Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 1 (week ending 5 January 2025)
Updated 27 October 2025
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia spp
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- hepatitis A
- hepatitis B
- hepatitis C
- hepatitis D
- hepatitis E
- influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- measles virus
- mpox virus
- mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium Knowlesi
- Plasmodium Malariae
- Plasmodium Ovale
- Plasmodium Vivax
- polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory Notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2024/48 | 2024/49 | 2024/50 | 2024/51 | 2024/52 | 2025/01 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | ||||||
| West Nile Virus | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 21 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 19 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 48 | 28 | 21 | 25 | 13 | 6 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 26 | 24 | 30 | 19 | 5 | 7 |
| Borrelia sp | 1 | 11 | 4 | 6 | - | 3 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella sp | 4 | - | 7 | 2 | - | - |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 31 | 40 | 46 | 23 | 25 | 13 |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 310 | 253 | 284 | 207 | 190 | 169 |
| Campylobacter other named | 3 | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter rectus | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 931 | 996 | 838 | 905 | 628 | 665 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | - | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | - |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 38 | 46 | 38 | 40 | 23 | 35 |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 37 | 68 | 89 | 111 | 122 | 170 |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | 4 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 36 | 2 | 4 | 8 | 1 | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | - | - | 4 | - | 8 | 26 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 1,056 | 1,196 | 1,175 | 1,203 | 905 | 1,468 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 115 | 72 | 66 | 88 | 49 | 77 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 26 | 24 | 30 | 28 | 3 | 22 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 104 | 113 | 110 | 97 | 22 | 77 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 8 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 26 | 48 | 47 | 27 | 12 | 22 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 3 | 3 | - | 6 | 1 | 1 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 8 | 6 | 9 | 18 | 6 | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 48 | 58 | 40 | 41 | 13 | 6 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 87 | 64 | 69 | 30 | 14 | 27 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 4 | - | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 21 | 14 | 6 | 12 | 6 | 10 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 5 |
| Giardia | ||||||
| Giardia sp | 111 | 103 | 105 | 113 | 61 | 71 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 73 | 68 | 60 | 84 | 58 | 54 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 11 | 23 | 25 | 26 | 15 | 18 |
| Hepatitis B | 294 | 271 | 281 | 275 | 175 | 171 |
| Hepatitis C | 280 | 264 | 259 | 227 | 194 | 204 |
| Hepatitis D | 12 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 4 | 5 |
| Hepatitis E | 31 | 38 | 42 | 30 | 27 | 36 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 3,304 | 5,654 | 7,888 | 11,763 | 12,343 | 12,034 |
| Influenza B | 155 | 232 | 369 | 548 | 627 | 830 |
| Influenza indeterminate | 2 | 7 | 4 | 5 | 15 | 4 |
| Influenza ungrouped | 96 | 179 | 226 | 263 | 281 | 296 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella longbeachae | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 5 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 7 |
| Legionella sp | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 97 | 83 | 94 | 108 | 53 | 58 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 41 | 26 | 33 | 43 | 26 | 41 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus positive | 24 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 2 |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 31 | 29 | 22 | 27 | 23 | 12 |
| Mumps virus | 7 | 3 | 12 | 5 | 4 | 4 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | - | - | 20 | - | - |
| Plasmodium malariae | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | - | - | 3 | - | - |
| Plasmodium vivax | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 54 | 59 | 64 | 41 | 27 | 40 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 8 | 8 | 3 | 10 | 9 | 2 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 20 | 13 | 22 | 14 | 9 | 6 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia sp | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | - | 3 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 4 |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 62 | 59 | 59 | 51 | 25 | 10 |
| Salmonella agona | 6 | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella bareilly | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella chester | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 46 | 41 | 29 | 27 | 5 | 5 |
| Salmonella java | - | - | 6 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | - | 8 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella mikawasima | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 12 | - | 6 | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 12 | 32 | 27 | 37 | 58 | 65 |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 11 | 16 | 13 | 7 | 13 | 8 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 27 | 34 | 29 | 16 | 8 | 6 |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 10 | 20 | 16 | 16 | 5 | 6 |
| Shigella sonnei | 17 | 25 | 19 | 14 | 9 | 7 |
| Shigella sp | 47 | 63 | 33 | 65 | 39 | 40 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 48 | 61 | 59 | 57 | 56 | 44 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 158 | 186 | 183 | 193 | 214 | 268 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | 4 | - | 1 | 5 | - | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/48 | 2024/49 | 2024/50 | 2024/51 | 2024/52 | 2025/01 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | IMP | 1 | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | - |
| KPC | - | 1 | - | 2 | 2 | - | |
| NDM | - | 2 | 1 | 6 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | - | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | - |
| KPC | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 | - | |
| NDM | 8 | 6 | 6 | 9 | 3 | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| VIM | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | |
| Other | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | - |
| KPC | 4 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | - | |
| NDM | 10 | 9 | 18 | 15 | 11 | 1 | |
| OXA48 | 21 | 15 | 26 | 26 | 10 | 3 | |
| Other | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | OXA48 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| KPC | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - | |
| NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| VIM | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | - |
| KPC | 14 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 4 | 1 | |
| NDM | 7 | 8 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 3 | |
| OXA48 | 13 | 15 | 10 | 13 | 7 | 1 | |
| VIM | - | - | 2 | - | - | - | |
| Other | 2 | - | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
| Klebsiella variicola | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Kluyvera | |||||||
| Kluyvera spp | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Morganella | |||||||
| Morganella morganii subsp morganii | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus hauseri | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 | - |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella spp | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Serratia | |||||||
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | 2 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2024/48 | 2024/49 | 2024/50 | 2024/51 | 2024/52 | 2025/01 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
| VIM | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | - | |
| Pseudomonas alcaligenes | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens group | Other | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Other | |||||||
| NDM | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |