Accredited official statistics

Livestock populations in England at 1 June 2025

Updated 28 August 2025

Applies to England

This release contains the estimates of cattle, sheep, pig and poultry populations on commercial agricultural holdings in England on 1 June 2025 from the June Survey of Agriculture.

All results tables are available in the accompanying dataset at Livestock populations in England at 1 June (dataset). This dataset contains detailed breakdowns for all livestock, including poultry and other livestock from 1983 to 2025.

This year we have simplified the way we collect some of the livestock information through the June Survey of Agriculture. The key change is that any other livestock data is no longer collected as part of the survey. See section 2 for further details.

Key points

• The total number of cattle and calves in England decreased by 1.4% to 4.9 million in June 2025. The breeding herd has continued its long-term downward trend, decreasing by 1.4% and stands at 1.7 million. Dairy herd numbers remain stable at 1.1 million. The beef herd fell by 4.3% to 569 thousand.
• In June 2025, the total number of pigs in England decreased by 0.7% to 3.7 million animals. This is largely driven by a continued decline in breeding pig numbers which fell by 4.0% to 313 thousand animals, Fattening pigs also saw a slight fall of 0.4% to 3.3 million animals.
• The total number of sheep and lambs decreased by 3.8%, to 13.3 million in June 2025. The female breeding flock has continued to decline and fell by 2.1% to 6.4 million. Lambs also saw a fall of 5.3% to 6.5 million.
• The total number of poultry increased by 3.5% to 133 million in 2025 and is the first increase in numbers since 2021. This was largely due to an increase in broiler numbers, which rose by 8.2% to 95 million. The breeding and laying flock declined by 6.3% and continues the downward trend seen in recent years. Turkey numbers fell by 12% to 2.8 million.

Section 1 Detailed results

1.1 Cattle

The number of cattle and calves in England has decreased by 1.4% between 2024 and 2025 and now stands at 4.9 million animals.

The breeding herd has continued its long-term downward trend, decreasing by 1.4% to 1.7 million animals in 2025. Despite this decline, it continues to account for just over a third of the overall cattle population in England. Within the breeding herd, the dairy herd remains stable at just under 1.1 million animals and makes up two thirds of the breeding herd (Figure 1). In contrast the beef herd saw a decline, falling by 4.3% to 569 thousand animals, continuing the marked decrease observed in recent years (Figure 2).

Figure 1 - Female cattle breeding herd in England at 1 June (Number of cattle)

Figure 2 - Breakdown of the female cattle breeding herd in England at 1 June (Number of cattle)

year	Beef herd	Dairy herd	Total
2021	665,336	1,102,062	1,767,398
2022	650,836	1,093,845	1,744,681
2023	627,101	1,086,534	1,713,635
2024	595,157	1,080,243	1,675,400
2025	569,361	1,082,477	1,651,838

1.2 Pigs

The number of pigs in England saw a decrease of 0.7% in 2025 but has remained broadly stable at 3.7 million. The decline was largely driven by a continued fall in breeding pigs, which has led to reduced overall pig numbers.

Figure 3 - Female pig breeding herd in England at 1 June (Number of pigs)

(1) Other sows are those either being suckled or dry sows kept for further breeding.

Figure 4 - Breakdown of the female pig breeding herd in England at 1 June (Number of pigs)

year	Sows in pig	Gilts in pig	Other sows	Total
2021	220,915	40,032	52,050	312,997
2022	189,301	28,860	42,646	260,807
2023	183,570	31,439	41,989	256,998
2024	183,008	29,788	38,602	251,398
2025	177,054	26,056	35,060	238,170

(1) Other sows are those either being suckled or dry sows kept for further breeding.

Breeding pig numbers declined by 4.0% to 313 thousand head in 2025. The female breeding herd which accounts for 76% of breeding pigs fell by 5.3% to 238 thousand head (Figure 3). Decreases were seen across each category within the breeding herd (Figure 4).

Fattening pigs account for 91% of all pigs and stood at 3.3 million in 2025. This was a modest fall of 0.4% when compared with 2024.

1.3 Sheep

The number of sheep and lambs in England fell by 3.8% to 13.3 million in 2025 and continues the overall downward trend in flock size seen in recent years.

Figure 5 - Female breeding sheep and other sheep and lambs in England at 1 June (Number of sheep)

Figure 6 - Breakdown of the total sheep in England at 1 June (Number of sheep)

year	Female breeding flock	Other sheep and lambs	Total
2021	6,873,017	7,753,215	14,626,232
2022	7,071,821	7,849,786	14,921,607
2023	6,955,500	7,495,046	14,450,546
2024	6,567,035	7,263,820	13,830,855
2025	6,427,662	6,884,409	13,312,071

The number of lambs decreased by 5.3% to 6.5 million. The female breeding flock also saw a decrease in 2025, falling by 2.1% to 6.4 million sheep. Decreases in both the lamb and the female breeding flock continues the decline seen in recent years (Figure 5). Lambs account for almost half of all sheep with the female breeding flock accounting for a further 48% (Figure 6).

1.4 Poultry

The number of poultry in England has increased by 3.5% to 133 million in 2025. This is the first increase in total poultry numbers since 2021.

The overall rise in the number of poultry is largely due to an 8.2% increase to 95 million in the number of table chickens (broilers), which account for 72% of all poultry. The number of breeding and laying fowl has decreased by 6.3% to 30 million and continues the steady decline seen in the previous three years (Figure 7).

Figure 7 - Table chickens and total breeding and laying flock in England at 1 June (Number of birds)

Figure 8 - Breakdown of the total breeding and laying flock in England at 1 June (Number of birds)

Year	Hens and pullets laying eggs for eating	Breeding flock	Total
2021	24,924,306	8,518,660	33,442,966
2022	24,050,604	8,507,703	32,558,307
2023	23,006,783	9,196,620	32,203,403
2024	23,344,182	8,816,080	32,160,262
2025	22,192,780	7,942,552	30,135,332

In 2025 the breeding flock decreased by almost 10% to 7.9 million birds. The number of hens and pullets laying eggs for eating also showed a decrease, falling by 4.9% but still account for 74% of total breeding and laying fowl (Figure 8).

The number of turkeys has decreased by 12% to 2.8 million birds in 2025, following the increase seen last year. The number of ducks decreased by 10% between 2024 and 2025, whilst the number of geese increased by 6.4% over the same period.

It should be noted that due to production cycles, subgroups within the poultry population are often volatile as the “point in time” nature of the June Survey can lead to large variations in the numbers in each category.

Section 2 About these statistics

2.1 Survey methodology

Full details of the survey methodology are available on the Structure of the agricultural industry guidance web page.

The June Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture has run predominantly online since 2011, with an option for farmers to complete a paper form if they prefer. The survey is annual and samples around 30,000 holdings most years, with a full census run once a decade. The last census was run in 2021.

The June 2025 survey was sent to a sample of 55,000 commercial holdings and responses were received from 27,000 holdings, representing a response rate of 51%.

This is a larger sample than usual which will enable us to provide detailed geographical breakdowns later in the year and help to understand changes currently happening within the farming sector, e.g. changes in land use following the introduction of ELM schemes. Commercial holdings are defined as those with more than five hectares of agricultural land, one hectare of orchards, 0.5 hectares of vegetables or 0.1 hectares of protected crops, or more than 10 cows, 50 pigs, 20 sheep, 20 goats or 1,000 poultry.

Table 1 provides details of the sample survey population broken down by farm size. The size of a farm is determined by its Standard Labour Requirement (SLR) which is the typical number of full-time workers required on the holding based on its activity.

Table 1: June 2025 population size and sampling rate

Stratum	Description	Sampling rate (%)	Population size
1	SLR < 0.5	35%	56,109
2	SLR >= 0.5 and < 1	55%	13,020
3	SLR >= 1 and < 2	78%	12,020
4	SLR >= 2 and < 3	78%	5,652
5	SLR >= 3 and < 5	78%	5,411
6	SLR >= 5	78%	5,710
10	SLR unknown	97%	3,968
	All	52%	101,890

For pig and poultry sectors, an additional data collection exercise was run to collect data from a central point for some of the largest companies. Cattle results are sourced from the Cattle Tracing System (CTS). The data include returns from all holdings with cattle so are not subject to survey error.

2.2 Data analysis

The data are subject to rigorous validation checks which identify inconsistencies within the data or large year-on-year changes. Any records that have not been cleaned by the results production stage are excluded from the analysis.

Population totals are estimated for each question on the survey to account for the non-sampled and non-responding holdings. This survey uses the technique known as ratio raising, in which the trend between the sample data and base data (previous year s data) is calculated for each stratum. The calculated ratio is then applied to the previous year s population data to give England level estimates. For holdings where we do not have base data (new holdings or long-term non-responders) the sample estimates are raised according to the inverse sampling fraction.

2.3 Confidence indicators

Confidence intervals and tick based indicators are shown alongside all of our estimated figures and can be found in the data tables within the dataset. These both help to show where there is more variability around results and highlight whether year-on-year changes are statistically significant or not. Whilst these are a useful indicator, they do not take into account any other sources of survey errors, such as non-response bias or administrative data errors.

2.4 Survey changes

Since the June 2024 Survey of Agriculture, we ve made some changes to how we collect the survey data, including simplifying the survey form and reducing the number of questions asked. As part of these changes, information on any other livestock (donkeys, mules, and hinnies) is no longer collected. Consequently, the number of total other livestock is not included in the accompanying dataset for this statistical report.

2.5 Data notes

• All figures relate to commercial holdings apart from the cattle figures which relate to all holdings as these data are sourced from the Cattle Tracing Scheme.
• All percentage changes are based on unrounded figures.
• Totals may not necessarily agree with the sum of their components due to rounding.

2.6 Data uses and users

Results from the June Survey of Agriculture and Horticulture have a wide range of uses and users with requests for data being made on a frequent basis. A document providing information of specific uses and users can be found on our guidance and notes.

2.7 Other survey results and publications

The next releases from the June Survey are expected to be at the end of September. The definitive publication date will be announced on the research and statistics webpage on gov.uk.

More detailed results from the June Survey can be found on our Structure of the agricultural industry in England and the UK at June web page. This includes various time series of crop areas and livestock numbers dating back as early as 1866 and detailed geographical breakdowns of the results.

2.8 Feedback

We welcome feedback and any thoughts to improve the publication further. Please send any feedback to: farming-statistics@defra.gov.uk.

Section 3 - What you need to know about this release

3.1 Contact details

Responsible statistician: Sarah Thompson

Team: Farming Statistics Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

Email: farming-statistics@defra.gov.uk

Tel: 0300 060 0170

3.2 Accredited official statistics

Accredited official statistics are called National Statistics in the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007. An explanation can be found on the Office for Statistics Regulation website.

Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.

These accredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in 2014. They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics and should be labelled accredited official statistics .

You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards (see contact details). Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing regulation@statistics.gov.uk or via the OSR website.

Since the latest review by the Office for Statistics Regulation, we have continued to comply with the Code of Practice for Statistics, and have made the following improvements:

• Reviewed and amended the validation checks carried out on response data including validation against new administrative data sources to better assure ourselves of the quality of the statistics.
• Enhanced trustworthiness by removing pre-release access.