Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 4 (week ending 26 January 2025)
Updated 27 October 2025
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- hepatitis D
- hepatitis E
- influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- measles virus
- mpox virus
- mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/51 | 2024/52 | 2025/01 | 2025/02 | 2025/03 | 2025/04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | ||||||
| West Nile Virus | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 16 | 14 | 19 | 19 | 12 | 13 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 25 | 13 | 7 | 20 | 20 | 11 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 21 | 5 | 7 | 19 | 25 | 21 |
| Borrelia sp | 6 | - | 3 | 2 | 4 | 5 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella sp | 2 | - | - | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 30 | 25 | 21 | 30 | 30 | 24 |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 221 | 201 | 201 | 274 | 318 | 210 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Campylobacter sp | 923 | 639 | 650 | 829 | 918 | 988 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | 2 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 41 | 23 | 35 | 39 | 42 | 25 |
| Clostridium tetani | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 118 | 136 | 183 | 197 | 200 | 213 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | - | 1 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 |
| Human coronavirus nl63 | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| Human coronavirus oc43 | - | - | - | - | 2 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 8 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | 8 | 26 | 30 | 24 | 40 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1,222 | 915 | 1468 | 929 | 837 | 775 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 88 | 49 | 77 | 67 | 42 | 65 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 29 | 3 | 22 | 26 | 20 | 9 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 98 | 22 | 77 | 93 | 77 | 38 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 9 | 3 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 7 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 27 | 12 | 22 | 25 | 33 | 38 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 6 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | 1 | 1 | - | - | 2 | - |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 18 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 47 | 15 | 23 | 23 | 16 | 14 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 27 | 12 | 7 | 18 | 25 | 37 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 12 | 6 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 6 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 5 | 8 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| Giardia | ||||||
| Giardia sp | 122 | 61 | 74 | 109 | 112 | 95 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 84 | 59 | 55 | 88 | 72 | 92 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 26 | 15 | 17 | 21 | 28 | 15 |
| Hepatitis B | 289 | 183 | 187 | 276 | 272 | 275 |
| Hepatitis C | 230 | 197 | 215 | 235 | 238 | 241 |
| Hepatitis D | 9 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 11 |
| Hepatitis E | 32 | 28 | 40 | 36 | 28 | 38 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 12,217 | 12,786 | 12,491 | 9,791 | 6,665 | 5,152 |
| Influenza B | 568 | 654 | 871 | 1,070 | 1,129 | 1,586 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 5 | 15 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 2 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 263 | 283 | 297 | 218 | 179 | 145 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella pneumophila | 3 | 8 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Legionella sp | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 4 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 111 | 67 | 71 | 99 | 66 | 81 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 43 | 26 | 42 | 42 | 33 | 34 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus positive | 7 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 4 |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 27 | 23 | 12 | 17 | 26 | 20 |
| Mumps virus | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 6 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | 20 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Plasmodium malariae | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | 3 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 41 | 27 | 40 | 56 | 80 | 60 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 10 | 9 | 2 | 7 | 16 | 7 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 13 | 10 | 7 | 19 | 25 | 14 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 3 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | - |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 54 | 53 | 38 | 50 | 38 | 14 |
| Salmonella agona | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 36 | 15 | 18 | 26 | 18 | 7 |
| Salmonella java | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 9 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 17 | 9 | 12 | 28 | 75 | 109 |
| Salmonella stanley | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 7 | 16 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 15 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 20 | 16 | 17 | 23 | 15 | 6 |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 20 | 9 | 12 | 25 | 13 | 13 |
| Shigella sonnei | 14 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 25 | 26 |
| Shigella sp | 61 | 35 | 33 | 68 | 77 | 73 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 58 | 59 | 46 | 61 | 75 | 64 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 196 | 220 | 277 | 239 | 146 | 160 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | 5 | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/51 | 2024/52 | 2025/01 | 2025/02 | 2025/03 | 2025/04 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 2 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| KPC | 2 | 2 | - | - | 1 | - | |
| NDM | 7 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | - | |
| VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - |
| KPC | 5 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 1 | |
| NDM | 9 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 2 | |
| OXA48 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 2 | 6 | - | |
| VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| NDM | 1 | - | - | 2 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 3 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| KPC | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | |
| NDM | 16 | 12 | 11 | 14 | 10 | - | |
| OXA48 | 26 | 11 | 14 | 25 | 23 | 2 | |
| VIM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - | |
| Escherichia hermannii | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | - | - | - | - | - | 1 |
| KPC | 2 | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | |
| NDM | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 3 | 2 | 1 | - | - | - |
| KPC | 10 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 2 | |
| NDM | 9 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 11 | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 14 | 7 | 12 | 17 | 10 | 4 | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Klebsiella serogenes | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other klebsiella spp | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Kluyvera | |||||||
| Kluyvera spp | OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus hauseri | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Other | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | - | |
| Other proteus spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/51 | 2024/52 | 2025/01 | 2025/02 | 2025/03 | 2025/04 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Acinetobacter variabilis | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Other | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | - | |
| Pseudomonas alcaligenes | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | |||||||
| KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |