National statistics

Civil Justice Statistics Quarterly: April to June 2022

Published 1 September 2022

Applies to England and Wales

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1. Main Points
Decrease in County Court claims, driven by money claims Compared to the same period in 2021, County Court claims in April to June 2022 were down 5% to 374,000. Of these, 300,000 (80%) were money claims (down 9%). Compared to the same quarter in 2019 (pre-covid baseline), County Court claims were down 20%.
Damages claims were up 6% at 33,000 The increase in damages claims was driven by an upturn in Personal Injury claims (up 16% to 25,000) compared to the same quarter in 2021. This has been partially offset by Other Damages claims (down 15% to 7,900). Compared to the same quarter in 2019 (pre-covid baseline), total damages claims were up 6%.
The number of claims defended and the number of trials decreased compared to 2021 There were 63,000 claims defended (down 7%) and 12,000 claims that went to trial in April to June 2022 (down 9%) compared to the same quarter in 2021. Compared to the pre-covid baseline, claims defended were down 15% and claims that went to trial were down 20%.
Mean time taken from claim to hearing has increased slightly The mean time taken for small claims and multi/fast track claims to go to trial was 50.8 weeks and 75.0 weeks, 1.6 weeks longer and 3.9 weeks longer than the same period in 2021 respectively. Compared to 2019, these measures are 14.2 weeks longer for small claims and 15.9 weeks longer for multi/fast track claims.
Judgments were up 4% and default judgments were up 8% Judgments were up 4% (to 230,000) in April to June 2022, compared to the same period in 2021; with 91% of these being default judgments. Compared to the same period in 2019, judgments were down 24%.
Enforcement applications and orders fell to 10,000 and 8,600 respectively Enforcement applications were down 35%, while enforcement orders were also down 20% when compared to the same quarter in 2021. Compared to 2019 (pre-covid baseline), volumes of enforcement applications were down 51% and enforcement orders were down 50%.
Warrants issued increased to 72,000 Warrants issued were up 100% when compared to the same quarter in 2021 and down 23% compared to 2019 (pre-covid baseline).
580 judicial review applications in Q2 2022 There were 580 applications for Judicial Reviews in Q2 2022, down 3% on Q2 2021. Of the 460 cases in 2022 that reached the permission stage, 41 (9%) were found to be ‘totally without merit’.

This publication gives civil county court and judicial review statistics for the latest quarter (April to June 2022), compared to the same quarter in 2021. Should users wish to compare the latest outturn against 2019 as a pre-covid baseline, they can do so using the accompanying statistical tables. This quarter’s publication also includes data on privacy injunctions considered during the first half of 2022. For more details, please see the supporting document.

Statistics on the Business and Property Court for England and Wales have also been published alongside this quarterly bulletin as Official Statistics. For technical detail, please refer to the accompanying support document.

For general feedback related to the content of this publication, please contact us at: CAJS@justice.gov.uk

We are currently conducting a user consultation on these statistics. If you are interested in offering your views on this publication and future developments, the survey can be found here. This consultation will run until 1st March 2023.

The Ministry of Justice is currently conducting an open consultation seeking views from all interested parties on the Government’s proposals to increase the use of mediation in the civil justice system. This consultation sets out the Government’s proposal to automatically refer people involved in a civil dispute valued up to £10,000 for a free mediation session provided by Her Majesty’s Courts and Tribunals Service (HMCTS) as part of the court process. For more information and to take part in this consultation, please visit this link.

2. Statistician’s comment

Volumes across most Civil Justice actions have remained relatively stable since Q1 2021, although there is some quarterly volatility in these figures, with decreases seen across most civil actions in Q2 2022 compared to the previous quarter. This is likely to be partly due to the Easter and Jubilee bank holidays, leading to a reduction in processing over this period; so while we do not think the small decreases represent a long term trend, we will continue to monitor this over the coming quarters. Although volumes for all civil actions remain below pre-pandemic levels, we have returned to comparing the data from this quarter with the equivalent quarter in the previous year to give a more recent context as to how volumes are changing. Should users wish to compare latest outturn against 2019 and 2020, they can do so using the accompanying statistical tables.

Personal injury claims have increased this quarter to their highest level since Q3 2020, following continual decreases since Q2 2021. Claimants generally have three years to make a personal injury claim following an accident, therefore, this rise could be a knock-on impact from Covid-19. In addition, mandated digital claims for the issue of damages claims were introduced on 4th April 2022. This may also have had an effect on these figures. On the contrary, “other” damages claims continue to show signs of stabilising following steep increases in PPI-related claims that rely on a section of the Consumer Credit Act that relates to unfair relationships and follows a series of court rulings on the matter.

Following initial rises due to the impact of Covid-19, timeliness measures have remained considerably above pre-Covid19 levels since Q1 2021. These figures are prone to volatility on a quarterly basis and, consequently, the time between issue and trial for multi/fast track claims has increased to its highest level in the time series this quarter at 75 weeks. Although measures implemented following the pandemic, such as the opening of Covid-secure courtrooms and the increase in hearings by remote means will have benefited later cases, and as such contributed to timeliness measures remaining stable and not increasing further, we expect these measures to be impacted for as long as cases stayed during the pandemic remain in the caseload.

3. Claims Summary

County court claims were down 5% on the same quarter of 2021, driven by money claims.

There were 374,000 County Court claims lodged in April to June 2022. Of these, 333,000 were money and damages claims (down 8% from April to June 2021). The fall in overall claims this quarter is likely to be due to the Easter and Jubilee bank holidays leading to a reduction in processing over this period.

Non-money claim volumes were at 41,000, up 26% when compared to the same quarter in 2021.

Mortgage and landlord possession claims were up 128% over the same period to 22,000, ‘other non-money claims’ were down 23% to 17,000 and claims for return of goods were up 82% to 2,800.

Figure 1: County Court claims by type, Q2 (April to June) 2017 to Q2 (April to June) 2022 (Source: table 1.2)

In the most recent quarter, total claims were down 5% compared to the same period in 2021 (from 395,000 to 374,000). Of these, 333,000 were money and damages claims, down 8% from April to June 2021 (from 362,000). Money and damages claims made up 89% of all claims in April to June 2022, down 3pp on its share in April to June 2021.

Prior to the sharp fall in 2020, County Court claims had been generally increasing from 2015, reaching a peak of 565,000 claims in April to June 2017. This increase was driven by a rise in money claims, which make up the majority of claims received. Prior to 2020, claim volumes had been relatively unchanged but volatile, driven by a few “bulk issuers” slowing down and then ramping up their volume of claims. Claim volumes decreased significantly following the outbreak of Covid-19. After an initial recovery towards pre-pandemic levels in the second half of 2020, volumes have remained relatively stable since Q1 2021.

Non-money claims have been generally decreasing since 2015. While these showed less of an impact following Covid-19 in contrast to money and damages claims, the recovery to pre-Covid19 volumes has been slow. In the current quarter, these claims were up 26% (from 33,000 to 41,000) compared to the same period in 2021, driven by increases in Mortgage and Landlord Possession claims.

Within non-money claims, ‘other’ non-money claims have shown a decline since 2018. In the most recent quarter, these were down 23% (from 22,000 to 17,000) compared to the same period in 2021.

The overall trend in Mortgage and Landlord Possession claims has been decreasing since a peak of 60,000 in January to March 2014. Following the impact of Covid-19, these have increased gradually with 22,000 claims in April to June 2022, up 128% compared to the same quarter of 2021 (9,500 claims). Further details can be found in the Mortgage and Landlord Possessions publication here.

Claims for return of goods increased steadily to a high of 3,500 in July-September 2018 but have since declined. However, there has been continued recovery in these figures in recent quarters, with volumes up 82% (from 1,500 to 2,800) in April to June 2022 compared to the same period in 2021.

4. Money Claims[footnote 1]

Money claims were down 9% (to 300,000 claims) in April to June 2022 compared to the same quarter in 2021, driving the overall trend in money and damages claims.

Money claims of up to (and including) £1,000 were down 10% over this period to 188,000, driving the overall trend in money claims.

Damages claims were up 6% at 33,000, driven by an increase in Personal Injury claims in the latest quarter, (up 16% to 25,000) compared to the same quarter in 2021.

Other damages claims increased steeply from Q3 2020 to a high of 14,000 in Q3 2021 but have shown signs of stabilising in recent quarters, down 15% to 7,900 compared to the same quarter in 2021. These accounted for 24% of all damages claims in the most recent quarter, down 6pp on April to June 2021, when they accounted for 30% of all damages claims.

Figure 2: Money claims by monetary value, Q2 (April to June) 2017 to Q2 (April to June) 2022 (Source: civil workload CSV[footnote 2])

Historically, money claims reached a peak in April to June 2017, after which the implementation of the Pre-Action Protocol (PAP) for Debt Claims in October 2017 led to a sharp drop in claims. An increasing trend resumed the following quarter, suggesting that the impact of the PAP on claim volumes was temporary. The main aim of the protocol is to encourage early engagement between parties to resolve disputes without needing to start court proceedings. In the most recent quarter (April to June 2022), there were 300,000 claims, down 9% on the same quarter in 2021 (331,000 claims).

This quarter, the majority (84%) of money claims were processed and issued at the County Court Business Centre (CCBC). There were 252,000 such claims at the CCBC in April to June 2022 (down 9% on the same quarter in 2021). CCBC claims were particularly affected by Covid-19 and associated actions, recording a more significant decrease than other money claims, but they have now returned to historic trend levels. This is as a result of bulk issuers almost completely ceasing their issue during the immediate response to the pandemic.

The fall in money claims is driven by lower value claims (under £1,000). These were down 10% to 188,000 claims in the period April to June 2022, compared to 2021, and account for 63% of total money claims in the most recent quarter. This is a return to historical levels following the previously noted significant decline, with this category making up 66% of total money claims in April to June 2019. When compared to the same quarter in the previous year, the next claim band (above £1,000 up to and including £3,000) was initially similarly affected but has now returned to historic levels with 66,000 claims. As a result, this value bracket made up 22% of total money claims in the most recent quarter, similar to its share in April to June 2019 (20%).

Other than Q2 2020, damages claims have fluctuated between 26,000 and 40,000 claims each quarter over the last five years (since April to June 2017). However, more recently volumes were up 6% to 33,000 in April to June 2022 compared to the same period in 2021. This was driven by an increase in personal injury claims in the most recent quarter, up 16% from 22,000 to 25,000. On the contrary, other damages claims increased steeply from Q3 2020 but have shown signs of stabilising in recent quarters, down 15% compared to the same period in 2021 (from 9,300 to 7,900). The sharp increase in other damages claims was as a result of PPI-related claims that rely on a section of the Consumer Credit Act that relates to unfair relationships and follows a series of court rulings on the same matter.

4.1 Allocations (table 1.3)

In April to June 2022, 34,000 money and damages claims were allocated to track, down 15% (from 40,000) on the same period in 2021. A decrease was seen across all tracks. Compared to April to June 2021, of these allocations:

  • 23,000 were allocated to small claims, down 6% on April to June 2021. This accounts for 68% of all allocations (compared to 62% of all allocations in the same quarter of 2021). This increase in the proportion of cases being allocated to small claims is due to government changes made to the claims process for low value road traffic accident (RTA) related personal injury claims (31st May 2021). As part of the package of measures introduced, the small claims Track limit for Personal Injury claims related to RTA’s increased from £1,000 to £5,000. This means that the majority of such claims will now proceed through the small claims Track instead of the fast track;
  • 8,800 were allocated to fast track, down 29% on April to June 2021. This accounts for 26% of all allocations (compared to 31% of all allocations in the same quarter of 2021);
  • 2,000 were allocated to multi-track, down 29% on April to June 2021. This accounts for 6% of all allocations (compared to 7% of all allocations in the same quarter of 2021);

The number of claims defended was down 7% to 63,000 compared to the same quarter in 2021.

Of those claims defended, 52% had legal representation for both claimant and defendant, 27% had representation for claimant only, and 4% for defendant only.

The number of trials was down 9% to 12,000 compared to the same quarter in 2021.

Average time taken for small claims was 50.8 weeks (1.6 weeks longer compared to the same quarter in 2021) and for multi and fast track claims it was 75.0 weeks (3.9 weeks longer than April to June in 2021).

Of those claims defended in April to June 2022, 52% had legal representation for both claimant and defendant, 27% had representation for claimant only, and 4% for defendant only. Almost all (95%) damages claim defences had legal representation for both the defendant and claimant, compared with 32% of money claim defences.

Changes in representation compared to the same quarter last year is primarily influenced by the larger fall in damages claim defences in comparison to money claims, with the latter being less likely to have representation for both parties.

The total number of claims defended was down 7% in April to June 2022 compared to the same quarter in 2021, from 68,000 to 63,000 cases. This was driven by decreases in money and damages claims, with the most significant impact from defended damages claims (down 19% from 25,000 to 21,000). On the contrary, mortgage and landlord possession defences were up 133% from 1,300 to 3,100 compared to April to June 2021.

5.1 Trials and Time Taken to Reach Trial (table 1.5)

Defended cases which are not settled or withdrawn, generally result in a trial. In total, there were 12,000 trials in April to June 2022, down 9% compared to the same period in 2021. Of the claims that went to trial, 8,900 (74%) were small claims trials (down 6% compared to the same quarter in 2021) and 3,200 (26%) were fast and multi-track trials (down 14% from the same quarter of 2021).

Figure 4: Average number of weeks from claim being issued to initial hearing date, Q2 (April to June) 2017 to Q2 (April to June) 2022 (Source: table 1.5)

In April to June 2022, it took an average of 50.8 weeks between a small claim being issued and the claim going to trial, 1.6 weeks longer than the same period in 2021.

Small claims were impacted sooner by Covid-19 than fast and multitrack claims, in terms of timeliness, for a number of reasons. These claims have shorter timeframes to begin with, and so delays were observed sooner in the timeliness figures. Small claims may also be less suited to remote hearings as they tend to be in person claims rather than professional users.

Measures were put in place in response to the challenges of the pandemic to help with the increasing timeliness to resolve small claims including the increased use of small claims mediation and Early Neutral Evaluation (where a judge will try and engineer agreement without any finding on the fact). These measures, when successful, result in outcomes which are not used within the timeliness calculations. This means the final cases used in timeliness measures include a disproportionate number of more complex cases which take longer to dispose of.

For multi/fast track claims, it took on average 75.0 weeks to reach a trial, 3.9 weeks longer than in April to June 2021 – continuing to exceed the upper limit of the range 2009-2019 (52 to 62 weeks).

Covid-19 and associated actions have led to an uptick in time taken for all claims to reach trial. Prior to this, a sustained period of increasing receipts had increased the time taken to hear civil cases and caused delays to case progress. Additional venues have been provided to add temporary capacity to hear cases and help the court and tribunal system to run effectively.

6. Judgments

Judgments were up 4% compared to same quarter in 2021

There were 230,000 judgments made in April to June 2022, compared to 220,000 in the same quarter of 2021. Of these judgments, 210,000 (91%) were default judgments.

Figure 5: All claims, judgments and default judgments, Q2 (April to June) 2017 to Q2 (April to June) 2022 (Source: tables 1.2 and 1.4)

There were 230,000 judgments made in April to June 2022, up 4% compared to the same quarter of 2021. Of these, 91% were default judgments, up 3pp on its share in April to June 2021.

The second largest type of judgment was ‘admissions’[footnote 3], of which there were 11,000 in April to June 2022, down 27% on the same quarter in 2021 (from 16,000). ‘Admission’ judgments accounted for 5% of all judgments.

7. Warrants and Enforcements

Warrants issued were up 100% when compared to same quarter in 2021

In April to June 2022, 72,000 warrants were issued, up 100% from 36,000 in the same quarter of 2021 yet remaining down 23% on the pre-covid baseline. Of these, 62,000 (85%) were warrants of control, up 97% compared to the same period in 2021.

Enforcement applications were down 35% and enforcement orders were down 20% when compared to April to June 2021

All application categories were down on April to June 2021. Attachment of earnings (AoE) applications were down 44% (from 10,000 to 5,600), while AoE orders were down 21% (from 4,100 to 3,300).

Figure 6: Warrants and enforcements issued – Q2 (April to June) 2017 to Q2 (April to June) 2022 (Source: tables 1.7 and 1.8)

7.1 Warrants (table 1.7)

In the latest quarter (April to June 2022) there were 72,000 warrants issued, up 100% (from 36,000) on the same quarter in 2021; this increase is caused by the relatively low volume of warrants of control in Q2 2021 due to the impact of Covid-19 and related actions. Warrants of control accounted for 85% of total warrants, and were up 97%, from 31,000 to 62,000, compared to the same period in 2021.

There were 10,000 possession warrants issued in April to June 2022, up 128% (from 4,600) on the same quarter in 2021. However, these have continued a general upwards trend since Q3 2020, following a sharp drop in Q2 2020 due to the impact of Covid-19.

7.2 Enforcements (table 1.8)

In April to June 2022, there were 10,000 enforcement-related order applications (which include attachment of earnings orders, charging orders, third party debt orders, administration orders, and orders to obtain information), down 35% compared to the same quarter of 2021. All application types were down, in particular, attachment of earnings (AoE) applications were down 44% (from 10,000 to 5,600).

There were 8,600 enforcement-related orders made in April to June 2022, down 20% compared to the same quarter of 2021. Orders fell across all types, with the decrease driven by AoE orders, which were down 21% (from 4,100 to 3,300) and charging orders which were down 22% (from 4,900 to 3,800).

Over the longer term, there has been a decreasing trend in enforcement-related applications received and orders made since 2009, possibly due to claimants’ preference for using warrants instead to retrieve money, property or goods.

8. Judicial reviews[footnote 4],[footnote 5]

There were 580 judicial review applications received in Q2 2022, down 3% on Q2 2021 (600) and down 29% on Q2 2019 (from 820) as a pre-Covid19 baseline.

Of the 580 applications received in Q2 2022, 22% have already closed, and 9 were found to be ‘Totally Without Merit’ (6% of cases that reached the permission stage).

Figure 7: Judicial Review Applications, by type; Q2 2015 to Q2 2022 (Source: JR CSV)

Quarterly JR Receipts – April to June 2022:

Of the 580 applications received in Q2 2022, 230 were civil immigration and asylum applications, 310 were civil (other), and 43 were criminal, up 17%, down 16% and up 23% respectively on Q2 2021. 5 of the civil immigration and asylum cases have since been transferred to the UTIAC.

Of the applications that were made in Q2 2022, 22% are now closed. Of the total applications, 150 reached the permission stage in Q2 2022, and of these:

  • 6% (9) were found to be totally without merit (TWM).
  • 71 cases were granted permission to proceed and 68 were refused at the permission stage. None of the cases refused at the permission stage went on to be granted permission at the renewal stage.
  • 71 cases were assessed to be eligible for a final hearing and of these, 4 have since been heard.
  • the mean time from a case being lodged to the permission decision was 45 days. Although timeliness for cases being lodged to final hearing are included in the tables, this is based on too few cases to be meaningful. The actual time taken for these cases will only be known when they have had time to work their way through the system.

8.1 Applications lodged against departments (table 2.5)

Table 2.5 presents judicial review figures by defendant type (i.e. individual government department or public body). This table provides the number of judicial review applications lodged, permission granted to proceed to final hearing, and decisions found in favour of the claimant at final hearing.

The information presented is derived from the ‘defendant name’ – a free text field completed by the claimant, which is matched and grouped by department. All efforts have been made to quality assure the data presented. However, this is a manually typed field, and as such is open to inputting errors and should be used with caution.

The key findings for Q2 2022 are:

  • Home Office had the largest number of JR applications lodged against them, with 210 applications. Of these, 22 were granted permission to proceed to final hearing (11% of applications) to date.
  • The second largest recipient of JR cases was the Local Authorities, with 140 cases received, of which to date 35 were granted permission to proceed to final hearing (26% of applications).
  • The third largest recipient was Ministry of Justice, having 110 applications lodged against it. Of these, 6 were granted permission to proceed to final hearing (6% of applications) to date.

A more granular view of the JR data by department and case type can be found in the data visualisation tool found here. Functionality to filter by topic has been added to the tool this quarter to give a more granular breakdown of this data. Feedback is welcome on this tool to ensure it meets user needs.

9. Privacy Injunctions[footnote 6]

In the first six months of 2022, there were 6 proceedings where the High Court considered an application for a new interim privacy injunction.

Two proceedings were considered at the High Court on whether to continue or amend an interim injunction.

There were no proceedings considered at the High Court on whether to issue a final permanent injunction, no proceedings considered on whether to continue or amend an undertaking, and no proceedings considered a final undertaking[footnote 7].

Figure 8: Revised number of privacy injunction proceedings, by type of proceeding, from Aug-Dec 2011[footnote 8] to Jan-Jun 2022 (Source: tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3)

9.1 New interim privacy injunctions (Table 3.1)

All six of the proceedings at the High Court that took place in January to June 2022 were granted. In one of these an undertaking was given. In the previous six months (July to December 2021) five new interim privacy injunction proceedings took place, and all of these were granted.

9.2 Continuation of existing interim injunctions (Table 3.2)

The continuation of two existing interim injunction proceeding that took place in January to June 2022 were granted/varied. In July to December 2021, the continuation of two existing interim injunction proceedings were also granted/varied.

9.3 Final privacy injunctions (Table 3.3)

There were no final privacy injunctions or final undertakings dealt with in January to June 2022, or in the previous period from June to December 2021.

10. Further information

10.1 Provisional data and revisions

The statistics in the latest quarter are provisional and revisions may be made when the next edition of this bulletin is published. If revisions are needed in subsequent quarters, these will be annotated in the tables.

10.2 Accompanying files

As well as this bulletin, the following products are published as part of this release:

  • A supporting document providing further information on how the data is collected and processed, as well as information on the revisions policy and legislation relevant to civil justice.
  • The quality statement published with this guide sets out our policies for producing quality statistical outputs for the information we provide to maintain our users’ understanding and trust.
  • A set of overview tables (also available in accessible format) and CSV files, covering each section of this bulletin.
  • A set of tables providing statistics on the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, also available in accessible format.
  • A JR data visualisation tool (to provide a more granular view of the JR data by department and case type). This can be found here.
  • A sankey tool which shows case progression of civil cases in the county courts is here.

10.3 Rounding convention

Figures greater than 10,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000, those between 1,000 and 10,000 are rounded to the nearest 100 and those between 100 to 1,000 are rounded to the nearest 10. Less than 100 are given as the actual number.

10.4 National Statistics status

National Statistics status means that official statistics meet the highest standards of trustworthiness, quality and public value.

All official statistics should comply with all aspects of the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. They are awarded National Statistics status following an assessment by the Authority’s regulatory arm. The Authority considers whether the statistics meet the highest standards of Code compliance, including the value they add to public decisions and debate.

It is the Ministry of Justice’s responsibility to maintain compliance with the standards expected for National Statistics. If we become concerned about whether these statistics are still meeting the appropriate standards, we will discuss any concerns with the Authority promptly. National Statistics status can be removed at any point when the highest standards are not maintained, and reinstated when standards are restored.

10.5 Future publications

Our statisticians regularly review the content of publications. Development of new and improved statistical outputs is usually dependent on reallocating existing resources. As part of our continual review and prioritisation, we welcome user feedback on existing outputs including content, breadth, frequency and methodology. Please send any comments you have on this publication including suggestions for further developments or reductions in content.

10.6 Contacts

Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) press office:

Sebastian Walters - email: sebastian.walters@justice.gov.uk

Other enquiries about these statistics should be directed to the Data and Evidence as a Service division of the Ministry of Justice:

Laura Jones - email: cajs@justice.gov.uk

Next update: 1 December 2022

  1. To align with new terminology within MoJ, specified money claims are now referred to as “Money Claims” and unspecified money claims are now referred to as “Damages Claims”. ↩

  2. Following the alignment of the fees for online and paper civil money and possession claims in May 2021, figure 2 shows all data with the updated claim brackets for comparison, a further breakdown of these brackets is available within the CSV. The CSV shows updated claim brackets from 2021. ↩

  3. Judgment by admission is where the defendant admits the truth of the claim made. ↩

  4. The judicial review data are Official Statistics ↩

  5. Quarterly judicial review figures have been added to the bulletin and accompanying CSVs for a more granular breakdown of this data. ↩

  6. The privacy injunction data are Official Statistics ↩

  7. An undertaking is different from an injunction, in that it is a promise given by the defendants, rather than an injunction which is an order of the court ↩

  8. H2 2011 only covers the period August-December 2011 and is not a full half-year ↩

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