Independent report

From trait to state: how Ofsted might consider conceptualising vulnerability for inspection and regulation

Findings from research on conceptualising vulnerability commissioned by Ofsted and carried out by Research in Practice at the National Children's Bureau (NCB).

Applies to England

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This research was commissioned by Ofsted and carried out by Research in Practice, which is a part of the NCB.

The study explored how vulnerability is currently understood across the education, childcare, and social care sectors. It also considered how Ofsted might conceptualise vulnerability – and its complexity – to support the way we evaluate inclusive practice while regulating and inspecting these sectors.

The research involved extensive stakeholder engagement, including a wide range of professionals, both in and outside the organisation, as well as parents and young people.

We published our Terms of reference: Commissioned research on vulnerability and inclusion for this research in October 2024.

The views expressed are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily represent the views of Ofsted. Ofsted is publishing the report as a contribution to discussion and debate.

Updates to this page

Published 2 July 2025

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