International treaty

UK-India CETA Chapter 12: Digital Trade

Text of chapter 12 of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and India.

• From: Department for Business and Trade
• Published: 24 July 2025
• Last updated: 15 July 2026 — See all updates

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Chapter 12: Digital Trade (PDF version)

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PDF, 353 KB, 15 pages

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This chapter will reduce unjustifiable barriers to digital trade and promote compatibility of digital trading systems, including through supporting the legal recognition of electronic contracts and electronic authentication.

The chapter safeguards consumers and businesses. Software owners cannot be made to transfer or disclose source code and the UK and India will ensure that measures are in place to protect consumers involved in digital trade from harmful commercial activities.

The chapter includes provisions on cross border data flows and data localisation, which will allow the UK the opportunity to negotiate these rules with India when they agree similar commitments with other FTA partners. This commitment does not affect the UK’s high standards of data protection, and any transfer of personal data will still be protected under the UK’s data protection law.

Published 24 July 2025

Last updated 15 July 2026 — Show all updates

1. 15 July 2026

   Page updated to reflect that the agreement entered in to force on 15 July 2026.

2. 24 July 2025

   First published.