Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 52 (week ending 31 December 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/47 | 2023/48 | 2023/49 | 2023/50 | 2023/51 | 2023/52 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | ||||||
| West Nile virus | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 19 | 17 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 6 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 12 | 14 | 15 | 24 | 32 | 13 |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 37 | 30 | 21 | 26 | 12 | 7 |
| Borrelia sp | 6 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 2 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella melitensis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Brucella sp | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 40 | 34 | 21 | 30 | 12 | 13 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 277 | 233 | 200 | 218 | 204 | 133 |
| Campylobacter lari | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter other named | - | 3 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Campylobacter sp | 1,000 | 973 | 827 | 823 | 802 | 430 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | - | 1 | - | - | - | 2 |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 39 | 29 | 26 | 34 | 34 | 27 |
| Clostridium tetani | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 23 | 18 | 39 | 45 | 56 | 46 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | - | 1 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | - | - |
| SARS coronavirus | - | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 132 | 130 | 114 | 182 | 163 | 191 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 7 | 4 | - | 2 | 11 | 2 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 4,015 | 4,281 | 6,048 | 7,972 | 9,034 | 8,011 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 45 | 37 | 68 | 51 | 84 | 83 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 34 | 38 | 30 | 67 | 41 | 20 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 166 | 174 | 130 | 378 | 196 | 84 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 28 | 30 | 14 | 35 | 36 | 30 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 78 | 114 | 71 | 115 | 104 | 113 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | - |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | - | - | - | 3 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 36 | 21 | 5 | 11 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 23 | 9 | 21 | 8 | 10 | 2 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 142 | 137 | 101 | 118 | 107 | 45 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | - | - | - | 4 | - | 1 |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 7 | 11 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 6 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | 8 | 9 | 10 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 61 | 68 | 69 | 71 | 72 | 49 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 14 | 15 | 8 | 14 | 16 | 8 |
| Hepatitis B | 342 | 327 | 405 | 356 | 334 | 179 |
| Hepatitis C | 271 | 279 | 240 | 222 | 236 | 125 |
| Hepatitis D | 14 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 7 | 3 |
| Hepatitis E | 22 | 24 | 30 | 21 | 31 | 17 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 373 | 558 | 1,202 | 2,036 | 3,241 | 3,216 |
| Influenza B | 57 | 50 | 84 | 101 | 112 | 118 |
| Influenza indeterminate | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Influenza ungrouped | 14 | 29 | 40 | 89 | 92 | 116 |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella other named | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 2 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 2 |
| Legionella sp | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 5 | - |
| Leptospira | ||||||
| Leptospira interrogans | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 6 | 8 | 6 | 26 | 11 | 4 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 74 | 76 | 71 | 75 | 75 | 42 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 31 | 35 | 26 | 36 | 48 | 16 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus | 7 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | - |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 11 | 10 | 4 | 16 | 29 | 29 |
| Mumps virus | 3 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 6 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | - | 14 | - | 1 | 9 | 1 |
| Plasmodium ovale | - | 5 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 56 | 49 | 48 | 51 | 55 | 49 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 11 | 8 | 13 | 10 | 12 | 4 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 18 | 7 | 21 | 14 | 19 | 8 |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia tsutsugamushi | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 5 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 2 | - |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 57 | 59 | 58 | 45 | 29 | 7 |
| Salmonella chester | 5 | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 43 | 29 | 37 | 21 | 14 | 7 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | 5 | - | - | - |
| Salmonella kentucky | - | 6 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella newport | 5 | - | - | 5 | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | - | - | - | 7 | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 17 | 11 | 18 | 29 | 72 | 40 |
| Salmonella stanley | - | 5 | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 26 | 30 | 17 | 13 | 22 | 10 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 23 | 31 | 23 | 18 | 10 | 5 |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | 4 | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 1 | 4 | - | - | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 17 | 16 | 24 | 18 | 19 | 6 |
| Shigella sonnei | 28 | 28 | 30 | 26 | 25 | 14 |
| Shigella sp | 48 | 55 | 47 | 37 | 55 | 28 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 61 | 65 | 59 | 66 | 67 | 65 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 121 | 134 | 149 | 184 | 174 | 181 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/47 | 2023/48 | 2023/49 | 2023/50 | 2023/51 | 2023/52 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| NDM | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | - | |
| OXA48 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | |
| Cronobacter | |||||||
| Cronobacter spp | KPC | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | - | - |
| KPC | 1 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 2 | |
| NDM | 9 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | - | |
| OXA48 | 6 | 10 | 4 | 2 | 4 | - | |
| VIM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | |
| Other enterobacter spp | IMP | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | - | |
| OXA48 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| VIM | - | - | - | 2 | - | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| KPC | 4 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 4 | |
| NDM | 16 | 19 | 20 | 16 | 17 | 3 | |
| OXA48 | 22 | 20 | 19 | 22 | 19 | 3 | |
| VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Other escherichia spp | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 2 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
| NDM | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 5 | 1 | - | 3 | 2 | - | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| KPC | 16 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 4 | |
| NDM | 11 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 9 | 2 | |
| OXA48 | 13 | 16 | 12 | 7 | 15 | 2 | |
| VIM | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Other | 1 | 3 | - | 2 | 1 | - | |
| Klebsiella serogenes | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Other klebsiella spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Leclercia | |||||||
| Leclercia adecarboxylata | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Morganella | |||||||
| Morganella morganii | OXA48 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Pantoea | |||||||
| Pantoea agglomerans | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus mirabilis | IMP | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| NDM | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | OXA48 | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Serratia | |||||||
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/47 | 2023/48 | 2023/49 | 2023/50 | 2023/51 | 2023/52 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | NDM | - | 1 | - | 2 | - | 1 |
| Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other acinetobacter spp | NDM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | NDM | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | - | - |
| VIM | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | - | |
| Pseudomonas nitroreducens | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas putida group | VIM | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |