Research and analysis

Innovation and productivity in DCMS sectors: appendices

Published 10 July 2025

Appendix A: detailed methodology

This section outlines the overall methodology, including the REA stages, depth-interviews, workshop, policy recommendations and benefit assessment.

Rapid evidence assessment

Evidence assessment protocol

An inception meeting was held to discuss and agree the thematic scope, sub-themes, research questions, as well as key concepts and terms to be included in the search strings. DCMS also made suggestions for academic studies and grey literature to be included in the REA. As part of the initial scoping, the research team ran a series of test searches using generic search strings on bibliographic databases to gauge the likely size of the evidence base. This was used to further refine the thematic scope of the assessment and its subthemes and provide initial information on the broad composition of the evidence base (e.g. likely availability of UK-based evidence, types of methods and studies, availability of systematic or meta review studies). Following this, NatCen developed a protocol outlining the process and methods to undertake the REA, including search strategy and academic search strings.

Search strategy

The search strategy involved separate searches for academic and grey literature:

• Peer-reviewed academic literature was first searched for using a combination of search strings in academic databases. • Grey literature was searched for by identifying a list of relevant organisations and searching their websites using key terms.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria were developed to narrow the search to the papers most relevant to the research questions. These are set in Table 1.

Table 1: Inclusion and exclusion criteria

	Inclusion
Population	Six DCMS sectors: Civil society Creative industries Cultural sector Gambling Sport Tourism
Topic	Evidence relating to the relationship between innovation and productivity: Forms of innovation Mechanisms related to innovation Enablers and barriers to innovation Evidence relating to innovation adaptation and diffusion. The relationship between innovation and organisational systems, practices and capabilities Spillover effects
Study design/methods	Any study design
Publication type	Any relevant published academic literature Published and unpublished grey literature
Date of publication	2015 onwards
Location	UK, Western Europe, USA and Canada
Language	English

Academic database search and outputs

The search strings were developed in consultation with an information specialist. These were then used to search for suitable evidence in a range of academic databases. The search yielded a total of 2077 studies potentially relevant to the evidence assessment. Table 2 below summarises the results of the academic search across four different databases, showing the number of sources found in each database and the total number of sources after removing duplicates. Appendix C reports the search strings deployed and provides a breakdown of the number of sources returned for each search string and in each database.

Table 2: Academic databases searched and outputs

Database Name	Platform	Date of search	of results
Scopus	Elsevier	November 30, 2024	1084
ABI/INFORM	ProQuest	December 1, 2024	932
EconLit	EbscoHOST	December 1, 2024	159
Business Source Premier	EbscoHOST	November 30, 2024	405
Total results from all databases			2430
Total results after deduplication			2077

Grey literature search

The search for grey literature was carried out in two main ways:

• Web searching: we compiled a list of relevant organisations, which was then signed off by DCMS, and searched their websites for relevant publications. The websites for searching included:

• The Creative PEC
• Creative Wales
• Creative Scotland
• Innovate UK
• UK Music
• Digital Catapult
• BFI
• UKIE
• Sports England
• Gambling Commission
• OECD
• The Productivity Institute

• Historic England

• Google Scholar: we searched Google Scholar for relevant publications using custom search strings. Google automatically makes use of synonyms and related terms, so a restricted list of core search terms was used The results were then manually screened by the research team to identify relevant evidence for inclusion in the full text screening stage. This resulted in 32 additional grey literature sources identified for inclusion on the basis that they were relevant to the evidence assessment.

Screening

Studies were screened for inclusion at two stages – title and abstract and at full text. At the title and abstract stage, 2,109 sources were screened in total, and 109 sources were included. Of these, 64 were included at full text screening and moved forward to the prioritisation stage. Evidence sources were screened against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. At both stages a screening tool was developed and piloted by a senior member of staff to ensure reliability of the screening process. At title and abstract screening, the research team reviewed titles and abstracts to reject sources which seemed immediately out of scope based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. At full text screening, the research team reviewed sources shortlisted in the title and subtract stage to ensure they met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and scored their relevancy. This involved identifying whether and which research questions the paper included evidence on. For each question or sub-question, a paper provided evidence on it was given a score of one. The research team also conducted a systematic quality appraisal of the papers. This is discussed in further detail in the next section.

Quality appraisal

Quality appraisal was conducted alongside full text screening. Our approach to quality appraisal was based on the Weight of Evidence framework (WoE), where studies are assessed by their relevance and quality (Gough, 2007). Studies were graded on quality using four questions:

• is there a clear statement of the aims/objectives or clear research questions? • is the sampling strategy (or data selection strategy if not collecting primary data) clearly described and appropriate? • is the method of data collection clearly described, and appropriate to answer the aims/research questions? • are there any concerns regarding accuracy (e.g. discrepancies within the report)?

Prioritisation and final evidence selection

After title and abstract and full-text screening, NatCen followed a systematic prioritisation process, based on assessing the relevance and quality of each paper, to determine which 40 would be included for final data extraction. Forty papers were selected as this struck a balance between comprehensive coverage of the topic and the practical constraints of a REA. Prioritisation criteria included:

• studies that drew on multiple evidence sources such as systematic or evidence reviews • studies that answered more than one REA research question • studies that obtained a higher quality score for the research methods used • more recent studies (post 2015) • UK evidence over international evidence

Data extraction and reporting

Based on an initial review of a subset of the prioritised papers, NatCen developed a thematic framework. The framework was structured by the key themes included in the research questions and additional themes emerging from the selected prioritised papers. Members of the research team read the 40 prioritised papers in full and extracted relevant evidence for each theme. Evidence on each thematic area was summarised and used to populate the framework. The report is structured in line with the thematic framework, including a narrative summary of evidence addressing each research question.

Case studies

Four case studies were identified from the REA, each exploring different types of innovations, challenges and outcomes, across various DCMS sectors. Supplementary desk research, including press articles and academic literature, was conducted to expand on the selected case studies. The case study selection process sought to include a diverse array of sectors and types of innovation, based on the most compelling and comprehensive evidence reviewed. Most case studies were UK-based, offering directly applicable insights. However, one case study from Italy was included as it offered valuable lessons and perspectives that can be applied to similar circumstances in the UK, demonstrating universal principles and strategies effective across different cultural and societal contexts.

Depth interviews with industry practitioners

NatCen conducted eight, 60-minute online interviews with industry practitioners recruited through a recruitment agency. These practitioners represented diverse organisations across DCMS sectors, ranging from 2 to over 10,000 employees and located in various regions and countries within the UK (sample composition in 3). The interview findings supplemented the REA data and provided examples of lived experiences of innovation. Interviews were conducted in February 2025 and participants were offered an incentive of £70.

Table 3: Interview sample composition

DCMS Sector		Regions
Tourism	2	North East	1
Creative and cultural	2	London	4
Sports	2	South West	1
Civil society	2	East of England	1
		North West	1

Workshop with industry practitioners

NatCen held a 2.5-hour, online workshop with 12 industry practitioners recruited through a recruitment agency. The workshop addressed four themes: productivity challenges, industry innovations, barriers and enablers to adopting new innovations, and policies to address these barriers. As shown in 4, the sample consisted of practitioners from all DCMS sectors, across different geographies. The workshop was held in March 2025 and participants were offered an incentive of £120.

Table 4: Workshop sample composition

DCMS Sector		Region
Tourism	2	North East	1
Creative and cultural	4	London	4
Sports	2	East of England	4
Civil society	4	North West	2
Gambling	1	Yorkshire and the Humber	1
		East Midlands	1

Policy recommendations and benefit assessment

The combined findings from the REA, case studies, depth interviews, and workshop informed the development of four policy recommendations aimed at supporting innovation and improving productivity in the DCMS sectors. For each policy recommendation we developed a qualitative assessment of the potential benefits it could generate, focusing on economic National Centre for Social Research 68 benefits, possible deadweight, leakage and displacement, and wider spillovers or acceleration of trends.

Appendix B: REA sources

	Source	Sector
1	Amar, Z. & Ramsay, N., 2024. Charity Digital Skills Report 2024, s.l.: Charity Digital Skills.	Civil society
2	Anantrasirichai, N. & Bull, D., 2022. Artificial intelligence in the creative industries: a review. Artificial Intelligence Review, Volume 55, pp. 589-656.	Creative and cultural industries
3	Ballina, F. J., 2022. Smart Business: the element of delay in the future of smart tourism. Journal of Tourism, 8(1), pp. 37-54.	Tourism
4	Belanche, D., Casaló, L. V. & Flavián, C., 2021. Frontline robotics in tourism and hospitality: service enhancement or cost reduction?. Electronic Markets, Volume 31, pp. 477-492.	Tourism
5	Bolat, E., 2024. Mobile tech: Superfood or super fad of Creative Business. Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing, 26(3-4), pp. 295-318.	Creative and cultural industries
6	Buhalis, D. & Moldavska, I., 2022. Voice Assistants in Hospitality: Using Artificial Intelligence for customer service. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 13(3), pp. 386-403.	Tourism
7	Corthouts, J. et al., 2022. Sport federations’ organizational innovativeness: an empirical comparison of characteristics and attitudes. International Journal of Sports, 23(5), pp. 1464-6668.	Sport
8	Corthouts, J. et al., 2023. A longitudinal analysis of organisational capacity determinants of the perceived need for change, adoption of ‘light’ sports initiatives and organisational growth in voluntary sports clubs. European Journal of Sport and Society, 21(1), pp. 1-21.	Sport
9	Culture, Media and Sport Committee, 2023. Connected tech: AI and creative technology, London: House of Commons.	Creative and cultural industries
10	da Costa Liberato, P. M., Alén-González, E. & de Azevedo Liberato, D. F. V., 2018. Digital Technology in a Smart Tourist Destination: The Case of Porto. Journal of Urban Technology, 25(1), pp. 75-97.	Tourism
11	Dimitropoulou, A., Giotopoulos, I., Protogerou, A. & Tsakanikas, A., 2023. Does the innovativeness of creative firms help their business clients to innovate?. The Journal of Technology Transfer, Volume 48, pp. 1-32.	Creative and cultural industries
12	Fragnière, E. et al., 2022. Blockchain Technology in the tourism Industry: New Perspectives in Switzerland. Journal of Innovation Economics & Management, pp. 65-90.	Tourism
13	Gkypali, A. & Roper, S., 2018. What can we learn about the innovation performance of the creative industries from the UK Innovation Survey?, London: Nesta.	Creative and cultural industries
14	Grewar, M. & Chillas, S., 2023. Cluster Programme Report, s.l.: InGame.	Creative and cultural industries
15	Lawn, S. et al., 2020. A Literature Review and Gap Analysis of Emerging Technologies and New Trends in Gambling. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Volume 17, pp. 1-20.	Gambling
16	Lopes, A. R. G., Correia, A. I. d. A. & Braga, A. M. d. S., 2024. Motivations for and barriers to innovation in non-profit organizations: The case for nursing homes in Northern Portugal. International Journal of Innovation Studies, Volume 8, pp. 25-44.	Civil society
17	Lupu, R., Komorowski, M., Mothersdale, G. & Lewis, J., 2022. Green Innovation for the Screen Sector, Cardiff: Clwstwr.	Creative and cultural industries
18	Martin-Rios, C. & Parga-Dans, E., 2015. The Early Bird Gets the Worm, But the Second Mouse Gets the Cheese: Non-Technological Innovation in Creative Industries. Creativity And Innovation Management, 25(1), pp. 1-12.	Creative and cultural industries
19	Mateos-Garcia, J., Stathoulopoulos, K. & Thomas, N., 2018. The immersive economy in the UK: The growth of virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies, London: Innovate UK.	Creative and cultural industries
20	McDonald, R. E., Masselli, J. J. & Chanda, B., 2021. Nonprofit Business model innovation as a response to existential environmental threats: Performing arts in the United States. Journal of Business Research, Volume 125, pp. 750-761.	Creative and cultural industries
21	Molina-Castillo, F.-J., Meroño-Cerdán, A.-L., Lopez-Nicolas, C. & Fernandez-Espinar, L., 2023. Innovation and Technology in Hospitality Sector: Outcome and Performance. Business, Volume 3, pp. 198-219.	Tourism
22	Mukhopadhyay, M., 2023. Be my AI-micro-volunteering in the time of ChatGPT. Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases, 0(0), pp. 1-8.	Civil society
23	Nesta, 2019. Digital Culture 2019, London: Nesta.	Creative and cultural industries
24	Noorda, R. & Schlüter, O., 2024. The role of multidisciplinary collaborations in publishing innovation. International Journal of Innovation Studies, Volume 8, pp. 351-363.	Creative and cultural industries
25	Roman, M., Varga, H., Cvijanović, V. & Reid, A., 2020. Quadruple Helix models for sustainable regional innovation: Engaging and facilitating civil society participation. Economies, 48(8), pp. 1-15.	Civil society
26	Scuotto, A., Cicellin, M. & Consiglio, S., 2023. Social Bricolage and business model innovation: a framework for social entrepreneurship organizations. Journal of small business and enterprise development, 30(2), pp. 234-267.	Civil society
27	Spina, U. & Compañó, R., 2021. Innovation Ecosystems in the Creative Sector: The Case of Additive Manufacturing and Advanced Materials for Design, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.	Creative and cultural industries
28	Stene, T. M., 2021. How to mobilize knowledge-based Innovations in service industries? A Tourism Example. Coventry, European conference of knowledge management	Tourism
29	Stoffers, J., Eringa, K., Niks, J. & Kleefstra, A., 2021. Workplace Innovation and Organizational Performance in the Hospitality Industry. Sustainability, Volume 13, pp. 1-13.	Tourism
30	The Social Investment Consultancy, 2017. Role of Technology in Charity Innovation, s.l.: The Social Investment Consultancy.	Civil society
31	Vigoroso, L., Sorrenti, R., Cavallo, E. & Caffaro, F., 2023. Non-Profit Organizations as Facilitators of the Sustainable Social Innovation of Firms: An Italian Case Study. Sustainability, Volume 15, pp. 1-20.	Civil society
32	Webb, A. & Layton, J., 2023. Digital Skills for Performance: a framework for assessing current and future digital skills needs in the performing arts sector. Arts and the Market, 13(1), pp. 33-47.	Creative and cultural industries
33	Webb, A., Cloutier, A. & Brouard, F., 2023. Innovation in global sports brands management: the case of FC Barcelona’s Barca Museum. Managing Sport and Leisure, pp. 1-22.	Sport
34	Wemmer, F. & Koenigstorfer, J., 2015. Open Innovation in Nonprofit Sports Clubs. Voluntas, pp. 1-27.	Sport
35	Wijngaarden, Y., Hitters, E. & Bhansing, P. V., 2020. Cultivating fertile learning grounds: Collegiality, tacit knowledge and innovation in creative co-working spaces. Geoforum, Volume 109, pp. 86-94.	Creative and cultural industries
36	Willment, N. & Swords, J., 2023. What is Virtual Production? An explainer and Research Agenda, York: XR Stories.	Creative and cultural industries
37	Willment, N. et al., 2024. Innovation in Future Convergent Media and Virtual Production Technologies: Reporting from XR Network+ Workshops 2023/4, s.l.: XR Network+.	Creative and cultural industries
38	Winand, M. & Anagnostopoulos, C., 2017. Get ready to innovate! Staff’s disposition to implement service innovation in non-profit sport organisations. International Journal of Sport, Policy and Politics, pp. 1-37.	Sport
39	Winand, M. & Anagnostopoulos, C., 2017. Get ready to innovate! Staff’s disposition to implement service innovation in non-profit sport organisations. International Journal of Sport, Policy and Politics, pp. 1-37.	Sport
40	Xu, Z., Gonzalez-Serrano, M. & Jones, P., 2021. Innovative sports-embedded gambling promotion: A study of spectators’ enjoyment and gambling intention during XFL games. Journal of Business Research, pp. 206-216.	Gambling

Appendix C: search strings

Search string 1

Database name: Scopus

Platform: Elsevier

Date searched: November 30, 2024

Number of results: 1084

Search string [NUMBER]	Search string [NUMBER]	Search string [NUMBER]
1 civil society	TITLE-ABS(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) W/0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”) OR AUTHKEY(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) W/0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”)	91,352
2 creative and cultural industries	TITLE-ABS((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music* OR cultural) W/0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR AUTHKEY((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music OR cultural) W/0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	26,430
3 gambling	TITLE-ABS(((gambling OR betting) W/0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino) OR AUTHKEY(((gambling OR betting) W/0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino)	4514
4 sport	TITLE-ABS ((sport* OR athletic* OR recreation) W/0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR AUTHKEY((sport OR athletic* OR recreation) W/0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	8471
5 tourism	TITLE-ABS ((tourism OR tourist* OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) W/0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR AUTHKEY((tourism OR tourist OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) W/0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	44,946
6	#1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5	174,186
7 Innovation	TITLE-ABS(innovation) OR AUTHKEY(innovation)	606,484
8 Western Europe/UK/USA	TITLE-ABS-KEY((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax))	4,920,173
9	#6 AND #7 AND #8	1502
10	Limit 2015 to present	1084

Search string 2

Database name: ABI/INFORM

Platform: ProQuest

Date searched: December 1, 2024

Number of results: 932

Search string [NUMBER]	Search string [NUMBER]	Search string [NUMBER]
1 civil society	TITLE,ABSTRACT,IF,SUBJECT(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) NEAR/0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”)	175,084
2 creative and cultural industries	TITLE,ABSTRACT,IF,SUBJECT((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music* OR cultural) NEAR/0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	146,612
3 gambling	TITLE,ABSTRACT,IF,SUBJECT(((gambling OR betting) NEAR/0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino)	641,353
4 sport	TITLE,ABSTRACT,IF,SUBJECT((sport* OR athletic* OR recreation) NEAR/0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	12,689
5 tourism	TITLE,ABSTRACT,IF,SUBJECT((tourism OR tourist* OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) NEAR/0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	331,220
6	[S1] OR [S2] OR [S3] OR [S4] OR [S5]	1,243,132
7 Innovation	TITLE,ABSTRACT,IF,SUBJECT(innovation*)	1,460,954
8 Western Europe/UK/USA	TITLE,ABSTRACT,IF,SUBJECT,LOCATION((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax))	87,009,064
9	[S6] AND [S7] AND [S8]	7479
10	Include Document Type: Article, Report, Dissertation/Thesis, Business Case, Market Research, Conference Paper, Review, Working Paper/Pre-print, Conference Proceeding, Industry Report	1990
11	Limit 2015 to present	932

Search string 3

Database name: Business Source Premier

Platform: EbscoHOST

Date searched: November 30, 2024

Number of results: 405 (plus 255 trade publications)

Search string [NUMBER]	Search string [NUMBER]	Search string [NUMBER]
1 civil society	TI(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) N0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”) OR AB(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) N0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”) OR KW(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) N0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”) OR SU(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) N0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”)	95,263
2 creative and cultural industries	TI((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music* OR cultural) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR AB((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music OR cultural) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR KW((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music OR cultural) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR SU((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music OR cultural) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	86,879
3 gambling	TI(((gambling OR betting) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino) OR AB(((gambling OR betting) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino) OR KW(((gambling OR betting) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino) OR SU(((gambling OR betting) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino)	31,286
4 sport	TI((sport* OR athletic* OR recreation) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR AB((sport OR athletic* OR recreation) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR KW((sport OR athletic* OR recreation) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR SU((sport OR athletic* OR recreation) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	12,243
5 tourism	TI((tourism OR tourist* OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR AB((tourism OR tourist OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR KW((tourism OR tourist OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR SU((tourism OR tourist OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	145,212
6	S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5	365,849
7	TI(innovation) OR AB(innovation) OR KW(innovation) OR SU(innovation)	421,696
8 Western Europe/UK/USA	TI((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax)) OR AB((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax)) OR KW((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax)) OR SU((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax)) OR GE((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax))	8,724,091
9	S6 AND S7 AND S8	2,314
10	Limit to Academic Journals, Market Research Reports	709
11	Limit 2015 to present	405

Search string 4

Database name: EconLit

Platform: EbscoHOST

Date searched: December 1, 2024

Number of results: 159

Search string [NUMBER]	Search string [NUMBER]	Search string [NUMBER]
1 civil society	TI(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) N0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”) OR AB(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) N0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”) OR SU(“civil society” OR charities OR charity OR “third sector” OR ((voluntary OR volunteer* OR mutual OR grassroots OR non-profit OR “not-for-profit” OR charitable OR “community-based”) N0 (organization* OR organization)) OR “social enterprise” OR “community interest”)	7423
2 creative and cultural industries	TI((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music* OR cultural) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR AB((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music OR cultural) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR SU((creative OR arts OR museum OR gallery OR galleries OR entertainment OR dance OR artistic OR music OR cultural) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	1639
3 gambling	TI(((gambling OR betting) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino) OR AB(((gambling OR betting) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino) OR SU(((gambling OR betting) N0 (industr* OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR casino)	504
4 sport	TI((sport* OR athletic* OR recreation) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR AB((sport OR athletic* OR recreation) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR SU((sport OR athletic* OR recreation) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	285
5 tourism	TI((tourism OR tourist* OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR AB((tourism OR tourist OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business)) OR SU((tourism OR tourist OR travel OR hospitality OR leisure OR ecotouris* OR “eco-touris”) N0 (industr OR sector* OR company OR companies OR organization* OR organisation* OR business*))	6192
6	S1 OR S2 OR S3 OR S4 OR S5	15,901
7	TI(innovation) OR AB(innovation) OR KW(innovation) OR SU(innovation)	87,143
8 Western Europe/UK/USA	TI((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax)) OR AB((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax)) OR SU((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax)) OR GE((england  or britain or uk or “united kingdom” or wales or cymru or scotland or ireland or ulster or eire or belfast or london or edinburgh or cardiff or birmingham or manchester or liverpool or bristol or leeds or exeter or plymouth or glasgow or leicester or newcastle or norwich or nottingham or southampton or portsmouth or sheffield or stoke-on-trent or swansea or wolverhampton or bradford or york or salford or oxford or cambridge or londonderry or derry or dundee or coventry or croydon or “tower hamlets” or hackney or haringey or newham or doncaster or enfield or southwark or brent or lambeth or sandwell or middlesbrough or knowsley or kingston or hullor norfolk or suffolk or barking or dagenham or cumbria or kirklees or lewisham or “blaenau gwent” or islington or tyneside or walsall or hartlepool or blackpool or burnley or blackburn or darwen or aberdeen or brighton or cork or dublin or limerick or galway or waterford or mayo or donegal or fingal or leinster or kildare or meath or munster or wexford or kerry or wicklow or louth or clare or “west midlands” or yorkshire or hampshire or tyneside or bournemouth or poole or merseyside or teeside or sunderland or “medway town” or “tees valley” or “east midlands” or “east anglia” or british or scottish or irish or welsh OR Camden OR “west end” OR Westminster OR Brixton OR cornwall OR devon OR inverness OR highlands OR Greenwich OR hillingdon OR southhall OR dorset OR “isle of wight” OR shoreditch OR peckham OR salford) OR (german OR france OR french OR netherlands OR dutch OR belgium OR switzerland OR swiss OR portug* OR  spain OR spanish OR italy OR italian OR rome OR milan OR naples OR turin OR palermo OR genoa OR bologna OR florence OR bari OR catania OR sardinia OR sicily OR apulia OR trentino OR piemonte OR “valle d aosta” OR madrid OR barcelona OR valencia OR seville OR sevilla OR zaragoza OR malaga OR murcia OR palma OR “las palmas” OR bilbao OR amsterdam OR rotterdam OR hague OR utrecht OR eindhoven OR tilburg OR groningen OR berlin OR hamburg OR munich OR frankfurt OR stuttgart OR dusseldorf OR dortmund OR essen OR leipzig OR cologne OR belgian OR brussels OR antwerp OR ghent OR charleroi OR liege OR porto OR cascais OR braga OR coimbra OR lisbon OR paris* OR bern OR lucerne OR zurich OR geneva OR basel OR lausanne OR winterhur OR “st. gallen” OR lyon OR Marseille OR toulouse OR nantes OR montpellier OR strasbourg OR bordeaux OR lille OR cannes OR denmark OR danish OR finland OR finnish OR norway OR norwegian* OR stockholm OR gothenburg OR malmo OR uppsala OR copenhagen OR aarhus OR oslo OR bergen OR trondheim OR helskini OR espoo OR tampere) OR (USA OR “united states” OR “Canada” OR “north America” OR “bay area” OR seattle OR portland OR “st. louis” OR nashville OR harlem OR “greenwich village” OR Brooklyn or boston OR Philadelphia OR “las vegas” OR Hollywood or Washington or Austin or Pittsburgh or New Orleans or Memphis OR “san francisco” OR chicago OR miami OR california OR “los angeles” OR texas OR dallas OR quebec OR montreal OR toronto OR ottowa OR winnipeg OR calgary OR vancouver OR Edmonton OR Halifax))	362,160
9	S6 AND S7 AND S8	322
10	Limit 2015 to present	159