9
Shigella sp 84 139 147 96 102 93
Streptococcus            
Streptococcus group A 35 36 49 41 63 51
Streptococcus pneumoniae 57 68 71 60 75 89
Vibrio            
Vibrio cholerae 3 2 2 4 1 -

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections (AMRHAI).

Week notification received 2025/35 2025/36 2025/37 2025/38 2025/39 2025/40
Citrobacter              
Citrobacter spp IMP - - - 1 - -
  KPC 3 - - - 2 1
  NDM - 3 2 2 3 -
  OXA48 2 7 3 4 1 1
  Other - 1 1 - 1 -
Enterobacter              
Enterobacter cloacae complex IMP 5 3 4 4 4 -
  KPC 3 2 4 8 2 -
  NDM 7 6 6 7 10 3
  OXA48 4 3 3 5 1 -
  Other 1 1 1 2 1 1
Other enterobacter spp IMP 1 - - - - -
  KPC 1 - 1 - - -
  NDM 3 2 1 4 1 -
  OXA48 1 - - 1 - -
  Other 1 - - - - -
Escherichia              
Escherichia coli IMP 1 1 - 1 2 -
  KPC 6 2 1 1 6 1
  NDM 23 26 12 16 18 3
  OXA48 22 28 31 32 26 2
  Other 3 4 2 2 2 1
Escherichia hermannii OXA48 - - - 1 1 -
Klebsiella              
Klebsiella aerogenes NDM - - - 1 - -
  OXA48 1 1 - - 1 -
Klebsiella oxytoca KPC 1 - 2 2 2 -
  NDM - 2 - - - -
  OXA48 2 2 - - - -
Klebsiella pneumoniae IMP - 1 1 - 1 -
  KPC 7 7 10 5 4 1
  NDM 7 6 13 7 10 -
  OXA48 10 13 12 12 17 1
  VIM 2 - - 1 - -
  Other - 2 2 1 2 -
Klebsiella variicola OXA48 - - 1 - - -
Kluyvera              
Kluyvera ascorbata IMP - - - - 1 -
  OXA48 - - - - 1 -
Mixta              
Mixta calida KPC - 1 - - - -
Morganella              
Morganella morganii KPC - 1 - - - -
Pantoea              
Pantoea spp OXA48 1 - - - - -
  Other 1 - - - - -
Phytobacter              
Pytobacter ursingii KPC 1 - - - - -
Proteus              
Proteus mirabilis KPC - - 1 - - -
  NDM - 3 - 1 1 -
  Other - 1 - - - -
Providencia              
Providencia stuartii NDM 1 - - - - -
Raoultella              
Raoultella ornithinolytica KPC - 1 - - 1 -
  Other - - - - 1 -
Raoultella planticola (klebsiella planticola) NDM - - - 1 - -
  Other - - - 1 - -
Other raoultella spp OXA48 - - 1 - - -

Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms

For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.

Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to.

Week notification received 2025/35 2025/36 2025/37 2025/38 2025/39 2025/40
Acinetobacter              
Acinetobacter baumannii NDM - - 2 2 - -
Pseudomonas              
Pseudomonas aeruginosa IMP 2 - 2 - - -
  NDM 1 2 1 1 1 -
  VIM - 1 1 1 - -
  Other 1 4 1 1 1 1
Pseudomonas jinjuensis VIM 1 - - - - -
  Other 1 - - - - -
Pseudomonas putida group Other - - - - - 1
Other pseudomonas spp VIM - - - - 1 -
  Other - - - - 1 -
Other              
  IMP - - - 1 - -
  NDM - 1 - - - -
  OXA48 1 - 2 - - -
  Other 1 1 - - - -