Research and analysis

The paradox of tolerance: why free speech is essential to combat extremism in Britain

An essay written by Dr Claire McGuiggan and Dr Peter D'Lima, part of a series of essays on defending free speech commissioned by Robin Simcox, the former Commissioner for Countering Extremism.

• From: Commission for Countering Extremism
• Published: 18 August 2025

Documents

The paradox of tolerance: why free speech is essential to combat extremism in Britain

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Details

Drawing on Karl Popper’s paradox of tolerance, this essay argues that Britain’s emphasis on tolerance and respect has paradoxically weakened society’s ability to challenge extremist views.

The authors contend that free speech is essential for countering extremism, as it provides the mechanism to challenge, question and reject intolerant ideologies whilst maintaining democratic values.

These essays have been independently commissioned. The views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the UK Government or the Commission for Countering Extremism.

These essays were commissioned to present a diverse range of perspectives from authors with contrasting or conflicting opinions on this issue. They are provided to contribute to this vital discussion and do not imply agreement or endorsement by any associated organisations or individuals.

We are aware that this publication may have accessibility issues. We are working on an accessible version.

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Published 18 August 2025