Use of Intellectual Property rights across UK industries
Updated 9 June 2022
© Crown copyright 2022
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Executive summary
This paper identifies the UK industries that make the greatest use of intellectual property rights, with patents, trade marks, registered designs and copyright being considered. It assesses the contribution these industries make to the UK economy, in terms of employment, output and exported goods. The analysis in this paper covers the years 2014-2016.
The approach builds on the methodology used by previous studies from the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) and the European Patent Office (EPO) [footnote 1], and by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) [footnote 2]. Both papers categorise industries as intellectual property (hereafter, IP) intensive if the IP use per 1000 employees is above the industry average.
Applying the above methodology to registered IP rights (patents, trade marks and registered designs) granted to UK companies only, and identifying a smaller subset of industries with noticeably high IP use, allows for an enhanced understanding of IP use within UK industries for domestic policy making. The economic contribution of sectors associated with copyright, an unregistered IP right, has also been included and follows a methodology established by EUIPO/EPO.
Industries with an above average use in IP rights [footnote 3] accounted for 26.9% (£298.5 billion) of UK non-financial value-added output [footnote 4] , 15.5% (4.5 million) of total UK employment and 52.1% (£159.7 billion) of goods exported.
Industries with a high [footnote 5] use of IP rights [footnote 6] accounted for 15.0% (£166.5 billion) of non-financial value-added output, 5.1% (1.4 million) of total UK employment and 12.1% (£37.1 billion) of total goods export value.
35.4% of UK industries (218 out of 616 UK industries [footnote 7] ) were found to have above average IP usage in any of the four IP rights considered with 14.9% of UK industries (92) having high IP usage. With respect to registered IP rights only (i.e. excluding copyright) 27.9% of UK industries (172) were found to be intensive, and 7.6% (47) were found to be highly intensive.
Industries with an above average use in any of the three registered IP rights (i.e. excluding copyright) accounted for 18.9% (£209.9 billion) of UK value-added output, 11.1% (3.2 million) of total UK employment and 51.2% (£157.2 billion) of total goods export value.
Four industries were found to have high IP use by UK companies in all three registered IP rights, three of which are in the manufacturing sector. A further five are intensive across at least two of the registered IP rights, as shown below:
Industries classified as having high IP use across multiple registered IP rights (IP per 1000 employees)
| SIC | Description | Patents | Trade marks | Registered designs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3299 | Other manufacturing n.e.c. [footnote 8] | x | x | x |
| 6420 | Activities of holding companies [footnote 9] | x | x | x |
| 2110 | Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products | x | x | x |
| 3099 | Manufacture of other transport equipment n.e.c. | x | x | x |
| 1395 | Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel | x | x | |
| 2432 | Cold rolling of narrow strip | x | x | |
| 4635 | Wholesale of tobacco products | x | x | |
| 3240 | Manufacture of games and toys | x | x | |
| 7740 | Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works | x |
No industries were found to be highly intensive across all four IP rights considered, but five industries [footnote 10] were found to be intensive in both copyright and trade marks [footnote 11].
Centralised management of IP within company organisational structures led to some IP rights being linked to industries relating to ‘head office’ type activities, such as Activities of holding companies [footnote 12] . These IP rights were not redistributed to the industries of their subsidiaries, since the complexity of company structures and a lack of data meant that only a negligible number of ‘head office’ IP rights could be reallocated with confidence.
| Patents | Trade marks | Registered designs | Copyright | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of UK industries with at least one IP right [footnote 13] | 360 58.4% | 586 95.1% | 388 63.0% | N/A |
| Number of UK industries classified ‘above average’ use of IP | 64 10.4% | 116 18.8% | 75 12.2% | 77[footnote 14] 12.5% |
| Number of UK industries classified ‘high’ use of IP | 17 2.8% | 25 4.1% | 18 2.9% | 49[footnote 15] 8.0% |
| UK non-financial value-added output [footnote 16] | £79.7bn 7.2% | £146.5bn 13.2% | £79.7bn 7.2% | £156.8bn 14.1% |
| Total UK employment [footnote 17] | 1.1m 3.9% | 2.3m 7.8% | 1.1m 3.9% | 2.0m 7.0% |
| Total goods export value [footnote 18] | £120.6bn 39.3% | £52.9bn 17.2% | £72.9bn 23.8% | £14.7bn 4.8% |
Industry contributions towards output, employment and exports listed by IP right should not be added, since some have above average use in more than one IP right.
Across the 616 UK industries, trade marks were the most widely used IP right, occurring across over 95% of industries and having the highest number of industries with above average IP use. Compared to patents, registered designs were used more widely and were found to have higher number of industries with above average use. Consistent with the findings for industries with high IP use across all three registered IP rights, the manufacturing sector accounted for the majority of high or above average IP use industries in each of the IP rights.
1. Introduction
Intellectual property (IP) is an important part of the innovation ecosystem, playing a vital role in enabling innovators to realise the returns from their research and development. The purpose of this paper is to identify which UK industries make relatively the greatest use of patents, trade marks, registered designs and copyright, and the contribution these industries make to the UK economy, in terms of employment, output, and exported goods.
This paper builds on previous international studies of IP use across industries: one conducted jointly by the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) and the European Patent Office (EPO) [footnote 19], and another by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) [footnote 20].
The IPO have further developed this methodology and applied it to IP rights granted to UK companies. By identifying above average IP use industries in the UK, we obtain the distribution of registered IP rights and identify industries of interest from an IP perspective. These yield different results to similar studies with a broader geographic basis, but this allows for an enhanced understanding of IP use for domestic policy making. Building on the EUIPO/EPO methodology, the IPO have identified a smaller subset of industries with noticeably higher registered IP use.
This report is focused on UK national economic measures and registered IP rights held by UK companies. As with the EUIPO/EPO study, this results in the analysis being affected by cross-border ownership and use of IP. For example, a UK company may be the owner of an IP right but base its manufacturing in a different country. The employment resulting from this manufacturing will not be captured in UK employment statistics and therefore is not considered when calculating industry IP use per 1000 employees. Similarly, the IP owned by foreign companies with a workforce in the UK is not captured in the analysis.
The analysis in this paper covers the time period 2014-2016, while using IP data from 2010-2014 in order to attribute the registered IP rights on a company level.
The economic contributions made by copyright intensive industries to the UK economy are included in this report. Since copyright is an unregistered IP right, a detailed analysis of the distribution and usage of copyright across UK industries is not possible in the same way as the three registered IP rights examined in this report.
2. IPO methodology
This section sets out the methodology used, data limitations to be aware of and guidance on how to interpret the results.
As mentioned in the introduction, the EPO, in collaboration with the EUIPO, have produced papers on IP intensive industries, as has the USPTO. While there are some differences in methodology between the two papers they are largely similar. Both papers identify industries as intensive if the IP use per 1000 employees is above the average for all industries. The papers consider industry use of patents, trade marks and, in terms of the contribution it makes to the UK economy only, copyright. The EUIPO/EPO additionally incorporates registered designs, plant variety rights and geographical indicators in their analysis.
The EUIPO/EPO paper uses IP and economic data from across the EU, and as such incorporates IP use in the UK and UK industry data in its analysis. However, it identifies industries at the EU level and assumes that if an industry is IP intensive in one member state, it is also IP intensive in every other member state including the UK. This aggregation of EU-wide IP filings neglects differences between national economies meaning features specific to the UK economy might be masked by data from other countries. IPO have built on the EUIPO/EPO methodology and applied it to IP rights granted and registered to UK companies. This approach has increased the accuracy in identifying which UK industries make relatively the greatest use of patents, trade marks and registered designs.
Given the dispersion of IP intensive industries in the UK identified, the IPO has introduced an additional ‘cut-off’ point to try to examine the industries appearing in the steepest part of the distribution that we consider to have high IP usage.
2.1 Data coverage
Patents, trade marks and registered designs which provide protection in the UK have been considered in this paper. We have included:
- GB patents granted by the IPO.
- EP(UK) patents from the EPO [footnote 21] .
- UK trade mark classes registered by the IPO[footnote 22].
- European trade mark classes registered by the EUIPO [footnote 23].
- UK registered designs issued by the IPO.
- Registered Community designs issued by the EUIPO [footnote 24].
The applicants for these IP rights have been matched to UK company data taken from the FAME [footnote 25] database, an extract of which was taken in September 2019 for this analysis.
2.2 Data matching
Identifying industry use of IP requires a link to be made between IP applications and industries. Industry classification information was obtained by matching IP rights to UK company data in the FAME database. Applicant names and addresses provided in IP filings have been matched against company names and addresses in the FAME database. Obtaining this link allows identification of an IP applicant’s primary Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code [footnote 26] (their main business activity).
Not all IP applicants could be matched to company data in FAME and there are various reasons why. This exercise focused on UK companies and matching was only attempted for IP applicants with UK addresses. FAME does not provide information on private individuals or unincorporated businesses so where the named applicant is not a company, industries are not identified. Some matched companies have no associated industry information in FAME so cannot be included in the analysis. Furthermore, changes in business name/address and IP applications using inconsistent names can also complicate the matching process. To ensure the best possible match rate all names and addresses were cleaned consistently across the IP and FAME datasets and a stage of manual matching took place to ensure companies with high IP counts were successfully matched. Table 1 shows a summary of the match rates for each IP right.
Table 1: Summary of IP data matching to SIC codes
| Patents | Trade marks (class count) |
Registered designs | |
|---|---|---|---|
| UK applicants | 24,511 | 491,278 | 47,184 |
| Matched to firm data with valid SIC | 17,711 | 320,797 | 27,932 |
| % match | 72% | 65% | 59% |
It should be noted that the data covering registered community designs did not include applications from individuals. As the analysis in this report relies on matching IP applications to companies (and not individuals) there is no effect on the results, however, the reported match rate for designs will be inflated as a consequence. ###2.3 Head office redistribution
Organisational structures of large companies mean it is common practice for IP to be centrally handled for all parts of a business. This leads to IP applications being linked to non-specific industry codes.
Head office activies under the SIC classifications fall under three industries; 6420 Activities of holding companies, 7010 Activities of head offices and 8299 Other business support service activities n.e.c.
A method was applied to redistribute the IP rights of these ‘head office’ companies to reflect the industrial activity of one of their subsidiaries. Very few IP rights were successfully reallocated so this method was not used
2.4 Fractional allocation of IP
Each application for an IP right can have multiple applicants associated with it. IP rights have been allocated fractionally to industries. Each matched applicant for a given application is given an equal share of the IP right, e.g. If there are three applicants matched to three different SIC codes, each industry classification is assigned 1/3 of the IP [footnote 27].
2.5 Time period
Analysis in this paper considers IP applications filed in the time period 2010-2014 and subsequently granted by end of September 2019. This was linked with economic data from 2014-2016, which is in line with the 2019 EUIPO/EPO report.
2.6 Economic data
The matched dataset allowed IP rights to be aggregated by SIC classification. These IP counts by industry are then combined with national economic statistics (employment, gross value added (GVA), number of companies) which are available by SIC classification. Export data [footnote 28] is classified under product codes. Eurostat concordance tables are used to convert goods export data to SIC codes which has been combined with the aggregated IP counts.
It should be noted that this report is focused on IP rights held by UK companies and UK national economic measures. As with the EUIPO/EPO study, this results in the analysis being affected by cross-border ownership and use of IP. For example, a UK company may be the owner of an IP right but base its manufacturing in a different country. The employment and GVA resulting from this manufacturing will not be captured in UK national accounts and therefore is not considered when calculating industry IP use per 1000 employees. Similarly, the IP owned by foreign companies with a workforce in the UK is not captured in the analysis. This cross-border issue is an inevitable consequence of focussing the analysis on a single country, there is also an effect on the calculation of economic contributions which is discussed further in section 7.
A number of economic variables have been used throughout this analysis. A table of sources and caveats can be found in Appendix 1.
2.7 Measuring IP intensity: IP rights per 1000 employees
The methodology used in both EUIPO/EPO and USPTO papers, which we have also applied, calculates how many granted IP rights there are per 1,000 employees in each industry.
(Granted IPRs for industry i (a))/(Total Employees in industry i (b)) x 1000
(a): The number of patents, trade marks or registered designs granted to the 4-digit industry in the time period explained in section 2.5.
Granted IP rights are matched to industry by matching applications to businesses and determining their primary SIC code as reported to Companies House.
(b): The number of employees for each industry is defined as the average number of employees over the time periods explained in section 2.5 [footnote 29].
For this measure to be calculated for an industry with granted IP rights, available employment data is needed. Table 2 shows how many industries are not measured due to lack of employee data available across the time period.
Table 2: Research limitations caused by data coverage issues
| IP right | Number of industries with IP rights | Number of industries not measured by employees | Percentage % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patents | 360 | 12 | (3.3%) |
| Trade marks | 586 | 36 | (6.1%) |
| Registered designs | 388 | 11 | (2.8%) |
2.8 Classification of usage
To determine how much use an industry makes of IP, we have three classifications: high, medium and low. The descriptions of these classifications are explained in Table 3. They are also demonstrated in the charts throughout this paper as H, M and L.
Table 3: Classifications of IP usage
| Classification of usage of IP | Description |
|---|---|
| Above average | The industry has an above average use of IP when all industries with that IP are considered |
| High (H) | The industry has an above average use of IP out of the industries in the “Above Average” subset |
| Medium (M) | The industry has a below average use of IP out of the industries in the “Above Average” subset |
| Low (L) | The industry has a below average used of IP when all industries with that IP are considered |
| Unclassified | The industry either has no IP or is not measurable due to lack of economic data |
The above defined classifications have been used instead of labelling industries as intensive to reflect the shape of the distribution of IP use. The distribution curves shown throughout this report show the distribution of patents per thousand employees across all UK industries that have both the IP right data and available employee data [footnote 30], ranked from highest to lowest; solid lines show where the average value lies, and the dotted lines indicate the average of all industries in sections H and M.
Appendices 2, 3 and 4 contains a list of all industries, their classification description, the number of IP rights within each (separated out by patents, trade marks and registered designs), and IP per 1000 employees.
3. Use of copyright across the UK industries: methodology
Copyright intensive industries have been identified using a WIPO methodology that classifies industries by the percentage of their value that can be attributed to copyright-related activities [footnote 31]. WIPO groups industries into four categories depending to the degree to which their activity depends on copyright. These are: core [footnote 32], interdependent [footnote 33], partial [footnote 34] and non-dedicated support [footnote 35] industries.
While the entire output of the core copyright industries’ activities can be attributed to copyright works, to capture the fact that only a portion of the industries’ activity is related to copyright, each industry has been assigned a factor intensity that represents the economic output from that industry that is related to copyright-related activity. The copyright factors assigned to each industry in the interdependent, partial and non-dedicated support classifications have been adopted directly from the EUIPO/EPO paper.
All core, interdependent and partial copyright industries (with a factor intensity of over 20%) have been included in this paper. Industries identified as “core” are considered as high IP use sectors. All non-dedicated support industries have been excluded as all of them have a factor of just 6%. Table 4 lists the number of industries classified under each category [footnote 36].
Table 4: Copyright intensive industries by WIPO grouping
| IP usage | Number of industries |
|---|---|
| Number of Industries classified as Copyright Intensive | 77 |
| Core | 49 |
| Interdependent | 22 |
| Partial (with a factor intensity greater than 20% | 6 |
4. Use of registered IP rights across UK industries
Table 5 provides a summary of the number of industries that fall into each category for each registered IP right. 586 (95%) of 616 UK industries had a registered trade mark, the highest of the three registered IP rights. As trade marks offer brand protection, the majority of industries contain at least one trade mark registered to a UK business.
Table 5: Summary of IP industry usage by registered IP right
| IP usage | Patents | Trade marks | Registered designs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of industries [footnote 37] | 360 | 586 | 388 |
| Above Average (High or Medium) | 64 | 116 | 75 |
| High | 17 | 25 | 18 |
| Medium | 47 | 91 | 57 |
| Low | 284 | 464 | 302 |
| Unclassified (no employee data) | 12 | 36 | 11 |
The following pages show more findings for each registered IP right with distribution charts showing IP right usage across UK industries and tables summarising the high IP usage industries.
Figure 1 shows the distribution of patent use in UK industries. The industries that are categorised as high in patent use are listed in Table 6 with over 75% of the industries classified with a high patent usage are in the manufacturing sector.
Figure 1: Distribution of patent use
Table 6: List of industries with high patent use
| SIC | SIC description | Patents per 1000 employees | Number of employees |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6420 | Activities of holding companies | 61.26 | 3,167 |
| 3099 | Manufacture of other transport equipment nec | 55.31 | 1,067 |
| 2811 | Manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines | 48.82 | 16,733 |
| 2899 | Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery nec | 47.44 | 8,600 |
| 7211 | Research and experimental development on biotechnology | 45.18 | 8,133 |
| 2311 | Manufacture of flat glass | 44.44 | 900 |
| 3299 | Other manufacturing nec | 39.23 | 21,933 |
| 2110 | Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products | 27.97 | 5,167 |
| 2344 | Manufacture of other technical ceramic products | 25.71 | 467 |
| 2611 | Manufacture of electronic components | 22.33 | 13,567 |
| 2790 | Manufacture of other electrical equipment | 21.15 | 9,433 |
| 7219 | Other research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering | 17.44 | 115,800 |
| 2342 | Manufacture of ceramic sanitary fixtures | 15.88 | 567 |
| 2352 | Manufacture of lime and plaster | 14.21 | 633 |
| 1395 | Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel | 14.00 | 1,000 |
| 2051 | Manufacture of explosives | 13.85 | 867 |
| 2670 | Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment | 13.83 | 4,700 |
Figure 2: Distribution of trade mark use
The distribution of trade mark use across industries shown in Figure 2 is characterised by a small number of outliers that have high usage and a large number with low usage that tails off very gradually. The highest ranked industry is 1102 Manufacture of wine from grape which has 3,330 trade marks per 1000 employees, can be considered as an extreme outlier. The 25 industries that are categorised with a high use of trade marks per 1000 employees are listed in Table 7, with the total number of employees alongside to assist with interpreting this measure. The 10 highest ranked industries can be considered somewhat as outliers with substantial relative differences between them in IP intensity according to this measure, which can distort the presentation of the distribution of the trade mark use, but the remainder of the industries follow a very flat distribution.
Table 7: Industries with high trade mark use
| SIC | SIC description | TMs per 1000 employees | Number of employees |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1102 | Manufacture of wine from grape | 3330 | 100 |
| 6420 | Activities of holding companies | 841 | 3,167 |
| 5821 | Publishing of computer games | 672 | 1,467 |
| 5812 | Publishing of directories and mailing lists | 461 | 900 |
| 7740 | Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works | 390 | 3,133 |
| 2110 | Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products | 341 | 5,167 |
| 2432 | Cold rolling of narrow strip | 340 | 100 |
| 3299 | Other manufacturing nec | 246 | 21,933 |
| 6399 | Other information service activities nec | 245 | 10,100 |
| 3240 | Manufacture of games and toys | 189 | 4,267 |
| 4619 | Agents involved in the sale of a variety of goods | 185 | 4,233 |
| 1399 | Manufacture of other textiles nec | 177 | 2,100 |
| 3099 | Manufacture of other transport equipment nec | 166 | 1,067 |
| 1395 | Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel | 163 | 1,000 |
| 5819 | Other publishing activities | 160 | 18,700 |
| 4782 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of textiles, clothing and footwear | 159 | 633 |
| 4635 | Wholesale of tobacco products | 155 | 1,400 |
| 0899 | Other mining and quarrying nec | 154 | 1,233 |
| 1411 | Manufacture of leather clothes | 150 | 267 |
| 4617 | Agents involved in the sale of food, beverages and tobacco | 149 | 4,833 |
| 1419 | Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories | 149 | 7,200 |
| 5829 | Other software publishing | 142 | 10,967 |
| 2015 | Manufacture of fertilisers and nitrogen compounds | 141 | 2,100 |
| 1086 | Manufacture of homogenised food preparations and dietetic food | 139 | 633 |
| 6312 | Web portals | 128 | 8,567 |
Figure 3: Distribution of registered design use
The distribution of registered design use in UK industries shown in Figure 3 is consistent with the the other charts for patents and trade marks, with the distribution showing a small number of industries with a disproportionately high use of registered designs, and a large number with medium to low use. Table 8 lists the 13 industries that are classified as having high registered design use; nine of these are classified as manufacturing industries. As with both patents and trade marks, the manufacturing sector account for the majority of IP usage.
Table 8: List of industries with high design use
| SIC | SIC classification | Registered designs per 1000 employees | Number of employees |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2571 | Manufacture of cutlery | 365 | 367 |
| 1622 | Manufacture of assembled parquet floors | 90 | 100 |
| 7740 | Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works | 80 | 3,133 |
| 2680 | Manufacture of magnetic and optical media | 75 | 133 |
| 3299 | Other manufacturing nec | 63 | 21,933 |
| 3240 | Manufacture of games and toys | 55 | 4,267 |
| 6420 | Activities of holding companies | 49 | 3,167 |
| 4635 | Wholesale of tobacco products | 46 | 1,400 |
| 1107 | Manufacture of soft drinks; production of mineral waters and other bottled waters | 40 | 9,767 |
| 1629 | Manufacture of other products of wood; manufacture of articles of cork, straw and plaiting materials | 34 | 6,433 |
| 4642 | Wholesale of clothing and footwear | 31 | 40,767 |
| 2017 | Manufacture of synthetic rubber in primary forms | 30 | 200 |
| 2432 | Cold rolling of narrow strip | 30 | 100 |
| 2110 | Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products | 29 | 5,167 |
| 1512 | Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness | 29 | 2,767 |
| 3099 | Manufacture of other transport equipment nec | 28 | 1,067 |
| 2751 | Manufacture of electric domestic appliances | 27 | 8,033 |
| 3230 | Manufacture of sports goods | 27 | 5,467 |
5. IP intensive industries and the economy
The analysis below outlines the contribution that industries with high or above average registered IP use, or those classified as copyright intensive [footnote 38], make to the UK economy in terms of non-financial GVA [footnote 39], employment and exports. It is based on IP rights held by UK companies and the economic contributions are calculated from UK national accounts. As with the EUIPO/EPO study, this results in the analysis being affected by cross-border ownership and use of IP although, as noted before, t he EUIPO/EPO did not explore the pattern of IP right usage within individual countries but instead calculated for each country the share of gross domestic product (GDP) and employment of industries found to be IP intensive at the EU level. For example, a UK company may be the owner of an IP right but base its manufacturing in a different country. The employment and GVA which result from this manufacturing will not be captured in UK national accounts and therefore won’t form part of the contributions associated with the company/industry’s use of IP.
5.1 Employment
15.5% (4.5 million) of total UK employment is attributable to industries with an above average IP use, with 5.1% (1.5 million) being attributable to industries with high use.
Figure 4 shows the proportion of UK employment attributable to those industries with a high or above average (high or medium) use of IP [footnote 40].
Figure 4: Share of employees from industries with above average IP use
The higher proportion of employees within those industries with an above average use of trade marks reflects the widespread use of trade marks across sectors relative to patents and registered designs. High use trade mark industries make up 0.4% (0.12 million) of total employment, rising to 7.8% (2.3 million) for all above average industries.
Industries with high use of patents employ 0.7% (0.21 million) of workers, rising to 3.9% (1.1 million) for all above average industries. High use registered design industries account for 0.4% (0.11m) of employment, rising to 3.9% (1.1 million) for above average registered design industries.
7% (2.0 million) of total UK employment in the UK is attributable to industries that fall under WIPO’s classification of copyright intensive. Core industries made up the vast majority of this total, with 6.3% (1.8 million) coming from these industries. Interdependent industries accounted for 0.4% (0.12 million) of total employment and partial industries 0.2% (0.07 million).
5.2 Non-financial business economy gross value added
This section refers only to the gross value added (GVA) of the non-financial business economy in the UK (which accounts for 84% of all industries at the 4-digit SIC level and approximately two thirds of the UK economy). Sufficient data is not available at this level of disaggregation for the financial industries.
Figure 5 shows the proportion of UK GVA is attributable to those industries with a high or above average (high or medium) use of IP
Figure 5: Share of non-financial business economy GVA from industries with above average IP use
Industries with an above average use in at least one of the IP rights accounted for 26.9% of UK value-added output (£298.5 billion) as measured by the Annual Business Survey. [footnote 41] Industries with high use of IP rights contributed 15.0% (£166.5 billion) to GVA.
Industries with above average trade mark use account for a relatively high share of non-financial business economy GVA reflecting the fact that a far greater number of industries and businesses own a trade mark than a patent or a registered design.
Table 9 outlines the contributions in absolute terms to economic output by each IP right.
Table 9: Non-financial business economy GVA (£billions) by IP right
| Patents | Trade marks | Registered designs | Copyright | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High | 8.8 | 9.8 | 8.1 | 149 |
| Above average (high and medium) | 79.7 | 146.5 | 79.7 | 156.8 |
5.3 Export value
Above average IP use industries account for a significant share of UK goods export value [footnote 42]. 52.1% (£159.7 billion) of total goods export value came from industries with an above average use of at least one IP right, and 12.1% (£37.1 billion) from industries classified as high use.
Figure 6: Share of export of goods from industries with above average IP use
Industries with above average patent use contributed the most to goods export value, reflecting the fact that above average patent use industries are concentrated in manufacturing.
Figure 6 illustrates that above average industries are significant to UK goods export value. High patent use industries contribute 7.4% (£22.8 billion) of goods export value, rising to 39.3% (£120.6 billion) from above average industries – the highest of the all the rights. High use trade mark industries contribute 3.4% (£10.5 billion) of goods export value, rising to 17.2% (£52.9 billion) of all above average industries. Registered design industries classified as high contribute 3.4% (£10.5 billion) to total goods exports, rising to 23.8% (£72.9 billion) for above average design industries.
5.4 The economic contribution of the copyright intensive industries
The estimates below outline the contribution that industries classified as copyright intensive make to the UK economy as a percentage of non-financial business GVA, employment and export value.
Figure 7: Economic contributions from industries classified as copyright intensive
Figure 7 shows that 7% (2.0 million) of total UK employment in the UK is attributable to industries that fall under WIPO’s classification of copyright intensive. Core industries made up the vast majority of this total, with 6.3% (1.8 million) coming from these industries. Interdependent industries accounted for 0.4% (121,000) of total employment and partial industries 0.2% (72,000).
As with the three registered IP rights, data is not available for the financial industries, and so this section refers only to the GVA of the non-financial business economy in the UK. Industries classified as copyright intensive accounted for 14% (£156.8 billion) of UK value-added output. Core industries accounted for 13.3% (£149 billion), interdependent industries for 0.6% (£6.7 billion) and partial for 0.1% (£1.2 billion).
Copyright intensive industries accounted for a relatively small share of UK goods export value. Just 4.8% (£14.7 billion) of total goods export value came from industries that were classified as copyright intensive. 2.5% (£7.6 billion) from core, 1.6% (£4.9 billion) from interdependent, and 0.7% (£2.3 billion) from partial copyright industries.
Conclusion
In building on previous studies, the IPO has been able to identify industries with above average IP usage in the UK, and a smaller subset with noticeably higher IP use. As a result we can more accurately estimate the contribution that these industries make to the UK economy and enhance our understanding of IP use within UK industries for domestic policy making.
Whilst this expands our evidence base of the IP usage across UK industries, we recognise that it is not exhaustive and could be further developed. For example, we have analysed the data to define IP intensity per 1,000 employees (which excludes rights owned by individuals from the analysis), but there may be other variables to consider as a measure of intensity for additional insight.
Potential future research options could include extending the time periods for matching IP, company level data and employment data to examine underlying long term trends, as it is likely that either employment or IP applications are relatively more prone to be impacted by changes in macro-economic conditions. The inclusion of other IP rights is also considered as an area for further work. The analysis is currently limited to IP rights registered at the UK IPO expanding this to cover the distribution of geographical indicators and plant variety rights with similar methodologies to the EUIPO/EPO would further enhance our understanding of IP use across UK industries.
Categorising industries at the national level has improved our economic contribution estimates by only considering features specific to the UK economy. With our focus on producing a national picture of registered IP use, we have not considered foreign ownership of IP in the UK or UK companies’ IP use abroad owing to significant data challenges. These are both areas considered for further study, noting that widening the scope of the work would capture IP use outside of the UK economy.
By adopting medium and high IP use classifications, we account for the large variance between industries classified as above average, and the small difference between industries on either side of the average line. The high use measure distinguishes those industries with noticeably higher IP usage that fall within the steeper part of the distribution. In introducing this additional measure of classification, we can illustrate in which industries IP rights are more concentrated and identify their economic contribution.
Appendices
Appendix 1: Data sources
Company data
Company level data from FAME, a commercially available database from Bureau Van Dijk of UK companies containing industry and financial information. An extract of company data was taken in September 2019. This was matched to IP applicants to identify their primary area of activity (4 digit SIC code).
List of Economic data and sources
| Variable | Source | Limitations | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Employees per 4-digit SIC | Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES) [footnote 43] | 8% of industries supressed | |
| GVA of non-financial business economy | Annual Business Survey (ABS) | This only covers the non-financial business economy. 16% of industries are supressed | |
| Export Value per 4-digit SIC | HMRC Trade Tables [footnote 44], converted to SIC by using RAMON concordance table [footnote 45] | Goods only |
Appendix 2: Categories – patents
The following table lists those industries identifies as patent intensive (both under the high and medium classifications):
| Average | Number above Average | 2nd Average (for High classification) |
|---|---|---|
| 3.55 | 64 | 12.50 |
| Sector | Description | IP Use | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6420 | Activities of holding companies | High | 61.26 |
| 3099 | Manufacture of other transport equipment nec | High | 55.31 |
| 2811 | Manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines | High | 48.82 |
| 2899 | Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery nec | High | 47.44 |
| 7211 | Research and experimental development on biotechnology | High | 45.18 |
| 2311 | Manufacture of flat glass | High | 44.44 |
| 3299 | Other manufacturing nec | High | 39.23 |
| 2110 | Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products | High | 27.97 |
| 2344 | Manufacture of other technical ceramic products | High | 25.71 |
| 2611 | Manufacture of electronic components | High | 22.33 |
| 2790 | Manufacture of other electrical equipment | High | 21.15 |
| 7219 | Other research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering | High | 17.44 |
| 2342 | Manufacture of ceramic sanitary fixtures | High | 15.88 |
| 2352 | Manufacture of lime and plaster | High | 14.21 |
| 1395 | Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel | High | 14.00 |
| 2051 | Manufacture of explosives | High | 13.85 |
| 2670 | Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment | High | 13.83 |
| 7740 | Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works | Medium | 11.81 |
| 3250 | Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies | Medium | 11.71 |
| 2013 | Manufacture of other inorganic basic chemicals | Medium | 11.28 |
| 3314 | Repair of electrical equipment | Medium | 11.21 |
| 2059 | Manufacture of other chemical products nec | Medium | 10.78 |
| 1723 | Manufacture of paper stationery | Medium | 10.77 |
| 4690 | Non-specialised wholesale trade | Medium | 10.54 |
| 2751 | Manufacture of electric domestic appliances | Medium | 10.33 |
| 2640 | Manufacture of consumer electronics | Medium | 10.29 |
| 2910 | Manufacture of motor vehicles | Medium | 10.11 |
| 1711 | Manufacture of pulp | Medium | 10.00 |
| 2432 | Cold rolling of narrow strip | Medium | 10.00 |
| 2896 | Manufacture of plastics and rubber machinery | Medium | 9.64 |
| 2891 | Manufacture of machinery for metallurgy | Medium | 9.38 |
| 2651 | Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation | Medium | 9.36 |
| 2016 | Manufacture of plastics in primary forms | Medium | 8.68 |
| 2599 | Manufacture of other fabricated metal products nec | Medium | 8.20 |
| 0910 | Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction | Medium | 7.95 |
| 2572 | Manufacture of locks and hinges | Medium | 7.88 |
| 2014 | Manufacture of other organic basic chemicals | Medium | 6.96 |
| 2814 | Manufacture of other taps and valves | Medium | 6.88 |
| 3230 | Manufacture of sports goods | Medium | 6.77 |
| 3030 | Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery | Medium | 6.73 |
| 2720 | Manufacture of batteries and accumulators | Medium | 6.67 |
| 1041 | Manufacture of oils and fats | Medium | 6.43 |
| 2892 | Manufacture of machinery for mining, quarrying and construction | Medium | 6.12 |
| 2813 | Manufacture of other pumps and compressors | Medium | 5.65 |
| 3240 | Manufacture of games and toys | Medium | 5.63 |
| 3092 | Manufacture of bicycles and invalid carriages | Medium | 5.57 |
| 2229 | Manufacture of other plastic products | Medium | 5.39 |
| 4635 | Wholesale of tobacco products | Medium | 5.36 |
| 2821 | Manufacture of ovens, furnaces and furnace burners | Medium | 5.32 |
| 3220 | Manufacture of musical instruments | Medium | 5.29 |
| 2815 | Manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements | Medium | 5.06 |
| 2893 | Manufacture of machinery for food, beverage and tobacco processing | Medium | 4.94 |
| 2740 | Manufacture of electric lighting equipment | Medium | 4.82 |
| 1399 | Manufacture of other textiles nec | Medium | 4.76 |
| 1512 | Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness | Medium | 4.70 |
| 2612 | Manufacture of loaded electronic boards | Medium | 4.65 |
| 2369 | Manufacture of other articles of concrete, plaster and cement | Medium | 4.55 |
| 2630 | Manufacture of communication equipment | Medium | 4.50 |
| 2015 | Manufacture of fertilisers and nitrogen compounds | Medium | 4.29 |
| 2812 | Manufacture of fluid power equipment | Medium | 4.28 |
| 7220 | Research and experimental development on social sciences and humanities | Medium | 4.20 |
| 2849 | Manufacture of other machine tools | Medium | 4.00 |
| 8299 | Other business support service activities nec | Medium | 3.83 |
| 1396 | Manufacture of other technical and industrial textiles | Medium | 3.56 |
Appendix 3: Categories – trade marks
The following table lists those industries identifies as Trade mark intensive (both under the High and medium classifications):
| Average | Number above Average | 2nd Average (for High Classification) |
|---|---|---|
| 37.30 | 116 | 127.34 |
| Sector | Description | IP Use | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1102 | Manufacture of wine from grape | High | 3330.00 |
| 6420 | Activities of holding companies | High | 840.63 |
| 5821 | Publishing of computer games | High | 671.59 |
| 5812 | Publishing of directories and mailing lists | High | 461.11 |
| 7740 | Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works | High | 390.00 |
| 2110 | Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products | High | 341.03 |
| 2432 | Cold rolling of narrow strip | High | 340.00 |
| 3299 | Other manufacturing nec | High | 246.34 |
| 6399 | Other information service activities nec | High | 244.85 |
| 3240 | Manufacture of games and toys | High | 188.91 |
| 4619 | Agents involved in the sale of a variety of goods | High | 184.96 |
| 1399 | Manufacture of other textiles nec | High | 177.14 |
| 3099 | Manufacture of other transport equipment nec | High | 165.94 |
| 1395 | Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel | High | 163.00 |
| 5819 | Other publishing activities | High | 159.89 |
| 4782 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of textiles, clothing and footwear | High | 159.47 |
| 4635 | Wholesale of tobacco products | High | 155.00 |
| 0899 | Other mining and quarrying nec | High | 154.05 |
| 1411 | Manufacture of leather clothes | High | 150.00 |
| 4617 | Agents involved in the sale of food, beverages and tobacco | High | 149.17 |
| 1419 | Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories | High | 149.10 |
| 5829 | Other software publishing | High | 142.07 |
| 2015 | Manufacture of fertilisers and nitrogen compounds | High | 141.43 |
| 1086 | Manufacture of homogenised food preparations and dietetic food | High | 138.95 |
| 6312 | Web portals | High | 127.94 |
| 1052 | Manufacture of ice cream | Medium | 121.32 |
| 6203 | Computer facilities management activities | Medium | 120.00 |
| 4799 | Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets | Medium | 112.95 |
| 4642 | Wholesale of clothing and footwear | Medium | 111.97 |
| 2790 | Manufacture of other electrical equipment | Medium | 110.88 |
| 5920 | Sound recording and music publishing activities | Medium | 108.68 |
| 3230 | Manufacture of sports goods | Medium | 106.65 |
| 0164 | Seed processing for propagation | Medium | 103.33 |
| 4637 | Wholesale of coffee, tea, cocoa and spices | Medium | 100.19 |
| 9003 | Artistic creation | Medium | 95.57 |
| 1107 | Manufacture of soft drinks; production of mineral waters and other bottled waters | Medium | 94.10 |
| 1101 | Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits | Medium | 90.55 |
| 2652 | Manufacture of watches and clocks | Medium | 90.00 |
| 7211 | Research and experimental development on biotechnology | Medium | 89.88 |
| 4690 | Non-specialised wholesale trade | Medium | 89.85 |
| 8299 | Other business support service activities nec | Medium | 88.50 |
| 1414 | Manufacture of underwear | Medium | 88.16 |
| 1512 | Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness | Medium | 87.83 |
| 2899 | Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery nec | Medium | 87.21 |
| 9319 | Other sports activities | Medium | 85.78 |
| 5911 | Motion picture, video and television programme production activities | Medium | 85.15 |
| 2349 | Manufacture of other ceramic products | Medium | 82.94 |
| 1041 | Manufacture of oils and fats | Medium | 82.14 |
| 1105 | Manufacture of beer | Medium | 81.15 |
| 7735 | Renting and leasing of air transport equipment | Medium | 77.50 |
| 1103 | Manufacture of cider and other fruit wines | Medium | 77.34 |
| 1724 | Manufacture of wallpaper | Medium | 77.00 |
| 9002 | Support activities to performing arts | Medium | 74.48 |
| 2059 | Manufacture of other chemical products nec | Medium | 72.97 |
| 2640 | Manufacture of consumer electronics | Medium | 72.55 |
| 1200 | Manufacture of tobacco products | Medium | 71.05 |
| 4615 | Agents involved in the sale of furniture, household goods, hardware and ironmongery | Medium | 70.88 |
| 1083 | Processing of tea and coffee | Medium | 69.94 |
| 5913 | Motion picture, video and television programme distribution activities | Medium | 69.90 |
| 6209 | Other information technology and computer service activities | Medium | 69.14 |
| 9609 | Other personal service activities nec | Medium | 68.29 |
| 4616 | Agents involved in the sale of textiles, clothing, fur, footwear and leather goods | Medium | 67.00 |
| 4791 | Retail sale via mail order houses or via Internet | Medium | 66.07 |
| 1089 | Manufacture of other food products nec | Medium | 65.52 |
| 3220 | Manufacture of musical instruments | Medium | 65.29 |
| 5811 | Book publishing | Medium | 64.59 |
| 3212 | Manufacture of jewellery and related articles | Medium | 64.52 |
| 9411 | Activities of business and employers membership organisations | Medium | 63.48 |
| 4634 | Wholesale of beverages | Medium | 63.14 |
| 1629 | Manufacture of other products of wood; manufacture of articles of cork, straw and plaiting materials | Medium | 62.80 |
| 2751 | Manufacture of electric domestic appliances | Medium | 61.74 |
| 2311 | Manufacture of flat glass | Medium | 60.00 |
| 4618 | Agents specialised in the sale of other particular products | Medium | 59.32 |
| 1091 | Manufacture of prepared feeds for farm animals | Medium | 58.09 |
| 2060 | Manufacture of man-made fibres | Medium | 57.86 |
| 1092 | Manufacture of prepared pet foods | Medium | 55.93 |
| 2344 | Manufacture of other technical ceramic products | Medium | 55.71 |
| 4641 | Wholesale of textiles | Medium | 55.21 |
| 1413 | Manufacture of other outerwear | Medium | 54.92 |
| 6810 | Buying and selling of own real estate | Medium | 54.86 |
| 4774 | Retail sale of medical and orthopaedic goods in specialised stores | Medium | 54.57 |
| 5813 | Publishing of newspapers | Medium | 53.22 |
| 4613 | Agents involved in the sale of timber and building materials | Medium | 53.21 |
| 6120 | Wireless telecommunications activities | Medium | 52.48 |
| 1622 | Manufacture of assembled parquet floors | Medium | 50.00 |
| 7490 | Other professional, scientific and technical activities nec | Medium | 49.94 |
| 6201 | Computer programming activities | Medium | 49.40 |
| 1520 | Manufacture of footwear | Medium | 49.25 |
| 4789 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of other goods | Medium | 49.21 |
| 1032 | Manufacture of fruit and vegetable juice | Medium | 48.89 |
| 3291 | Manufacture of brooms and brushes | Medium | 48.46 |
| 0321 | Marine aquaculture | Medium | 47.42 |
| 9604 | Physical well-being activities | Medium | 46.20 |
| 8560 | Educational support activities | Medium | 46.07 |
| 3092 | Manufacture of bicycles and invalid carriages | Medium | 45.86 |
| 3514 | Trade of electricity | Medium | 45.83 |
| 3103 | Manufacture of mattresses | Medium | 45.23 |
| 6499 | Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding, nec | Medium | 44.89 |
| 1412 | Manufacture of workwear | Medium | 44.10 |
| 2020 | Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products | Medium | 43.90 |
| 7010 | Activities of head offices | Medium | 43.75 |
| 4645 | Wholesale of perfume and cosmetics | Medium | 43.16 |
| 2013 | Manufacture of other inorganic basic chemicals | Medium | 43.08 |
| 2521 | Manufacture of central heating radiators and boilers | Medium 41.48 | |
| 7312 | Media representation | Medium | 41.33 |
| 3530 | Steam and air conditioning supply | Medium | 40.91 |
| 5814 | Publishing of journals and periodicals | Medium | 40.57 |
| 1431 | Manufacture of knitted and crocheted hosiery | Medium | 39.31 |
| 1073 | Manufacture of macaroni, noodles, couscous and similar farinaceous products | Medium | 38.57 |
| 1820 | Reproduction of recorded media | Medium | 38.10 |
| 1084 | Manufacture of condiments and seasonings | Medium | 38.09 |
| 4676 | Wholesale of other intermediate products | Medium | 38.05 |
| 9329 | Other amusement and recreation activities | Medium | 38.00 |
| 6020 | Television programming and broadcasting activities | Medium | 37.53 |
| 5590 | Other accommodation | Medium | 37.42 |
| 4648 | Wholesale of watches and jewellery | Medium | 37.37 |
Appendix 4: Categories – registered designs
| Average | Number above average | 2nd average (for high classification) |
|---|---|---|
| 5.96 | 75 | 26.50 |
| Sector | Description | IP Use | Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2571 | Manufacture of cutlery | High | 365.45 |
| 1622 | Manufacture of assembled parquet floors | High | 90.00 |
| 7740 | Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works | High | 79.79 |
| 2680 | Manufacture of magnetic and optical media | High | 75.00 |
| 3299 | Other manufacturing nec | High | 62.60 |
| 3240 | Manufacture of games and toys | High | 55.43 |
| 6420 | Activities of holding companies | High | 49.26 |
| 4635 | Wholesale of tobacco products | High | 46.43 |
| 1107 | Manufacture of soft drinks; production of mineral waters and other bottled waters | High | 39.62 |
| 1629 | Manufacture of other products of wood; manufacture of articles of cork, straw and plaiting materials | High | 33.73 |
| 4642 | Wholesale of clothing and footwear | High | 30.83 |
| 2017 | Manufacture of synthetic rubber in primary forms | High | 30.00 |
| 2432 | Cold rolling of narrow strip | High | 30.00 |
| 2110 | Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products | High | 29.23 |
| 1512 | Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness | High | 28.92 |
| 3099 | Manufacture of other transport equipment nec | High | 28.13 |
| 2751 | Manufacture of electric domestic appliances | High | 26.95 |
| 3230 | Manufacture of sports goods | High | 26.89 |
| 4649 | Wholesale of other household goods | Medium | 23.44 |
| 4690 | Non-specialised wholesale trade | Medium | 22.90 |
| 2814 | Manufacture of other taps and valves | Medium | 22.06 |
| 3109 | Manufacture of other furniture | Medium | 21.48 |
| 2016 | Manufacture of plastics in primary forms | Medium | 21.27 |
| 4799 | Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets | Medium | 21.04 |
| 5821 | Publishing of computer games | Medium | 20.45 |
| 4789 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of other goods | Medium | 20.22 |
| 2790 | Manufacture of other electrical equipment | Medium | 18.23 |
| 2640 | Manufacture of consumer electronics | Medium | 16.86 |
| 2899 | Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery nec | Medium | 16.63 |
| 2229 | Manufacture of other plastic products | Medium | 16.59 |
| 1419 | Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories | Medium | 16.39 |
| 2591 | Manufacture of steel drums and similar containers | Medium | 15.52 |
| 1399 | Manufacture of other textiles nec | Medium | 15.24 |
| 4647 | Wholesale of furniture, carpets and lighting equipment | Medium | 14.74 |
| 5829 | Other software publishing | Medium | 14.32 |
| 4676 | Wholesale of other intermediate products | Medium | 13.74 |
| 1103 | Manufacture of cider and other fruit wines | Medium | 13.59 |
| 4615 | Agents involved in the sale of furniture, household goods, hardware and ironmongery | Medium | 13.50 |
| 8299 | Other business support service activities nec | Medium | 13.07 |
| 2599 | Manufacture of other fabricated metal products nec | Medium | 12.48 |
| 2311 | Manufacture of flat glass | Medium | 12.22 |
| 1083 | Processing of tea and coffee | Medium | 11.69 |
| 3291 | Manufacture of brooms and brushes | Medium | 11.54 |
| 1320 | Weaving of textiles | Medium | 11.29 |
| 1396 | Manufacture of other technical and industrial textiles | Medium | 10.93 |
| 2740 | Manufacture of electric lighting equipment | Medium | 10.71 |
| 3220 | Manufacture of musical instruments | Medium | 10.59 |
| 2369 | Manufacture of other articles of concrete, plaster and cement | Medium | 10.00 |
| 1052 | Manufacture of ice cream | Medium | 10.00 |
| 1082 | Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery | Medium | 9.67 |
| 3212 | Manufacture of jewellery and related articles | Medium | 9.66 |
| 2443 | Lead, zinc and tin production | Medium | 8.89 |
| 2349 | Manufacture of other ceramic products | Medium | 8.82 |
| 4619 | Agents involved in the sale of a variety of goods | Medium | 8.74 |
| 1414 | Manufacture of underwear | Medium | 8.57 |
| 2344 | Manufacture of other technical ceramic products | Medium | 8.57 |
| 2222 | Manufacture of plastic packing goods | Medium | 8.46 |
| 2892 | Manufacture of machinery for mining, quarrying and construction | Medium | 8.26 |
| 2593 | Manufacture of wire products, chain and springs | Medium | 7.89 |
| 9525 | Repair of watches, clocks and jewellery | Medium | 7.87 |
| 7410 | Specialised design activities | Medium | 7.44 |
| 1723 | Manufacture of paper stationery | Medium | 7.18 |
| 4648 | Wholesale of watches and jewellery | Medium | 7.10 |
| 2910 | Manufacture of motor vehicles | Medium | 7.08 |
| 1395 | Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel | Medium | 7.00 |
| 4665 | Wholesale of office furniture | Medium | 6.55 |
| 1393 | Manufacture of carpets and rugs | Medium | 6.52 |
| 4643 | Wholesale of electrical household appliances | Medium | 6.48 |
| 4618 | Agents specialised in the sale of other particular products | Medium | 6.43 |
| 1041 | Manufacture of oils and fats | Medium | 6.43 |
| 2012 | Manufacture of dyes and pigments | Medium | 6.40 |
| 2219 | Manufacture of other rubber products | Medium | 6.40 |
| 4782 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of textiles, clothing and footwear | Medium | 6.32 |
| 3092 | Manufacture of bicycles and invalid carriages | Medium | 6.00 |
| 1089 | Manufacture of other food products nec | Medium | 5.97 |
Appendix 5: Industries list with above average IP use across multiple IP rights
The following table lists all industries that have a high or medium classification in at least one IPR.
| SIC | Description | Patents | Trade marks | Registered designs | Copyright |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0164 | Seed processing for propagation | x | |||
| 0321 | Marine aquaculture | x | |||
| 0899 | Other mining and quarrying nec | x | |||
| 0910 | Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction | x | |||
| 1032 | Manufacture of fruit and vegetable juice | x | |||
| 1041 | Manufacture of oils and fats | x | x | x | |
| 1052 | Manufacture of ice cream | x | x | ||
| 1073 | Manufacture of macaroni, noodles, couscous and similar farinaceous products | x | |||
| 1082 | Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery | x | |||
| 1083 | Processing of tea and coffee | x | x | ||
| 1084 | Manufacture of condiments and seasonings | x | |||
| 1086 | Manufacture of homogenised food preparations and dietetic food | x | |||
| 1089 | Manufacture of other food products nec | x | x | ||
| 1091 | Manufacture of prepared feeds for farm animals | x | |||
| 1092 | Manufacture of prepared pet foods | x | |||
| 1101 | Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits | x | |||
| 1102 | Manufacture of wine from grape | x | |||
| 1103 | Manufacture of cider and other fruit wines | x | x | ||
| 1105 | Manufacture of beer | x | |||
| 1107 | Manufacture of soft drinks; production of mineral waters and other bottled waters | x | x | ||
| 1200 | Manufacture of tobacco products | x | |||
| 1320 | Weaving of textiles | x | |||
| 1393 | Manufacture of carpets and rugs | x | |||
| 1395 | Manufacture of non-wovens and articles made from non-wovens, except apparel | x | x | x | |
| 1396 | Manufacture of other technical and industrial textiles | x | x | ||
| 1399 | Manufacture of other textiles nec | x | x | x | |
| 1411 | Manufacture of leather clothes | x | |||
| 1412 | Manufacture of workwear | x | |||
| 1413 | Manufacture of other outerwear | x | |||
| 1414 | Manufacture of underwear | x | x | ||
| 1419 | Manufacture of other wearing apparel and accessories | x | x | ||
| 1431 | Manufacture of knitted and crocheted hosiery | x | |||
| 1512 | Manufacture of luggage, handbags and the like, saddlery and harness | x | x | x | |
| 1520 | Manufacture of footwear | x | |||
| 1622 | Manufacture of assembled parquet floors | x | x | ||
| 1629 | Manufacture of other products of wood; manufacture of articles of cork, straw and plaiting materials | x | x | ||
| 1711 | Manufacture of pulp | x | |||
| 1712 | Manufacture of paper and paperboard | x | |||
| 1723 | Manufacture of paper stationery | x | x | ||
| 1724 | Manufacture of wallpaper | x | |||
| 1811 | Printing of newspapers | x | |||
| 1812 | Other printing | x | |||
| 1813 | Pre-press and pre-media services | x | |||
| 1814 | Binding and related services | x | |||
| 1820 | Reproduction of recorded media | x | |||
| 2012 | Manufacture of dyes and pigments | x | |||
| 2013 | Manufacture of other inorganic basic chemicals | x | x | ||
| 2014 | Manufacture of other organic basic chemicals | x | |||
| 2015 | Manufacture of fertilisers and nitrogen compounds | x | x | ||
| 2016 | Manufacture of plastics in primary forms | x | x | ||
| 2017 | Manufacture of synthetic rubber in primary forms | x | |||
| 2020 | Manufacture of pesticides and other agrochemical products | x | |||
| 2051 | Manufacture of explosives | x | |||
| 2059 | Manufacture of other chemical products nec | x | x | ||
| 2060 | Manufacture of man-made fibres | x | |||
| 2110 | Manufacture of basic pharmaceutical products | x | x | x | |
| 2219 | Manufacture of other rubber products | x | |||
| 2222 | Manufacture of plastic packing goods | x | |||
| 2229 | Manufacture of other plastic products | x | x | ||
| 2311 | Manufacture of flat glass | x | x | x | |
| 2342 | Manufacture of ceramic sanitary fixtures | x | |||
| 2344 | Manufacture of other technical ceramic products | x | x | x | |
| 2349 | Manufacture of other ceramic products | x | x | ||
| 2352 | Manufacture of lime and plaster | x | |||
| 2369 | Manufacture of other articles of concrete, plaster and cement | x | x | ||
| 2432 | Cold rolling of narrow strip | x | x | x | |
| 2443 | Lead, zinc and tin production | x | |||
| 2521 | Manufacture of central heating radiators and boilers | x | |||
| 2571 | Manufacture of cutlery | x | |||
| 2572 | Manufacture of locks and hinges | x | |||
| 2591 | Manufacture of steel drums and similar containers | x | |||
| 2593 | Manufacture of wire products, chain and springs | x | |||
| 2599 | Manufacture of other fabricated metal products nec | x | x | ||
| 2611 | Manufacture of electronic components | x | |||
| 2612 | Manufacture of loaded electronic boards | x | |||
| 2620 | Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment | x | |||
| 2630 | Manufacture of communication equipment | x | |||
| 2640 | Manufacture of consumer electronics | x | x | x | |
| 2651 | Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation | x | |||
| 2652 | Manufacture of watches and clocks | x | |||
| 2670 | Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment | x | |||
| 2680 | Manufacture of magnetic and optical media | x | |||
| 2720 | Manufacture of batteries and accumulators | x | |||
| 2731 | Manufacture of fibre optic cables | x | |||
| 2740 | Manufacture of electric lighting equipment | x | x | ||
| 2751 | Manufacture of domestic appliances | x | x | x | |
| 2790 | Manufacture of other electrical equipment | x | x | x | |
| 2811 | Manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines | x | |||
| 2812 | Manufacture of fluid power equipment | x | |||
| 2813 | Manufacture of other pumps and compressors | x | |||
| 2814 | Manufacture of other taps and valves | x | x | ||
| 2815 | Manufacture of bearings, gears, gearing and driving elements | x | |||
| 2821 | Manufacture of ovens, furnaces and furnace burners | x | |||
| 2823 | Manufacture of office machinery and equipment (except computers and peripheral equipment) | x | |||
| 2849 | Manufacture of other machine tools | x | |||
| 2891 | Manufacture of machinery for metallurgy | x | |||
| 2892 | Manufacture of machinery for mining, quarrying and construction | x | x | ||
| 2893 | Manufacture of machinery for food, beverage and tobacco processing | x | |||
| 2896 | Manufacture of plastics and rubber machinery | x | |||
| 2899 | Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery nec | x | x | x | |
| 2910 | Manufacture of motor vehicles | x | x | ||
| 3030 | Manufacture of air and spacecraft and related machinery | x | |||
| 3092 | Manufacture of bicycles and invalid carriages | x | x | x | |
| 3099 | Manufacture of other transport equipment nec | x | x | x | |
| 3103 | Manufacture of mattresses | x | |||
| 3109 | Manufacture of other furniture | x | |||
| 3211 | Striking of coins | x | |||
| 3212 | Manufacture of jewellery and related articles | x | x | ||
| 3220 | Manufacture of musical instruments | x | x | x | |
| 3230 | Manufacture of sports goods | x | x | x | |
| 3240 | Manufacture of games and toys | x | x | x | |
| 3250 | Manufacture of medical and dental instruments and supplies | x | |||
| 3291 | Manufacture of brooms and brushes | x | x | ||
| 3299 | Other manufacturing nec | x | x | x | |
| 3314 | Repair of electrical equipment | x | |||
| 3514 | Trade of electricity | x | |||
| 3530 | Steam and air conditioning supply | x | |||
| 4613 | Agents involved in the sale of timber and building materials | x | |||
| 4615 | Agents involved in the sale of furniture, household goods, hardware and ironmongery | x | x | ||
| 4616 | Agents involved in the sale of textiles, clothing, fur, footwear and leather goods | x | |||
| 4617 | Agents involved in the sale of food, beverages and tobacco | x | |||
| 4618 | Agents specialised in the sale of other particular products | x | x | ||
| 4619 | Agents involved in the sale of a variety of goods | x | x | ||
| 4634 | Wholesale of beverages | x | |||
| 4635 | Wholesale of tobacco products | x | x | x | |
| 4637 | Wholesale of coffee, tea, cocoa and spices | x | |||
| 4641 | Wholesale of textiles | x | |||
| 4642 | Wholesale of clothing and footwear | x | x | ||
| 4643 | Wholesale of electrical household appliances | x | |||
| 4645 | Wholesale of perfume and cosmetics | x | |||
| 4647 | Wholesale of furniture, carpets and lighting equipment | x | |||
| 4648 | Wholesale of watches and jewellery | x | x | ||
| 4649 | Wholesale of other household goods | x | |||
| 4651 | Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software | x | |||
| 4652 | Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts | x | |||
| 4665 | Wholesale of office furniture | x | |||
| 4666 | Wholesale of other office machinery and equipment | x | |||
| 4676 | Wholesale of other intermediate products | x | x | ||
| 4690 | Non-specialised wholesale trade | x | x | x | |
| 4741 | Retail sale of computers, peripheral units and software in specialised stores | x | |||
| 4743 | Retail sale of audio and video equipment in specialised stores | x | |||
| 4761 | Retail sale of books in specialised stores | x | |||
| 4762 | Retail sale of newspapers and stationery in specialised stores | x | |||
| 4763 | Retail sale of music and video recordings in specialised stores | x | |||
| 4774 | Retail sale of medical and orthopaedic goods in specialised stores | x | |||
| 4778 | Other retail sale of new goods in specialised stores | x | |||
| 4782 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of textiles, clothing and footwear | x | x | ||
| 4789 | Retail sale via stalls and markets of other goods | x | x | ||
| 4791 | Retail sale via mail order houses or via Internet | x | |||
| 4799 | Other retail sale not in stores, stalls or markets | x | x | ||
| 5590 | Other accommodation | x | |||
| 5811 | Book publishing | x | |||
| 5812 | Publishing of directories and mailing lists | x | |||
| 5813 | Publishing of newspapers | x | |||
| 5814 | Publishing of journals and periodicals | x | |||
| 5819 | Other publishing activities | x | |||
| 5821 | Publishing of computer games | x | x | ||
| 5829 | Other software publishing | x | x | ||
| 5911 | Motion picture, video and television programme production activities | x | |||
| 5912 | Motion picture, video and television programme post-production activities | x | |||
| 5913 | Motion picture, video and television programme distribution activities | x | |||
| 5914 | Motion picture projection activities | x | |||
| 5920 | Sound recording and music publishing activities | x | |||
| 6010 | Radio broadcasting | x | |||
| 6020 | Television programming and broadcasting activities | x | |||
| 6110 | Wired telecommunications activities | x | |||
| 6120 | Wireless telecommunications activities | x | |||
| 6130 | Satellite telecommunications activities | x | |||
| 6190 | Other telecommunications activities | x | |||
| 6201 | Computer programming activities | x | |||
| 6202 | Computer consultancy activities | x | |||
| 6203 | Computer facilities management activities | x | |||
| 6209 | Other information technology and computer service activities* | x | |||
| 6311 | Data processing, hosting and related activities* | x | |||
| 6312 | Web portals* | x | |||
| 6391 | News agency activities* | x | |||
| 6399 | Other information service activities nec* | x | |||
| 6420 | Activities of holding companies* | x | x | x | |
| 6499 | Other financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding, nec* | x | |||
| 6810 | Buying and selling of own real estate* | x | |||
| 7010 | Activities of head offices* | x | |||
| 7211 | Research and experimental development on biotechnology* | x | x | ||
| 7219 | Other research and experimental development on natural sciences and engineering* | x | |||
| 7220 | Research and experimental development on social sciences and humanities* | x | |||
| 7311 | Advertising agencies* | x | |||
| 7312 | Media representation* | x | |||
| 7410 | Specialised design activities* | x | |||
| 7420 | Photographic activities* | x | |||
| 7430 | Translation and interpretation activities* | x | |||
| 7490 | Other professional, scientific and technical activities nec* | x | |||
| 7722 | Renting of video tapes and disks* | x | |||
| 7729 | Renting and leasing of other personal and household goods* | x | |||
| 7733 | Renting and leasing of office machinery and equipment (including computers)* | x | |||
| 7735 | Renting and leasing of air transport equipment* | x | |||
| 7739 | Renting and leasing of other machinery, equipment and tangible goods nec* | x | |||
| 7740 | Leasing of intellectual property and similar products, except copyrighted works* | x | x | x | |
| 7990 | Other reservation service and related activities* | x | |||
| 8219 | Photocopying, document preparation and other specialised office support activities* | x | |||
| 8299 | Other business support service activities nec* | x | x | x | |
| 8552 | Cultural education* | x | |||
| 8560 | Educational support activities* | x | |||
| 9001 | Performing arts* | x | |||
| 9002 | Support activities to performing arts* | x | |||
| 9003 | Artistic creation* | x | |||
| 9004 | Operation of arts facilities* | x | |||
| 9101 | Library and archive activities* | x | |||
| 9102 | Museum activities* | x | |||
| 9103 | Operation of historical sites and buildings and similar visitor attractions* | x | |||
| 9319 | Other sports activities* | x | |||
| 9321 | Activities of amusement parks and theme parks* | x | |||
| 9329 | Other amusement and recreation activities* | x | |||
| 9411 | Activities of business and employers membership organisations* | x | |||
| 9412 | Activities of professional membership organisations* | x | |||
| 9499 | Activities of other membership organisations nec* | x | |||
| 9525 | Repair of watches, clocks and jewellery* | x | |||
| 9604 | Physical well-being activities* | x | |||
| 9609 | Other personal service activities nec* | x |
Appendix 6: Classification groupings of copyright industries
Below is a list of all copyright intensive industries used in this paper to estimate the economic contribution these industries make to the UK economy. This is based on industries that are identified by WIPO as copyright intensive and for this paper we only consider those that are thought to have at least 20% of their activity contributable to copyright related activities.
According to WIPO, these industries “as a category would not exist or would be significantly different without copyright in works or other subject matter.” Therefore, their entire economic contribution in terms of non-financial business economy GVA, employment and export value has been considered.
| SIC | Industry description | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| 5811 | Book Publishing | 100.0% |
| 5813 | Publishing of newspapers | 100.0% |
| 5814 | Publishing of journals and periodicals | 100.0% |
| 5819 | Other publishing activities | 100.0% |
| 5821 | Publishing of computer games | 100.0% |
| 5829 | Other software publishing | 100.0% |
| 5911 | Motion picture, video and television programme production activities | 100.0% |
| 5912 | Motion picture, video and television programme post-production activities | 100.0% |
| 5913 | Motion picture, video and television programme distribution activities | 100.0% |
| 5914 | Motion picture projection activities | 100.0% |
| 5920 | Sound recording and music publishing activities | 100.0% |
| 6010 | Radio broadcasting | 100.0% |
| 6020 | Television programming and broadcasting activities | 100.0% |
| 6120 | Wireless telecommunications activities | 100.0% |
| 6201 | Computer programming activities | 100.0% |
| 6202 | Computer consultancy activities | 100.0% |
| 6203 | Computer facilities management activities | 100.0% |
| 6209 | Other information technology and computer service activities | 100.0% |
| 6312 | Web portals | 100.0% |
| 6391 | News agency activities | 100.0% |
| 6399 | Other information service activities n.e.c. | 100.0% |
| 7311 | Advertising agencies | 100.0% |
| 7312 | Media representation | 100.0% |
| 7410 | Specialised design activities | 100.0% |
| 7420 | Photographic activities | 100.0% |
| 7430 | Translation and interpretation activities | 100.0% |
| 9001 | Performing arts | 100.0% |
| 9002 | Support activities to performing arts | 100.0% |
| 9003 | Artistic creation | 100.0% |
| 9101 | Library and archives activities | 100.0% |
| 9329 | Other amusement and recreation activities | 100.0% |
| 1811 | Printing of newspapers | 100.0% |
| 1812 | Other printing | 100.0% |
| 1813 | Pre-press and pre-media services | 100.0% |
| 1814 | Binding and related services | 100.0% |
| 1820 | Reproduction of recorded media | 100.0% |
| 4761 | Retail sale of books in specialised stores | 100.0% |
| 4762 | Retail sale of newspapers and stationery in specialised stores | 100.0% |
| 4763 | Retail sale of music and video recordings in specialised stores | 100.0% |
| 6110 | Wired telecommunications activities | 100.0% |
| 6130 | Satellite telecommunications activities | 100.0% |
| 6190 | Other telecommunications activities | 100.0% |
| 6311 | Data processing, hosting and related activities | 100.0% |
| 7990 | Other reservation service and related activities | 100.0% |
| 8219 | Photocopying, document preparation and other specialised office support activities | 100.0% |
| 8552 | Cultural education | 100.0% |
| 9004 | OpereationOperation of arts facilities | 100.0% |
| 9321 | Activities of amusement parks and theme parks | 100.0% |
| 9412 | Activities of professional membership organisations | 100.0% |
Interdependent copyright industries are those engaged in the production, manufacture and sale of equipment whose function is wholly or primarily to facilitate the creation, production or use of works and other protected subject matter.
All interdependent copyright industries have been included in the estimates of copyright intensive industries’ contribution to the UK economy. Despite the fact that SIC 4643 Wholesale of electrical household appliances registers a factor intensity below 20%, it is included in the analysis as the EUIPO/EPO included all interdependent copyright industries, regardless of their factor intensity.
| SIC | Industry description | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| 1711 | Manufacture of pulp | 25.0% |
| 1712 | Manufacture of paper and cardboard | 25.0% |
| 2059 | Manufacture of other chemical products n.e.c | 25.0% |
| 2620 | Manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment | 30.0% |
| 2630 | Manufacture of communication equipment | 30.0% |
| 2640 | Manufacture of consumer electronics | 30.0% |
| 2670 | Manufacture of optical instruments and photographic equipment | 30.0% |
| 2731 | Manufacture of fibre optic cables | 30.0% |
| 2823 | Manufacture of office machinery and equipment (except computers and peripheral equipment) | 30.0% |
| 3220 | Manufacture of musical instruments | 35.0% |
| 4643 | Wholesale of electrical household appliances | 19.0% |
| 4651 | Wholesale of computers, computer peripheral equipment and software | 30.0% |
| 4652 | Wholesale of electronic and telecommunications equipment and parts | 25.0% |
| 4666 | Wholesale of other office machinery and equipment | 30.0% |
| 4676 | Wholesale of other intermediate products | 25.0% |
| 4741 | Retail sale of computers, peripheral units and software in specialised stores | 33.3% |
| 4743 | Retail sale of audio and video equipment in specialised stores | 33.3% |
| 4778 | Other retail sale of new goods in specialised stores | 33.3% |
| 7722 | Rental of video tapes and disks | 20.0% |
| 7729 | Rental and leasing of other personal and household goods | 20.0% |
| 7733 | Rental and leasing of office machinery and equipment (including computers) | 35.0% |
| 7739 | Rental and leasing of other machinery, equipment and tangible goods n.e.c | 20.0% |
Partial copyright industries are industries in which some activities are related to works and other protected subject matter and may involve creation, production and manufacturing, performance, broadcast, communication and exhibition or distribution and sales.
| SIC | Industry description | Factor |
|---|---|---|
| 3211 | Striking of coins | 33.5% |
| 3212 | Manufacture of jewellery and related articles | 33.5% |
| 3240 | Manufacture of games and toys | 46.0% |
| 9102 | Museums activities | 50.0% |
| 9103 | Operation of historical sites and buildings and similar visitor attractions | 50.0% |
| 9499 | Activities of other membership organisations n.e.c. | 41.0% |
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https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/IPContributionStudy/IPR-intensive_industries_and_economicin_EU/WEB_IPR_intensive_Report_2019.PDF, 1,282KB ↩
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https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/IPandtheUSEconomySept2016.PDF, 4.8MB ↩
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In the case of copyright those industries that have been attributed at least 20 per cent of activity to Copyright usage by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), PDF 1,693KB - ↩
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As measured by the Annual Business Survey which covers the non-financial business economy approximately two thirds of the UK economy ↩
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Industries which have an above average use of IP out of the industries in the ‘above average’ subset ↩
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In the case of copyright those classified as ‘core’ by the [World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)[(https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/893/wipo_pub_893.pdf) ↩
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As classified by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) ↩
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Other manufacturing not elsewhere classified. This class is mixed, including but not limited to; the manufacture of protective safety equipment, the manufacture of pens and pencils, floral items, buttons and fasteners. For a full list see SIC 2007 – Office for National Statistics explanatory notes, PDF 1,294KB pages 137 and 138 ↩
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Holding companies control assets of other companies to form a corporate group ↩
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Respective industries are: (819 Other publishing activities, 5821 Publishing of computer games, 5829 Other software publishing, 6312 Web portals and 6399 Other information service activities n.e.c. ↩
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Appendix 5 lists the industries classified as above average across at least one of the IP rights considered in this paper ↩
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6420 Activities of holding companies, 7010 Activities of head offices and 8299 Other business support service activities n.e.c. all relate to non-specific ‘head office’ type activities ↩
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Of the 616 UK industries ↩
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Figures for industries for which at least 20% of their value can be attributed to copyright-related activities, using the methodology set out by WIPO. This includes industries classified as ‘core copyright industries’ alongside a number of other industries classified as ‘interdependent’ and ‘partial’. The respective list of industries can be found in Section 6, all of which attribute at least 20% of their value to copyright-related activities ↩
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Industries classified as “core” by WIPO ↩
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For industries ranked as above average, % of non-financial value-added output ↩
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For industries ranked as above average, % of total UK employment ↩
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For industries ranked as above average, % of total goods export value ↩
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https://euipo.europa.eu/tunnel-web/secure/webdav/guest/document_library/observatory/documents/IPContributionStudy/IPR-intensive_industries_and_economicin_EU/WEB_IPR_intensive_Report_2019.PDF 1,282KB ↩
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https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/IPandtheUSEconomySept2016.PDF 4.8MB ↩
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The IPO receives data from the European Patent Office covering granted European patents which designate the UK for protection, EP(UK) patents ↩
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Trade mark applications can specify multiple classes. The registered classifications specify which goods and/or services a trade mark will be used on. Trade mark classes are the unit of analysis in this paper ↩
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Trade marks registered at the EUIPO provide protection in all member states ↩
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Designs registered at the EUIPO provide protection in all member states ↩
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FAME is a commercially available database from Bureau Van Dijk of UK companies and unincorporated businesses containing industry and financial information. An extract of company data was taken in September 2019 and matched to IP applicants. ↩
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Standard Industrial Classification of economic activity (SIC). Primary SIC codes as reported to Companies House were used to allocate IP filings to industries ↩
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Unmatched applicants or those with no industry data are ignored and the whole IP right is distributed between the applicants with available industry data ↩
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Goods exports by industry are considered in this report, in line with previous studies. Service exports have not been included as the data is unavailable at the 4-digit SIC level ↩
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Employee numbers have been taken from the ONS – Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES) ↩
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Industries are not ranked when there is no available employee data ↩
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https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/893/wipo_pub_893.PDF 1,693KB ↩
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Core copyright industries are industries wholly engaged in the creation, production and manufacturing, performance, broadcast, communication and exhibition, or distribution and sales of works or other protected subject matter ↩
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Interdependent copyright industries are industries that are engaged in the production, manufacture and sale of equipment whose function is wholly or primarily to facilitate the creation, production or use of works and other protected subject matter ↩
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Partial copyright industries are industries in which some activities are related to works and other protected subject matter and may involve creation, production and manufacturing ↩
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Non-dedicated support industries are those in which some activities are related to facilitating broadcast, communication, distribution or sales of works and other protected subject matter, but whose activities have not been included in the core copyright industries ↩
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A full list of the copyright industries included in this paper can be found at https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/copyright/893/wipo_pub_893.PDF 1,693KB ↩
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Of the 616 UK industries ↩
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Industries for which at least 20% of their value can be attributed to copyright-related activities, using the methodology set out by WIPO, are considerd “above average”. Industries that are considered to have 100% of their value attributed to copyright-related activities, are considered “high-use”. ↩
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These measures should not be compared in terms of their share of the economy as the coverage of each measure varies due to data availability for each of the measures ↩
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The sum of the estimates for individual IP-intensive industries exceeds the total estimate for any IP intensive industries, due to overlapping use of IP rights across industries ↩
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Goods exports by industry are considered in this report, in line with previous studies. Service exports have not been included as the data is unavailable at the 4-digit SIC level – see overseas trade statistics ↩
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Business Register and Employment Survey (BRES). 2014-2016 revised results. ↩
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HMRC trade tables (Data by Commodity Code) accessed 11/12/2019 ↩