Research and analysis

Key issues and risks throughout the electoral cycle

This paper provides an overview of the electoral cycle and the key principles, issues and risks inherent in each stage of the cycle.

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The day of an election is just one moment in a longer ‘electoral cycle’. In the years between elections, legal frameworks are changed and updated, voters are registered, election campaigns are run, disputes are addressed, and reforms are introduced.

This paper, and the accompanying infographic, provides an overview of the electoral cycle and the key principles, issues and risks inherent in each stage of the cycle.

This document is part of a series developed by the Politics, Governance and Rights Centre of Expertise (CoE), funded by UK aid from the UK government. This document is intended for use as a technical guide and any views expressed are those of the author and do not represent FCDO or UK government policy.

The Politics, Governance and Rights Centre of Expertise is a partnership between the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) and Westminster Foundation for Democracy (WFD). WFD is the UK public body dedicated to strengthening democracy around the world. Content produced is in collaboration and agreement between FCDO and WFD CoE teams.

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Published 14 January 2026

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