Social origins of militias: the extraordinary rise of “outraged citizens"

This study uses a sharp withdrawal of the state that precipitated a rise in insecurity to analyse the role of community in the rise of militias.

Abstract

The findings in this study offer a new perspective on militia emergence, emphasizing the role of social motivations and of community, and nuancing the distinction between economic and noneconomic incentives, consistent with an extensive literature using qualitative methods.

This paper is part of the Private Enterprise Development in Low-Income Countries (PEDL) programme.

Citation

Sanchez de la Sierra R and others. (2024). ‘Social origins of militias: the extraordinary rise of “outraged citizens”’. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 2024

Social origins of militias: the extraordinary rise of “outraged citizens”

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Published 2 May 2025