National statistics

Civil Justice Statistics Quarterly: April to June 2023

Published 7 September 2023

Applies to England and Wales

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1. Main Points
Increase in County Court claims, driven by money claims Compared to the same period in 2022, County Court claims from April to June 2023 were up 12% to 419,000. Of these, 352,000 (84%) were money claims (up 17%). Compared to the same quarter in 2019 (pre-covid baseline), County Court claims were down 10%.
Damages claims were down 36% at 21,000 The decrease in damages claims was driven by a fall in personal injury claims (down 46% to 14,000) compared to the same quarter in 2022. Compared to the same quarter in 2019 (pre-covid baseline), total damages claims were down 31%.
The number of claims defended decreased compared to 2022 while the number of trials increased There were 53,000 claims defended (down 18%) and 13,000 claims that went to trial in April to June 2023 (up 6%) compared to the same quarter in 2022. Compared to the pre-covid baseline, claims defended were down 29% and claims that went to trial were down 12%.
Mean time taken from claim to hearing continues to rise for multi/fast track claims The mean time taken for small claims and multi/fast track claims to go to trial was 52.3 weeks and 78.2 weeks, 1 week longer and 2.8 weeks longer than the same period in 2022 respectively. Compared to 2019, these measures are 15.7 weeks longer for small claims and 19.1 weeks longer for multi/fast track claims.
Judgments were up 20% and default judgments were up 22% Judgments were up 20% (to 277,000) in April to June 2023, compared to the same period in 2022; with 92% of these being default judgments. Compared to the same period in 2019, judgments were down 9%, 89% of which were default judgments.
Enforcement applications rose to 12,000 and orders fell to 8,700 Enforcement applications were up 13%, while enforcement orders were down 1% when compared to the same quarter in 2022. Compared to 2019 (pre-covid baseline), volumes of enforcement applications were down 43% and enforcement orders were down 49%.
Warrants issued increased to 92,000 Warrants issued were up 27% when compared to the same quarter in 2022, the highest volume since Q1 2020, and down 2% compared to 2019 (pre-covid baseline).
610 judicial review applications in Q2 2023 There were 610 applications for Judicial Reviews in Q2 2023, up 5% on Q2 2022. Of the 110 cases in 2023 Q2 that have so far reached the permission stage, 9 (8%) were found to be ‘totally without merit’.
There were 6 applications for interim privacy injunction proceedings in the first half of 2023 There was one continuation proceeding, no proceedings on whether to issue a final permanent injunction, no proceedings on whether to continue or amend an undertaking, and no proceedings considered for a final undertaking.

A new data visualisation tool has been added to the publication this quarter to give a more interactive and granular view of the data on civil claims in county courts. The tool can be accessed here. Feedback is welcome on this tool to ensure it meets user needs.

This publication gives civil county court and judicial review statistics for the latest quarter (April to June 2023), compared to the same quarter in 2022. Should users wish to compare the latest outturn against 2019 as a pre-covid baseline, or to a time period during the covid period, they can do so using the accompanying statistical tables. This quarter’s publication also includes data on Privacy Injunctions considered during the first half of 2023. For more details, please see the supporting document.

We are considering streamlining the RCJ publication to include only the tables our users find helpful. We are therefore seeking to understand which tables are used to help us prioritise improvements. You are invited to please complete the online survey here, by 31st December 2023. This should take 5-10 minutes. Statistics on the Business and Property Court for England and Wales have also been published alongside this quarterly bulletin as Official Statistics. For technical detail, please refer to the accompanying support document.

For general feedback related to the content of this publication, please contact us at: CAJS@justice.gov.uk

2. Statistician’s comment

The volume of claims issued has remained elevated this quarter following a peak in Q1 2023 to the highest level since Q1 2020 (pre-covid). This increase is driven by a rise in money claims received, accounting for 84% of all claims in the current quarter. In addition, a shift in claimant behaviour away from Attachment of Earnings orders has led to the highest volume of warrants of control since Q1 2020.

On the contrary, both allocations and defences have fallen to the lowest level reported in the timeseries (excluding Q2 2020). This is thought to have been caused by the transfer of cases to the Civil National Business Centre due to the closure of the County Court Money Claims Centre in Salford. These figures are expected to be revised to normal levels in due course.

Timeliness figures have remained relatively stable since Q1 2021 for small claims and are beginning to show early signs of stabilisation for fast and multi-track trials, which still contain a considerable proportion of cases which were issued during the pandemic.

There were six applications for new and interim privacy injunctions in the High Court between January and June 2023, details of which are included this quarter.

3. Consultation Response

We recently conducted a survey to better understand who uses these statistics, how they use them and what changes might help us meet user needs better. The survey was launched on 1st September 2022 and ran for 5 months with 7 responses received. The findings showed that respondents regularly use the bulletin and main civil tables but suggested that the tables for Privacy Injunctions and BPC are used to a lesser extent. There were also several suggestions for increased granularity within the civil claims data which we are currently investigating. We will review all feedback given through this survey and assess what changes can be made to this publication to help better meet user needs, subject to resource constraints.

Although the closing date for this consultation has now passed, user engagement is a continuous process, and users are invited to submit their comments and suggestions to the team at any time using the contact details at the end of this document.

4. Claims Summary

County court claims were up 12% on the same quarter of 2022, driven by money claims.

There were 419,000 County Court claims lodged in April to June 2023. Of these, 374,000 (89%) were money and damages claims (up 12% from April to June 2022).

Non-money claim volumes were at 45,000, up 8% when compared to the same quarter in 2022.

Mortgage and landlord possession claims were up 22% over the same period to 27,000, ‘other non-money claims’ were down 6% to 16,000 and claims for return of goods were down 12% to 2,500.

Figure 1: County Court claims by type, Q2 (April to June) 2018 to Q2 (April to June) 2023 (Source: table 1.2)

In the most recent quarter, total claims were up 12% compared to the same period in 2022 (from 375,000 to 419,000). Of these, 374,000 were money and damages claims, up 12% from April to June 2022 (from 333,000). Money and damages claims made up 89% of all claims in April to June 2023, stable on its share in April to June 2022.

Prior to 2020, claim volumes had been relatively unchanged but volatile, driven by a few “bulk issuers” slowing down and then ramping up their volume of claims. Claim volumes decreased significantly following the outbreak of Covid-19. After an initial recovery towards pre-pandemic levels in the second half of 2020, claims issued remained relatively stable. Although volumes have risen in this quarter this is still down 10% compared to the same quarter in 2019.

Non-money claims generally decreased between 2015 and Q1 2020. While these showed less of an impact following Covid-19 in contrast to money and damages claims, the recovery to pre-Covid19 volumes has been slow. In the current quarter, these claims were up 8% (from 42,000 to 45,000) compared to the same period in 2022, driven by increases in Mortgage and Landlord Possession claims. However, these remain down 31% below the same quarter in 2019 (pre-covid baseline).

Within non-money claims, ‘other’ non-money claims have shown a decline since 2018. In the most recent quarter, these were down 6% (from 17,000 to 16,000) compared to the same period in 2022. These continued decreases are likely to be partly as a result of whiplash reforms reducing the volume of road traffic accident claims going to court.

The overall trend in Mortgage and Landlord Possession claims has been decreasing since a peak of 60,000 in January to March 2014. Following the impact of Covid-19, when it fell to 3,200 – lowest recorded, these have increased gradually to 27,000 claims in April to June 2023, up 22% compared to the same quarter of 2022 (22,000 claims). However, this remains down 19% compared to the same quarter in 2019. Further details can be found in the Mortgage and Landlord Possessions publication here.

Claims for return of goods increased steadily to a high of 3,500 in July-September 2018 but have since declined. Following a further decline due to the impact of Covid-19 to 700 in Q2 2020, there has been recovery in these figures and volumes have remained relatively stable since Q1 2022 around pre-covid levels. This quarter, volumes are down 12% (from 2,900 to 2,500) compared to the same period in 2022.

5. Money Claims

Money claims were up 17% (to 352,000 claims) in April to June 2023 compared to the same quarter in 2022.

Money claims valued up to £500 were up 17% over this period to 159,000 and claims between £1,000 and £3,000 were up 21% to 80,000, mostly driving the overall trend in money claims although all value groups saw an increase over this period.

Damages claims were down 36% at 21,000 driven by a decrease in personal injury claims (down 46%) to 14,000 compared to the same quarter in 2022.

Personal injury claims have continued a generally downwards trend since Q4 2020. This is likely due to a combination of factors including the introduction of whiplash reforms (with some cases being processed via the online portal rather than going to court) and paper claims being dealt with in arrears resulting in some of these claims not being included prior to revision in Q3 2023.

Figure 2: Money claims by monetary value, Q2 (April to June) 2018 to Q2 (April to June) 2023 (Source: civil workload CSV[footnote 1])

Historically, money claims reached a peak in April to June 2017, after which the implementation of the Pre-Action Protocol (PAP) for Debt Claims in October 2017 led to a sharp drop in claims. An increasing trend resumed the following quarter, suggesting that the impact of the PAP on claim volumes was temporary. The main aim of the protocol is to encourage early engagement between parties to resolve disputes without needing to start court proceedings. In the most recent quarter (April to June 2023), there were 352,000 claims, up 17% on the same quarter in 2022 (300,000 claims).

This quarter, the majority (84%) of money claims were processed and issued at the County Court Business Centre (CCBC). There were 297,000 such claims at the CCBC in April to June 2023 (up 18% on the same quarter in 2022). CCBC claims were particularly affected by Covid-19 and associated actions, recording a more significant decrease than other money claims. This is due to bulk issuers almost completely ceasing their issue during the immediate response to the pandemic. These have now returned to historic trend levels and may account for the increase this quarter.

The increase in money claims is mostly driven by claims valued under £500 and claims between £1,000 and £3,000. These were up 17% and 21%, to 159,000 and 80,000 claims respectively in the period April to June 2023 compared to the same quarter in 2022. Claims valued under £500 accounted for 45% of total money claims in the most recent quarter. This is close to historical levels with this category making up 47% of total money claims in April to June 2019. This trend may be typical of the current economic cycle where people are more likely to claim – even for small amounts – in a cost-of-living crisis when disposable income falls due to high inflation, low or no economic growth, and continued rises in interest rates.

Other than in Q2 2020, damages claims have fluctuated between 24,000 and 38,000 claims each quarter over the last five years (since April to June 2018). However, in the current quarter volumes were down 36% to 21,000 in April to June 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. This was driven by a decrease in personal injury claims down 46% from 25,000 to 14,000. Other damages claims have remained relatively stable since Q1 2022 although quarterly volumes can be prone to volatility. These were down 3% from 8,000 to 7,700 over this period, following steep increases since Q3 2020. These were a result of PPI-related claims that rely on a section of the Consumer Credit Act that relates to unfair relationships[footnote 2] and follows a series of court rulings on the same matter. Other damages claims accounted for 36% of all damages claims in the most recent quarter, up 12pp compared to April to June 2022, when they accounted for 24% of all damages claims. Personal injury claims were down 46% compared to the same period in 2022, continuing a generally decreasing trend since Q4 2020.

5.1 Allocations (table 1.3)

In April to June 2023, 23,000 money and damages claims were allocated to track, down 42% (from 40,000) compared to the same period in 2022. The decline in allocations follows the closure of the County Court Money Claims Centre in Salford and the transfer of work to the Civil National Business Centre. The volumes of claims allocated to track are expected to increase in the coming months as the Civil National Business Centre recovers performance to previous levels. Compared to April to June 2022, of these allocations:

  • 16,000 were allocated to small claims, down 43% on April to June 2022. This accounts for 67% of all allocations (compared to 69% of all allocations in the same quarter of 2022);
  • 6,000 were allocated to fast track, down 41% on April to June 2022. This accounts for 26% of all allocations (compared to 26% of all allocations in the same quarter of 2022);
  • 1,700 were allocated to multi-track, down 27% on April to June 2022. This accounts for 7% of all allocations (compared to 6% of all allocations in the same quarter of 2022);

The number of claims defended was down 18% to 53,000 compared to the same quarter in 2022.

Of those claims defended, 37% had legal representation for both claimant and defendant, 39% had representation for claimant only, and 4% for defendant only.

The number of trials was up 6% to 13,000 compared to the same quarter in 2022.

Average time taken for small claims was 52.3 weeks (1 week longer compared to the same quarter in 2022) and for multi and fast track claims it was 78.2 weeks (2.8 weeks longer than April to June 2022).

Of those claims defended in April to June 2023, 37% had legal representation for both claimant and defendant, 39% had representation for claimant only, and 4% for defendant only. Almost all (90%) damages claim defences had legal representation for both the defendant and claimant, compared with 18% of money claim defences.

Figure 3: Proportion of civil defences and legal representation status, April to June 2023 (Source: table 1.6)

The total number of claims defended was down 18% in April to June 2023 compared to the same quarter in 2022, from 64,000 to 53,000 cases. The decline follows the closure of the County Court Money Claims Centre in Salford and the transfer of work to the Civil National Business Centre which has created a temporary backlog and as such these figures are expected to be revised in subsequent quarters. The most significant decrease was seen in defended damages claims (down 38% from 22,000 to 14,000). On the contrary, mortgage and landlord possession defences were up 29% from 3,200 to 4,200 compared to April to June 2022.

6.1 Trials and Time Taken to Reach Trial (table 1.5)

Defended cases which are not settled or withdrawn, generally result in a trial. In total, there were 13,000 trials in April to June 2023, up 6% compared to the same period in 2022. Of the claims that went to trial, 10,000 (77%) were small claims trials (up 10% compared to the same quarter in 2022) and 3,100 (23%) were fast and multi-track trials (down 7% from the same quarter of 2022).

Figure 4: Average number of weeks from claim being issued to initial hearing date, Q2 (April to June) 2018 to Q2 (April to June) 2023 (Source: table 1.5)

In April to June 2023, it took an average of 52.3 weeks between a small claim being issued and the claim going to trial, one week longer than the same period in 2022.

Mediation is being fully integrated as a key step in the court process for small civil claims valued up to £10,000. This, when successful, results in outcomes which are not used within the timeliness calculations. This means the final cases used in timeliness measures include a disproportionate number of more complex cases which take longer to dispose of.

The HMCTS Reform programme is modernising and digitising the systems to allow the courts to work more efficiently and cases are expected to progress from issue to directions more quickly.

For multi/fast track claims, it took on average 78.2 weeks to reach a trial, 2.8 weeks longer than in April to June 2022, continuing to exceed the upper limit of the range seen in 2009-2019 (which was 52 to 61 weeks).

Covid-19 and associated actions have led to an uptick in time taken for all claims to reach trial. Prior to this, a sustained period of increasing receipts had increased the time taken to hear civil cases and caused delays to case progress.

7. Judgments

Judgments were up 20% compared to same quarter in 2022

There were 277,000 judgments made in April to June 2023, compared to 231,000 in the same quarter of 2022. Of these judgments, 256,000 (92%) were default judgments.

Figure 5: All claims, judgments and default judgments, Q2 (April to June) 2018 to Q2 (April to June) 2023 (Source: tables 1.2 and 1.4)

There were 277,000 judgments made in April to June 2023, up 20% compared to the same quarter of 2022. Of these, 92% were default judgments, up 1pp on its share in April to June 2022. These have remained relatively stable since 2018, with around 9 out of every 10 judgments resulting in a default judgment.

The second largest type of judgment was ‘admissions’[footnote 3], of which there were 12,000 in April to June 2023, up 6% on the same quarter in 2022 (from 11,000). ‘Admission’ judgments accounted for 4% of all judgments.

8. Warrants and Enforcements

Warrants issued were up 27% when compared to same quarter in 2022

In April to June 2023, 92,000 warrants were issued, up 27% from 72,000 in the same quarter of 2022. Of these, 78,000 (86%) were warrants of control, up 27% compared to the same period in 2022.

Enforcement applications were up 13% and enforcement orders were down 1% when compared to April to June 2022

This rise in enforcement applications was mostly driven by an increase in Charging applications which were up 28% (from 4,400 to 5,700), whilst the fall in enforcement orders was driven by a decline in Attachment of earnings (AoE) orders, down 19% (from 3,300 to 2,700).

Figure 6: Warrants and enforcements issued – Q2 (April to June) 2018 to Q2 (April to June) 2023 (Source: tables 1.7 and 1.8)

8.1 Warrants (table 1.7)

In the latest quarter (April to June 2023) there were 92,000 warrants issued, up 27% (from 72,000) on the same quarter in 2022. Warrants of control accounted for 86% of total warrants, and were up 27%, from 62,000 to 78,000, compared to the same period in 2022.

There were 13,000 possession warrants issued in April to June 2023, up 23% (from 11,000) on the same quarter in 2022. These have continued a general upwards trend since Q3 2020, following a sharp drop in Q2 2020 due to the impact of Covid-19.

8.2 Enforcements (table 1.8)

In April to June 2023, there were 12,000 enforcement-related order applications (which include attachment of earnings orders, charging orders, third party debt orders, administration orders, and orders to obtain information), up 13% compared to the same quarter of 2022. All application types increased, attachment of earnings (AoE) applications up 1%, third party debt applications up 11%, charging order applications up 28% and administration orders applications up 54%.

There were 8,700 enforcement-related orders made in April to June 2023, down 1% compared to the same quarter of 2022. AoE orders decreased by 19% (from 3,300 to 2,700), driving the overall fall in volumes. Charging orders increased by 10% (from 4,000 to 4,400). All other types of enforcement order remained relatively stable over this period.

Over the longer term, there has been a decreasing trend in enforcement-related applications received and orders made since 2009, possibly due to claimants’ preference for using warrants instead to retrieve money, property or goods.

9. Judicial reviews[footnote 4]

There were 610 judicial review applications received in Q2 2023, up 5% on Q2 2022 (580) and down 25% on Q2 2019 (from 820) as a pre-Covid19 baseline.

Of the 610 applications received in Q2 2023, 20% have already closed, and 9 were found to be ‘Totally Without Merit’ (8% of cases that reached the permission stage).

Figure 7: Judicial Review Applications, by type; Q2 2016 to Q2 2023 (Source: JR CSV)

Quarterly JR Receipts – April to June 2023:

Of the 610 applications received in Q2 2023, 220 were civil immigration and asylum applications, 380 were civil (other), and 14 were criminal, down 8%, up 25% and down 67% respectively on Q2 2022. 1 of the civil immigration and asylum cases have since been transferred to the UTIAC.

Of the applications that were made in Q2 2023, 20% are now closed. Of the total applications, 110 reached the permission stage in Q2 2023, and of these:

  • 8% (9) were found to be totally without merit.
  • 51 cases have already been granted permission to proceed and 59 were refused at the permission stage. 2 of the cases refused at permission stage went on to be granted permission at the renewal stage.
  • 53 cases were assessed to be eligible for a final hearing and of these, 3 have since been heard.
  • the mean time from a case being lodged to the permission decision was 43 days. Although timeliness for cases being lodged to final hearing are included in the tables, this is based on too few cases to be meaningful. The actual time taken for these cases will only be known when they have had time to work their way through the system.

9.1 Applications lodged against departments (table 2.5)

Table 2.5 presents judicial review figures by defendant type (i.e. individual government department or public body). This table provides the number of judicial review applications lodged, permission granted to proceed to final hearing, and decisions found in favour of the claimant at final hearing.

The information presented is derived from the ‘defendant name’ – a free text field completed by the claimant, which is matched and grouped by department. All efforts have been made to quality assure the data presented. However, this is a manually typed field, and as such is open to inputting errors and should be used with caution.

The key findings for Q2 2023 are:

  • Home Office had the largest number of JR applications lodged against them, with 200 applications. Of these, 18 were granted permission to proceed to final hearing (9% of applications) to date.
  • The second largest recipient of JR cases was the Local Authorities, with 180 cases received, of which to date 23 were granted permission to proceed to final hearing (13% of applications).
  • The third largest recipient was the Ministry of Justice, having 100 applications lodged against it. Of these, 2 were granted permission to proceed to final hearing (2% of applications) to date.

A more granular view of the JR data by department and case type can be found in the data visualisation tool found here. Feedback is welcome on this tool to ensure it meets user needs.

10. Privacy Injunctions[footnote 5] [footnote 6]

In the first six months of 2023, there were 6 proceedings where the High Court considered an application for a new interim privacy injunction.

One proceeding was considered at the High Court on whether to continue or amend an interim injunction.

There were no proceedings considered at the High Court on whether to issue a final permanent injunction, no proceedings considered on whether to continue or amend an undertaking, and no proceedings considered a final undertaking[footnote 7].

Figure 8: Number of privacy injunction proceedings, by type of proceeding, from Aug-Dec 2011[footnote 8] to Jan-Jun 2023 (Source: tables 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3)

10.1 New interim privacy injunctions (Table 3.1)

Four of the six proceedings at the High Court that took place in January to June 2023 were granted. The remaining two were refused. In the first six months of the previous year (January to June 2022) six new interim privacy injunction proceedings took place, and all of these were granted. In one of these cases an undertaking was given.

10.2 Continuation of existing interim injunctions (Table 3.2)

The continuation of one existing interim injunction proceeding that took place in January to June 2023 was granted/varied. In January to June 2022, the continuation of two existing interim injunction proceedings were granted/varied.

10.3 Final privacy injunctions (Table 3.3)

There were no final privacy injunctions or final undertakings dealt with in January to June 2023, or in the same period from the previous year (January to June 2022).

11. Further information

11.1 Provisional data and revisions

The statistics in the latest quarter are provisional and revisions may be made when the next edition of this bulletin is published. If revisions are needed in subsequent quarters, these will be annotated in the tables.

11.2 Accompanying files

As well as this bulletin, the following products are published as part of this release:

  • A supporting document providing further information on how the data is collected and processed, as well as information on the revisions policy and legislation relevant to civil justice.
  • The quality statement published with this guide sets out our policies for producing quality statistical outputs for the information we provide to maintain our users’ understanding and trust.
  • A set of overview tables (also available in accessible format) and CSV files, covering each section of this bulletin.
  • A set of tables providing statistics on the Business and Property Courts of England and Wales, also available in accessible format.
  • A JR data visualisation tool (to provide a more granular view of the JR data by department and case type). This can be found here.
  • A Sankey tool which shows case progression of civil cases in the county courts is here.
  • A Civil data visualisation tool to provide a more granular and interactive view of cases through the civil claims system. This can be found here.

11.3 Rounding convention

Figures greater than 10,000 are rounded to the nearest 1,000, those between 1,000 and 10,000 are rounded to the nearest 100 and those between 100 to 1,000 are rounded to the nearest 10. Less than 100 are given as the actual number.

11.4 National Statistics status

National Statistics status means that official statistics meet the highest standards of trustworthiness, quality and public value.

All official statistics should comply with all aspects of the Code of Practice for Official Statistics. They are awarded National Statistics status following an assessment by the Authority’s regulatory arm. The Authority considers whether the statistics meet the highest standards of Code compliance, including the value they add to public decisions and debate.

It is the Ministry of Justice’s responsibility to maintain compliance with the standards expected for National Statistics. If we become concerned about whether these statistics are still meeting the appropriate standards, we will discuss any concerns with the Authority promptly. National Statistics status can be removed at any point when the highest standards are not maintained, and reinstated when standards are restored.

11.5 Future publications

Our statisticians regularly review the content of publications. Development of new and improved statistical outputs is usually dependent on reallocating existing resources. As part of our continual review and prioritisation, we welcome user feedback on existing outputs including content, breadth, frequency and methodology. Please send any comments you have on this publication including suggestions for further developments or reductions in content.

11.6 Contacts

Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) press office:

Sarah Cottrill - email: sarah.cottrill@justice.gov.uk

Other enquiries about these statistics should be directed to the Data and Evidence as a Service division of the Ministry of Justice:

Laura Jones - email: cajs@justice.gov.uk

Next update: 7 December 2023

  1. Following the alignment of the fees for online and paper civil money and possession claims in May 2021, figure 2 shows all data with the updated claim brackets for comparison, a further breakdown of these brackets is available within the CSV. The CSV shows updated claim brackets from 2021. ↩

  2. Consumer Credit Act sections 140A to 140D ↩

  3. Judgment by admission is where the defendant admits the truth of the claim made. ↩

  4. The judicial review data are Official Statistics ↩

  5. The privacy injunction data are Official Statistics ↩

  6. The figures for January to June 2023 are provisional and are expected to be revised in the next publication reporting privacy injunctions (Q4 2023) ↩

  7. An undertaking is different from an injunction, in that it is a promise given by the defendants, rather than an injunction which is an order of the court ↩

  8. H2 2011 only covers the period August-December 2011 and is not a full half-year ↩

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