Guidance

Business Appointment Rules for ministers

Updated 13 October 2025

It is in the public interest that former ministers should be able to move into business or into other areas of public life, and to be able to start a new career or resume a former one. It is equally important that when a former minister takes up a particular appointment or employment, there should be no cause for any suspicion of impropriety.

The Rules

“For two years after leaving office, former ministers must abide by the Business Appointment Rules and seek advice from the Independent Adviser on Ministerial Standards about any appointments or employment they wish to take up. Former ministers must abide by the advice provided by the Independent Adviser”. [Ministerial Code, section 11.2]

The Business Appointment Rules for ministers seek to counter suspicion that:

• the decisions and statements of a serving Minister might be influenced by the hope or expectation of future employment with a particular firm or organisation; or
• an employer could make improper use of official information to which a former minister has had access; or
• there may be cause for concern about the appointment in some other particular respect.

Applications by former ministers

A fully completed application form will in most cases provide the Independent Adviser on Ministerial Standards with the information they require in order to give their advice. 

The Independent Adviser will need to consider the details of the proposed appointment or employment, which includes any proposal to undertake consultancy work. If necessary, the Independent Adviser will seek, in confidence, additional information from senior officials of the former minister’s department(s) about any contact with the prospective employer or its competitors and the nature of any contractual, regulatory or other relationships with them. The Independent Adviser will also, if relevant to the proposed appointment or employment, take account of any other role that the former minister may have been (or still be) carrying out on behalf of the Government. With the former minister’s permission, the Independent Adviser may wish to contact the proposed new employer for clarification of the proposed appointment or employment and notification of the conditions that will apply to it.

Retrospective applications will not normally be accepted.

The Independent Adviser will consider each request for advice about an appointment or employment on its merits, against specific tests relating to the following:

I. to what extent, if at all, has the former minister been in a position which could lay him or her open to the suggestion that the appointment was in some way a reward for past favours?

II. has the former minister been in a position where he or she has had access to trade secrets of competitors, knowledge of unannounced government policy or other sensitive information which could give his or her new employer an unfair or improper advantage?

III. is there another specific reason why acceptance of the appointment or employment could give rise to public concern on propriety grounds directly related to his or her former ministerial role?

The Independent Adviser will need to balance any points arising under these tests against the desirability of former ministers being able to move into business or other areas of public life, and the need for them to be able to start a new career or resume a former one.

Restrictions

The Independent Adviser may advise that they see no reason why an appointment or employment should not be taken up forthwith without any condition. However, if they consider that public concern could be of such a degree or character, it may recommend a delay in taking up the appointment, or that for a specified period the former minister should stand aside from involvement in certain activities, for example, commercial dealings with his or her former department, or involvement in particular areas of the new employer’s business. Any conditions advised may apply for a maximum of two years after the former minister leaves office. Exceptionally, the Independent Adviser may advise that they view a particular appointment or employment to be unsuitable.

As a general principle, there will be a two-year ban on former ministers lobbying the government after they leave office. This means that a former minister should not engage in communication with government (including ministers, civil servants including special advisers, and other relevant officials/public office holders) – wherever it takes place - with a view to influencing a government decision, policy or contract award/grant in relation to their own interests or the interests of the organisation by which they are employed, or to whom they are contracted or with which they hold office. This does not prohibit contacts, including at a social or party political level which is unrelated to such lobbying. The Independent Adviser may reduce the two-year lobbying ban if they consider this to be justified by the particular circumstances of an individual application.

In certain cases, due to the nature of the proposed appointment or employment, the Independent Adviser may, at its discretion, recommend that the lobbying ban need not prevent communications with government on matters that are an integral part of the normal course of business for the organisation concerned.

A minimum waiting period of three months from the date of leaving office to taking up an appointment or employment will be expected when the former minister was a member of the Cabinet, and may also be applied to other former ministers if the Independent Adviser believes this to be warranted by the circumstances of the individual case. The Independent Adviser may waive this minimum waiting period if, in their judgement, no question of propriety or public concern arises from the appointment or employment being taken up earlier. Equally, the Independent Adviser may consider that public concern about a particular appointment or employment could be of such a degree or character that a longer waiting period is appropriate up to the maximum period of two years that may be applied.

The Independent Adviser aims to provide their advice within four weeks of application. Complex cases may take longer, but in such cases, the Independent Adviser will notify the former minister concerned.

If, having received the Independent Adviser’s advice, a former Minister has concerns, he or she will have an opportunity to make representations to the Independent Adviser, including an opportunity to meet with the Independent Adviser if they so wish.

Publication of the Independent Adviser’s advice

All applications submitted to, and discussions held with, the Independent Adviser on Ministerial Standards will be handled in strict confidence, and will remain confidential until the appointment or employment is publicly announced or taken up, at which time the Independent Adviser will publish their advice, alongside summary details of the former minister’s last ministerial post, and the appointment or employment to be taken up. Details will be placed on the Independent Adviser’s page on GOV.UK. 

The Independent Adviser handles personal information provided to them in accordance with the General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR) and the Data Protection Act 2018. The Independent Adviser responds to requests for information held that is not already published in accordance with the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act 2000.