Antigua and Barbuda: migrant health guide
Advice and guidance on the health needs of migrant patients from Antigua and Barbuda for healthcare practitioners.
Main messages
If the patient is new to the UK:
- explain to them how the NHS works and their entitlements healthcare
- discuss how this compares to the healthcare system they’ve been used to
- follow guidance on how to comprehensively assess new migrant patients
- ensure that they are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule
- ask about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin
Consider nutritional and metabolic concerns.
Infectious diseases
Immunisation
Ensure that all patients, especially children, are up-to-date with the UK immunisation schedule. See immunisation collection with complete schedules.
Tuberculosis (TB)
There is a low incidence of TB in Antigua and Barbuda (<40 cases per 100,000), so:
- routine screening for TB is not required
- consider testing in patients (including children) who show signs and symptoms
- be aware that TB is a notifiable disease
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV
Take other risk factors into consideration when assessing likely health needs relating to HIV and STIs (no data is available on HIV prevalence in Antigua and Barbuda).
Hepatitis B
Antigua and Barbuda has an intermediate prevalence of hepatitis B, so:
- consider screening for hepatitis B, particularly those who have recently arrived
- offer screening for hepatitis B to all pregnant women during each pregnancy
- immunise appropriately babies born to mothers who are hepatitis B positive, and follow-up accordingly
- be aware that the UK has a a universal infant immunisation programme for hepatitis B and a selective immunisation programme for higher risk groups
Hepatitis C
Antigua and Barbuda has a higher prevalence of hepatitis C than the UK, so consider screening for hepatitis C if other risk factors apply.
Typhoid
There is a risk of typhoid infection in Antigua and Barbuda, so:
- ensure that travellers to Antigua and Barbuda are offered typhoid immunisation and advice on prevention of enteric fever
- remember enteric fever in the differential diagnosis of illness in patients with a recent history of travel to or from Antigua and Barbuda
Helminths
There is a risk of helminth infections in Antigua and Barbuda, including soil transmitted helminthiasis.
Travel plans and advice
Ask opportunistically about any travel plans the patient may have to visit friends and relatives in their country of origin. People who travel to visit friends and relatives (VFR travellers) should visit the Foreign and Commonwealth Office for overseas travel advice and National Travel Health Network and Centre (NaTHNaC) for country specific travel advice prior to leaving the UK.
Nutritional and metabolic concerns
Anaemia
There is a moderate risk of anaemia in adults (estimated prevalence in non-pregnant women is 20 to 40%) and pre-school children (estimated prevalence is 20 to 40%), so:
- be alert to the possibility of anaemia in recently arrived migrants, particularly women and pre-school children
- test as clinically indicated
Vitamin D
Consider the possibility of vitamin D deficiency in people who may be at risk due to:
- darker skin
- those who are not often outdoors
- those who cover up most of their skin when outdoors
Vitamin A
There may be a risk of vitamin A deficiency in Antigua and Barbuda.
Women’s health
Reproductive health indicators
| Reproductive health indicator | UK | Antigua and Barbuda |
|---|---|---|
| Number of children per woman¹ | 1.7 | 1.7 |
| Use of contraception² | 71.7% | 43.7% |
¹lifetime average; ²by woman of reproductive age or partner
No data is available on:
- mammography screening rates
- cervical cancer screening rates
Country profile
Health indicators and health care
WHO Global Health Observatory has a summary of health indicators and health care in Antigua and Barbuda.
Culture, politics and history
BBC News and The World Factbook for background information on the culture, politics and history of Antigua and Barbuda.
Languages
The main languages used in Antigua and Barbuda are:
- English (official)
- local dialects
Source: The World Factbook.
Find out about language interpreting and translation.
Religions
| Religion | Population (%)¹ |
|---|---|
| Protestant² | 76.4 |
| Roman Catholic | 10.4 |
| None³ | 5.8 |
| Other Christian | 5.4 |
| Other | 2 |
¹2001 census; ²Anglican 25.7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 12.3%, Pentecostal 10.6%, Moravian 10.5%, Methodist 7.9%, Baptist 4.9%, Church of God 4.5%; ³or unspecified
Source: The World Factbook.
Migration to the UK
There were almost 4,000 people from Antigua and Barbuda living in the UK at the time of the 2011 Census.
Source: Office for National Statistics
Last updated 21 July 2021 + show all updates
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Updated prevalence of communicable diseases and other health topics.
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First published.