Outlier Vietnam and the Problem of Embeddedness
Contributions to the Political Economy of Learning
Abstract
Literature on the political economy of education highlights the role of political settlements, commitments, and features of public governance in shaping education systems’ development and performance around learning. Vietnam’s experiences provide ground for the critique and development of this literature including its efforts to understand how features of accountability relations shape education systems’ performance across time and place. Vietnam is an outlier in education, having achieved rapid gains in enrolment and learning outcomes at relatively low levels of income. This paper proposes that beyond such conditions as economic growth, social historical and cultural elements that valorize education, Vietnam’s combination of Leninist political commitments to education and high levels of societal engagement in the education system often works to enhance accountability within the system in ways that contribute to the coherence around learning; reflecting the sense and reality that Vietnam is a country in which education is a first national priority. Importantly, these elements exist alongside other features that significantly undermine the system’s coherence and performance around learning. These include the system’s incoherent patterns of decentralization, the commercialization and commodification of schooling and learning, and corresponding patterns of systemic inequality. Taken together, these features of education in Vietnam underscore how the coherence of accountability relations that shape learning outcomes are contingent on the manner in which national and local systems are embedded within their social environments while also raising ideas for efforts to understand the conditions under which education systems’ performance with respect to learning can be promoted, supported, and sustained.
This work is part of the ‘Research on Improving Systems of Education’ (RISE) programme
Citation
London, J. 2021. Outlier Vietnam and the Problem of Embeddedness: Contributions to the Political Economy of Learning. RISE Working Paper Series. 21/062. https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-WP_2021/062
Link
Outlier Vietnam and the Problem of Embeddedness: Contributions to the Political Economy of Learning