Research and analysis
NOIDs causative agents: week 21 (week ending 28 May 2023)
Updated 2 January 2024
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Laboratories in England have a statutory duty to notify the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) of the identification of the following causative agents:
- Bacillus anthracis
- Bacillus cereus
- Bordetella pertussis
- Borrelia spp
- Brucella spp
- Burkholderia mallei
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter spp
- Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria
- Chikungunya virus
- Chlamydophila psittaci
- Clostridium botulinum
- Clostridium perfringens
- Clostridium tetani
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Corynebacterium ulcerans
- Coxiella burnetii
- Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus
- Cryptosporidium spp
- Dengue virus
- Ebola virus
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Escherichia coli O 157
- Francisella tularensis
- Giardia lamblia
- Guanarito virus
- Haemophilus influenzae (invasive)
- Hanta virus
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Hepatitis C
- Hepatitis D
- Hepatitis E
- Influenza virus
- Junin virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Lassa virus
- Legionella spp
- Leptospira interrogans
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Machupo virus
- Marburg virus
- Measles virus
- Mpox (monkeypox) virus
- Mumps virus
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium knowlesi
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
- Plasmodium vivax
- Polio virus
- Rabies virus
- Rickettsia spp
- Rift Valley fever virus
- Rubella virus
- Sabia virus
- Salmonella spp
- SARS coronavirus
- Shigella spp
- Streptococcus group A (invasive)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae (invasive)
- Varicella zoster virus
- Variola virus
- Vibrio cholerae
- West Nile virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yersinia pestis
Statutory notifications of causative agents, grouped by root organism
Totals for the current week compared to the previous 5.
| Week notification received | 2023/16 | 2023/17 | 2023/18 | 2023/19 | 2023/20 | 2023/21 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arboviruses | ||||||
| West Nile virus | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Bacillus | ||||||
| Bacillus cereus | 17 | 22 | 17 | 14 | 11 | 8 |
| Bordetella | ||||||
| Bordetella pertussis | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | - |
| Borrelia | ||||||
| Borrelia burgdorferi | 21 | 16 | 13 | 21 | 15 | 16 |
| Borrelia sp | 6 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| Borrelia tillae | - | - | 1 | - | 1 | 3 |
| Brucella | ||||||
| Brucella melitensis | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Brucella sp | - | - | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Burkholderia | ||||||
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter | ||||||
| Campylobacter coli | 19 | 26 | 9 | 16 | 21 | 15 |
| Campylobacter fetus | 3 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Campylobacter jejuni | 221 | 265 | 206 | 225 | 343 | 205 |
| Campylobacter other named | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 2 | - |
| Campylobacter sp | 816 | 792 | 716 | 741 | 1,166 | 970 |
| Campylobacter upsaliensis | - | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Campylobacter ureolyticus (bacteroides corrodens) | 1 | - | 2 | - | 3 | 1 |
| Chikungunya virus | ||||||
| Chikungunya virus | - | - | - | 1 | 2 | - |
| Clostridium | ||||||
| Clostridium perfringens | 32 | 54 | 50 | 34 | 34 | 47 |
| Coronavirus | ||||||
| Coronavirus | 53 | 43 | 40 | 44 | 27 | 31 |
| Human coronavirus 229e | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
| Human coronavirus hku1 | - | 2 | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| SARS coronavirus | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody indeterminate | 99 | 113 | 88 | 142 | 132 | 68 |
| SARS-CoV-2 antibody void | 5 | 4 | 14 | 7 | - | 1 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) | 11,089 | 10,554 | 9,840 | 8,001 | 6,827 | 5,196 |
| SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) indeterminate | 157 | 186 | 231 | 100 | 78 | 58 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgA antibody positive | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody negative | 46 | 63 | 64 | 80 | 60 | 52 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody positive | 187 | 256 | 176 | 308 | 179 | 169 |
| SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody negative | - | - | 2 | - | - | - |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody negative | 74 | 101 | 63 | 73 | 79 | 77 |
| SARS-CoV-2 total antibody positive | 225 | 301 | 177 | 192 | 216 | 191 |
| Corynebacterium | ||||||
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
| Corynebacterium ulcerans | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1 | - |
| Coxiella | ||||||
| Coxiella burnetii | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Cryptosporidium | ||||||
| Cryptosporidium cuniculus | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium hominis | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Cryptosporidium meleagridis | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Cryptosporidium parvum | 62 | 115 | 65 | 78 | 80 | 35 |
| Cryptosporidium sp | 28 | 52 | 49 | 39 | 34 | 52 |
| Cryptosporidium ubiquitum | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Entamoeba | ||||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | 4 | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | - |
| Escherichia | ||||||
| Escherichia coli O 157 | 8 | 14 | 7 | 11 | 8 | 17 |
| Flaviviruses | ||||||
| Dengue virus | - | 3 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 8 |
| Haemophilus | ||||||
| Haemophilus influenzae | 50 | 56 | 64 | 66 | 65 | 55 |
| Hepatitis viruses | ||||||
| Hepatitis A | 12 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 8 | 10 |
| Hepatitis B | 254 | 268 | 230 | 232 | 272 | 251 |
| Hepatitis C | 311 | 328 | 304 | 316 | 382 | 391 |
| Hepatitis D | 3 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Hepatitis E | 24 | 17 | 31 | 18 | 19 | 35 |
| Influenza virus | ||||||
| Influenza A | 43 | 58 | 49 | 41 | 36 | 25 |
| Influenza B | 188 | 173 | 145 | 100 | 72 | 47 |
| Influenza indeterminate | - | - | - | - | 6 | 14 |
| Influenza ungrouped | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | - |
| Legionella | ||||||
| Legionella longbeachae | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Legionella pneumophila | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 2 |
| Legionella sp | - | 3 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 3 |
| Listeria | ||||||
| Listeria monocytogenes | 2 | 4 | - | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Mycobacterium | ||||||
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | 96 | 107 | 83 | 74 | 85 | 84 |
| Neisseria | ||||||
| Neisseria meningitidis | 15 | 19 | 21 | 14 | 19 | 16 |
| Orthopoxvirus | ||||||
| Mpox virus | - | - | 3 | 4 | 5 | - |
| Paramyxoviruses | ||||||
| Measles virus | 7 | 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 6 |
| Mumps virus | 5 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Plasmodium | ||||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | 7 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| Plasmodium malariae | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Plasmodium ovale | 3 | - | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Plasmodium vivax | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | 2 |
| Polyomavirus | ||||||
| Polyomavirus BK | 42 | 50 | 46 | 32 | 53 | 23 |
| Polyomavirus JC | 4 | 11 | 9 | 6 | 9 | 9 |
| Polyomavirus untyped | 2 | - | - | 2 | - | - |
| Rickettsia | ||||||
| Rickettsia sp | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Rickettsia spotted fever | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Rubella virus | ||||||
| Rubella virus | 3 | 5 | 2 | - | 5 | - |
| Salmonella | ||||||
| Other salmonellas | 49 | 66 | 56 | 60 | 39 | 17 |
| Salmonella enteritidis | 63 | 70 | 37 | 48 | 32 | 12 |
| Salmonella infantis | - | - | 7 | 6 | - | - |
| Salmonella saint-paul | 5 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella sp | 15 | 19 | 16 | 14 | 93 | 128 |
| Salmonella stanley | 6 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Salmonella typhi and paratyphi | 7 | 14 | 19 | 17 | 14 | 10 |
| Salmonella typhimurium | 32 | 25 | 30 | 28 | 12 | 8 |
| Salmonella enterica | - | - | - | - | 5 | 5 |
| Shigella | ||||||
| Shigella boydii | - | 3 | 1 | 2 | - | 2 |
| Shigella dysenteriae | 1 | 2 | 2 | - | 1 | - |
| Shigella flexneri | 17 | 16 | 10 | 18 | 12 | 3 |
| Shigella sonnei | 11 | 8 | 9 | 13 | 21 | 8 |
| Shigella sp | 51 | 49 | 48 | 41 | 58 | 39 |
| Streptococcus | ||||||
| Streptococcus group A | 146 | 122 | 108 | 73 | 65 | 84 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 119 | 112 | 103 | 75 | 109 | 90 |
| Vibrio | ||||||
| Vibrio cholerae | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | 1 |
Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/16 | 2023/17 | 2023/18 | 2023/19 | 2023/20 | 2023/21 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter | |||||||
| Citrobacter spp | KPC | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | - | 1 |
| NDM | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 1 | - | |
| Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Enterobacter | |||||||
| Enterobacter cloacae complex | IMP | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| KPC | 2 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 1 | 1 | |
| NDM | - | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
| OXA48 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | - | 1 | |
| VIM | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - | |
| Other enterobacter spp | NDM | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Escherichia | |||||||
| Escherichia coli | IMP | 2 | - | - | - | - | - |
| KPC | 4 | 2 | 2 | 9 | 5 | 1 | |
| NDM | 10 | 14 | 8 | 15 | 8 | 4 | |
| OXA48 | 10 | 6 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 2 | |
| VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other | - | - | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| Escherichia vulneris | KPC | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
| Klebsiella | |||||||
| Klebsiella aerogenes | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Other | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | KPC | 1 | - | - | 1 | 4 | - |
| NDM | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| OXA48 | 3 | 3 | 2 | - | - | - | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| KPC | 5 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 4 | |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | NDM | 7 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 2 |
| OXA48 | 9 | 2 | 10 | 5 | 4 | 2 | |
| Other | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Klebsiella variicola | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Other klebsiella spp | KPC | - | - | 1 | 2 | - | - |
| NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Kluyvera | |||||||
| Kluyvera spp | OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Morganella | |||||||
| Morganella morganii | NDM | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | |
| Pantoea | |||||||
| Pantoea agglomerans | KPC | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| Pluralibacter | |||||||
| Pluralibacter spp | KPC | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| Proteus | |||||||
| Proteus mirabilis | NDM | - | - | - | 1 | - | - |
| OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - | |
| Raoultella | |||||||
| Raoultella ornithinolytica | KPC | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Serratia | |||||||
| Serratia marcescens/ureilytica | OXA48 | - | - | - | - | 1 | - |
Other carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms
For all Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative organisms, the reports are de-duplicated by first mention of organism species and resistance mechanism by person in a rolling 52-week period.
Note: the numbers presented here do not include specimens that have been referred to the AMRHAI Reference Unit.
| Week notification received | 2023/16 | 2023/17 | 2023/18 | 2023/19 | 2023/20 | 2023/21 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acinetobacter | |||||||
| Acinetobacter baumannii | IMP | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| NDM | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | |
| Pseudomonas | |||||||
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | IMP | 3 | 1 | - | 1 | 1 | - |
| NDM | - | 1 | 1 | - | 1 | - | |
| VIM | - | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Other | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | - | |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens group | Other | - | - | 1 | - | - | - |
| Pseudomonas nitroreducens | NDM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
| VIM | - | 1 | - | - | - | - | |
| Pseudomonas putida group | IMP | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other pseudomonas spp | Other | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
| Other | |||||||
| OXA48 | - | - | - | 2 | 1 | - |