Consultation outcome

Driving tests: improving availability and processes

Updated 30 March 2023

Applies to England, Scotland and Wales

Foreword

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Baroness Vere of Norbiton, Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Transport

Safe driving is a lifetime skill and something that improves with experience. But obtaining a broad range of skills, knowledge and understanding, and driving experience, during the initial learning to drive stage is vitally important.

It will help you to pass the driving test and keep you safe at the crucial point that you drive on your own for the first time. It will also set you on your way to a lifetime of safe driving.

The proposals in this consultation are designed to encourage and help learner drivers to do this. They will also further help to reduce the longer than usual waiting times for tests that have resulted from the suspension of testing during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.

We also propose changes to the eyesight test and to introduce digital pass certificates. These will allow the Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency (DVSA) to test later in the day and from a wider range of locations. These changes could benefit a wider range of customers.

Your views are very welcome on these proposals.

Baroness Vere of Norbiton
Road Safety Minister

Introduction

A consultation lets you give your views on new or changing government policies. We take your responses into consideration before making any final decisions.

This consultation is about changing some policies that affect learning to drive and driving tests. We want you to give your views on ideas to:

  • encourage learner drivers to be better prepared when they take their car driving test
  • reduce the number of car driving test appointments that are wasted
  • collect better data about how well driving instructors prepare learner drivers
  • give learner drivers better information about driving instructors
  • update when and how we carry out the eyesight check at the start of the driving test
  • replace paper pass certificates with digital pass certificates

Why we’ve put these proposals forward

We currently have the highest demand we’ve ever known for driving tests. There are 3 main reasons for this:

  • fewer tests than usual have taken place because of restrictions and other factors related to the pandemic
  • learner drivers who are not yet ready to take their test have heard that waiting times are high, causing them to book earlier than they normally would
  • the pass rate for driving tests - for many years, less than half of people pass on their first attempt, meaning they’ll need to take at least one more test

Many driving instructors tell us that some learner drivers want to pass their driving test as quickly and cheaply as possible. They say they are unable to stop their pupils from booking a test before they are ready.

We’ve put forward some of these proposals because we think they’ll:

  • encourage learner drivers to be better prepared for their driving test
  • help to reduce the number of driving test appointments that are wasted
  • give us more flexibility in how and when we can carry out driving tests

Other proposals will help us to:

  • find out more about what information learner drivers and their families want to know when choosing a driving instructor - which in the longer term will help learner drivers to find the best driving instructor for them
  • move to replace paper pass certificates with digital versions, saving millions of sheets of paper each year

Other things we’re doing to reduce driving test waiting times

The proposals in this consultation are not the only actions we’re taking to reduce driving test waiting times. We’re already taken action to:

  • help stop the spread of COVID-19 to keep driving tests going
  • significantly increase the number of driving examiners
  • get back to carrying out 7 driving tests each day per full-time driving examiner (this was reduced to 6 for a time during the pandemic)
  • get all qualified DVSA colleagues carrying out driving tests, even if it’s no longer part of their current role
  • provide extra appointments in the mornings, evenings, at weekends and on bank holidays
  • pay driving examiners to work instead of taking their full amount of annual leave
  • ask recently retired driving examiners to return

What we’re proposing

There are 6 proposals that we’d like to get your views on.

  1. Encourage learner drivers to be better prepared when they take their car driving test.
  2. Reduce the number of car driving test appointments that are wasted.
  3. Collect better data about how well driving instructors prepare learner drivers.
  4. Give learner drivers better information about driving instructors.
  5. Update when and how we check someone’s eyesight at the start of the driving test.
  6. Replace paper pass certificates with digital pass certificates.

1. Encourage learner drivers to be better prepared when they take their car driving test

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Summary of this proposal

We’re proposing that people will need to wait 28 working days before being able to book another car driving test after failing one, rather than the current 10 working days.

This would:

  • reduce the number of people attempting the test when they’re not ready, because they would know they would have to wait longer to be able to take it again if they failed
  • mean that people who fail have more time to take further training before taking the test again

What currently happens

People who fail the driving test currently have to wait 10 working days before they can book another test.

We know from recent research that driving instructors are very busy. Many have long waiting lists for lessons. They might have restricted availability to provide extra training for learner drivers who fail the test, which could cause the learner drivers to take the test again with no further training. This could then lead to them failing the test again.

What we’re proposing

We’re proposing that people who fail their car driving test will need to wait 28 working days before being able to book another test.

This change would only apply to car driving tests. The current rules would stay the same for:

  • other types of driving tests, such as motorcycle tests, heavy goods vehicle (HGV) and bus driving tests
  • theory tests
  • approved driving instructor (ADI) tests

Why we’re proposing this

We think making this change will reduce the number of people who attempt the test when they’re not ready. This is because they’ll be less likely to attempt the test if they know they have to wait longer to rebook after failing.

With about half of all driving tests currently being failed, it suggests that many people take the test when they are not ready. This has been the case for a number of years.

50.5% pass rate for car driving tests between April and September 2021

Year Car driving test pass rate
Apr 2012 to Mar 2013 47.1%
Apr 2013 to Mar 2014 47.1%
Apr 2014 to Mar 2015 46.9%
Apr 2015 to Mar 2016 47.0%
Apr 2016 to Mar 2017 47.1%
Apr 2017 to Mar 2018 46.3%
Apr 2018 to Mar 2019 45.8%
Apr 2019 to Mar 2020 45.9%
Apr 2020 to Mar 2021 49.8%
Apr 2021 to Sept 2021 50.5%

We also think that making this change will give people who fail more time to take further training before taking the test again. This will help even more when waiting times are lower and more tests are available at shorter notice.

Questions about this proposal

To what extent do you agree or disagree that the period before which an unsuccessful candidate can apply for a further test should be extended from 10 to 28 working days?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

If you’re a learner driver, please say to what extent you agree or disagree with the following statements.

This measure would encourage me to only book my test when ready, even if waiting times remained the same as now

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

This measure would encourage me to only book my test when ready, even when waiting times were reduced

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

2. Reduce the number of car driving test appointments that are wasted

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Summary of this proposal

We’re proposing that people would need to move or cancel their car driving test at least 10 full working days before the appointment to avoid losing their test fee, rather than the current 3 full working days.

This would:

  • give more chance for appointments to be used by someone else
  • potentially make up to 117,000 appointments available every year (based on cancellations we saw between April and December 2021)

What currently happens

At the moment, people need to move or cancel their test at least 3 full working days before the appointment to avoid losing their fee. We call this the short notice cancellation period.

However, this causes many appointments to be moved or cancelled right at this deadline. Many of those appointments are then not booked by anyone else, because people do not have time to make the necessary arrangements at such short notice.

Even if an appointment is moved or cancelled with more than 3 days’ notice, it can still be hard for that appointment to be reused by someone else if it’s still within a week or so.

What we’re proposing

We’re proposing that people would need to move or cancel their car test at least 10 full working days before the appointment to avoid losing their fee.

We would continue to use our discretion on enforcing this in cases such as illness or bereavement.

This change would only apply to car driving tests. The current rules would stay the same for:

  • other types of driving tests, such as motorcycle tests, heavy goods vehicle (HGV) and bus driving tests
  • theory tests
  • approved driving instructor (ADI) tests

We would keep our policy of paying out-of-pocket expenses for any car driving tests we cancel with less than 3 clear working days’ notice the same. However, we would keep this under review.

Why we’re proposing this

We’re proposing this change to encourage people to move or cancel their appointment with more notice if they think they’re not ready for the test.

This will allow the appointment to be used by someone else.

We know that the policy of losing the fee for a short notice change or cancellation is effective. When we suspended the policy of losing the fee during the pandemic, 3.8% of tests were cancelled within the short notice period. When the policy was reintroduced, this reduced to 2.7% of tests being cancelled within the short notice period.

Situation Percentage of tests cancelled at short notice
When people did not lose their fee cancelling at short notice 3.8%
When people did lose their fee cancelling at short notice 2.7%

So we expect that more people who are not ready to take the test will move or cancel their test at least 10 working days before their appointment. This makes it more likely that someone else can then use that appointment.

This chart shows the number of tests that have been cancelled by learner drivers between 22 April and 14 December 2021.

Amount of notice given Number of tests cancelled
0 to 3 days 36,013
4 to 10 days 42,193
11 days or more 63,542

Questions about this proposal

To what extent do you agree or disagree that we should change the short notice cancellation period for car driving tests from 3 working days to 10 working days?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

3. Collect better data about how well driving instructors prepare learner drivers

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Summary of this proposal

We’re proposing that driving instructors would be legally required to display their approved driving instructor (ADI) or trainee driving instructor registration certificate in the windscreen of their car when they bring people for driving tests.

This would:

  • encourage driving instructors to only bring people for their driving test if they’re confident they will pass
  • help us improve our ability to identify and prioritise which driving instructors most need help and support to provide high-quality training
  • mean that we can treat all driving instructors bringing pupils for tests consistently

What currently happens

The law currently says that driving instructors must display their registration certificate in their windscreen when they’re charging money (or monies worth) for driving lessons.

However, the law does not say they must also display the certificate when they bring people for driving tests.

At the start of driving tests, our driving examiners record the driving instructor’s personal reference number (if the certificate is displayed). The driving test can then be linked back to the driving instructor.

We use this data to help us decide when a driving instructor should take a standards check. This is where a specially qualified DVSA examiner watches the driving instructor giving a normal driving lesson, so they can assess their ability to provide high-quality training.

We use these indicators for the rolling 12 months to decide this:

  • average number of driving faults per test
  • average number of serious faults per test
  • percentage of tests where the driving examiner had to take physical action in the interests of public safety
  • overall pass rate

Even though the law does not require it, most driving instructors do voluntarily display their registration certificate. We have also encouraged more driving instructors to display their certificate. However, some still choose not to.

Our driving examiners tell us that some driving instructors may remove their certificate if they’re less confident that the learner driver will pass the test. This means that the test outcome is not included in the driving instructor’s performance data.

What we’re proposing

We’re proposing that driving instructors would be legally required to display their registration certificate in the windscreen when their car is being used for a driving test.

Driving instructors who still refused to display their certificate would then face the possibility of having their approval to teach removed.

We’re exploring the range of legislative and non-regulatory options to introduce this policy.

Why we’re proposing this

We’re proposing this change because some driving instructors refuse to voluntarily display their registration certificate.

We want to treat all driving instructors fairly and consistently. To do this, we need all driving instructors to display their certificate.

We think that this will encourage more driving instructors who do not display their certificate to only bring people for their driving test if they’re confident they are ready to safely drive on their own.

It will also help us improve our ability to identify and prioritise which driving instructors we see for standards checks. This will help us to offer support to those driving instructors who most need help and support to improve the quality of their training.

In a small number of cases, it will help us to remove driving instructors from the register when they have consistently shown they cannot meet the required standards. This will make sure learner drivers are only charged for high-quality training.

Questions about this proposal

To what extent do you agree or disagree that ADIs should be required to display their certificate during the driving test?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

4. Give learner drivers better information about driving instructors

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Summary of this proposal

This proposal is different from the others. It’s the start of trying to find out what information learner drivers and their families would find useful when choosing a driving instructor.

We want to know if learner drivers would benefit from having better information about driving instructors and their performance in preparing people to be safe drivers.

What currently happens

We currently run the service on GOV.UK for learner drivers to find driving instructors.

It’s voluntary for driving instructors to have their information on the service. For those who opt-in, this information is always displayed for them:

  • name
  • phone number
  • email address
  • distance from the learner drivers’ postcode

They can also optionally display:

  • whether they’ve signed up to the driving instructors’ voluntary code of practice
  • whether they take regular continuing professional development
  • their website address
  • their driving instructor grade (A or B) and latest standards check score (this is the check we do to make sure driving instructors still meet the right standard)

What we’re proposing

We’re proposing that we could make more information available about a driving instructors’ performance. Any measure of their performance must be easy for consumers to understand.

We would like to hear from learner drivers, and work with the ADI National Associations Strategic Partnership (NASP) on any proposal. One option could be using these pieces of information from the rolling 12 months to assign driving instructors into an ‘overall performance band’:

  • average number of driving faults their pupils make per test
  • average number of serious faults their pupils make per test
  • percentage of the driving instructors’ pupils tests where the driving examiner had to take physical action in the interests of public safety
  • overall pass rate for the driving instructors’ pupils

In this option, we would not make the individual pieces of data available - just the overall performance band.

We could also explore making other pieces of information available if learner drivers and their families would find it useful to make a more informed choice about which driving instructor to use.

Why we’re proposing this

We’re proposing this because we want to know if learner drivers and their families would find this helpful.

We also want to know what other information they would find useful.

Finding out this information will help us to put forward more detailed proposals about this in the future. We would develop those details with NASP.

We want to do this because we think we can help learner drivers to find the best driving instructor for their particular needs. This, in turn, would help learner drivers be better prepared for their driving test and a lifetime of safe driving.

Questions about this proposal

To what extent do you agree or disagree that consumers would benefit from knowing how well, on average, a driving instructor’s pupils did when they took their driving tests?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

Do you think there would be any benefits or risks resulting from this?

  • Benefits only
  • Benefits and risks
  • Risks only
  • Do not know

Respond to all of the questions.

To what extent do you agree or disagree that an ‘overall performance band’ would be a useful indicator of the driving instructor’s performance?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

What other information would you find useful in choosing an instructor?

Respond to all of the questions.

5. Update when and how we check someone’s eyesight at the start of the driving test

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Summary of this proposal

We’re suggesting that we change the law so that we can:

  • do the eyesight check in the driving test in any level of light - not just good daylight
  • use more methods of checking people’s eyesight when they take the driving test

This would mean we could provide driving tests at more times, and we would have more flexibility to test eyesight if there are not many parked vehicles nearby.

What currently happens

The law says we can only check someone’s eyesight in good daylight. This means we cannot carry out driving tests after sunset.

We currently ask the learner driver to read out a vehicle registration (number plate) on a parked vehicle. You can use glasses if you wear them while driving. In a car driving test, you have to read the number plate from a distance of:

  • 20 metres for vehicles with a new-style number plate
  • 20.5 metres for vehicles with an old-style number plate

New-style number plates start with 2 letters followed by 2 numbers, such as AB51 ABC.

What we’re proposing

We’re proposing that the law is changed so it gives us more flexibility on how we carry out the eyesight check. This means we could:

  • do the eyesight check in different levels of light
  • use different methods to check someone’s eyesight - for example, reading from a tablet

We have successfully shown the method of reading from a tablet to the Secretary of State for Transport’s Honorary Medical Advisory Panel on Driving and Visual Disorders. This is one of the panels that advises the government about health standards required for safe driving.

A mock up of a screen on a tablet device. It shows a yellow number plate in the middle of the screen.

How an app would look to help us check someone's eyesight if there was a limited number of other vehicles nearby.

The standard needed to pass the eyesight check will not change.

We expect that we will still ask most people to read a number plate on a parked vehicle. However, being able to use other methods would give us more flexibility when the test is taking place with no other parked vehicles nearby.

These changes would apply to:

  • car driving tests
  • motorcycle tests
  • tractor and specialist vehicle driving tests
  • approved driving instructor (ADI) part 2 (driving ability) tests

We do not check eyesight in HGV and bus driving tests, as the driver has already passed a medical test to get their provisional licence.

Why we’re proposing this

We’re proposing these changes because:

  • it’s important that people meet the eyesight standards in different levels of light - not just good daylight
  • it will give us more flexibility to provide driving tests at different times of day
  • it will avoid us having to cancel tests when there’s poor light because of the weather or time of the year
  • it will give us more flexibility to be able to check someone’s eyesight if there are very few parked vehicles nearby (they might be able to remember the number plate of the vehicle they’re using)
  • it means we will not need to keep changing the law to add specific different eyesight check methods in the future - particularly as technology develops

Questions about this proposal

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the removal of the need for the eyesight check to be done in good daylight?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with DVSA having the flexibility to do the eyesight check by means other than reading the number plate attached to the vehicle?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

6. Replace paper pass certificates with digital pass certificates

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Summary of this proposal

We’re proposing that we issue digital pass certificates to people who pass their theory test and driving test, instead of paper versions.

This would:

  • support DVLA’s work to introduce a digital driving licence
  • save the use of more than 2 million sheets of paper each year

We’re exploring the range of legislative options to pursue this policy.

What currently happens

At the end of the theory test, the learner driver is given a letter by the receptionist which shows their overall result and how they score in each part of the test.

If the learner driver passed the test, the last part of the letter is a ‘certificate’ showing that they have passed the test.

At the end of the driving test, the driving examiner gives the learner driver feedback on how they did.

They can then email a summary of the overall result and any faults the learner driver made to them. The email is received within minutes of the end of the test. About 99.8% of learner drivers take up this option.

If the learner driver passed the driving test, the driving examiner will also fill in a paper test pass certificate. This acts as proof that the person has passed the test until their full driving licence arrives.

What we’re proposing

We’re proposing that people who pass a theory test or driving test would get a digital pass certificate instead of a paper pass certificate.

This would include all types of tests, including cars, motorcycles, HGVs, buses, tractors and special vehicles.

Why we’re proposing this

DVLA is working on creating a digital driving licence. Moving to replace paper pass certificates with digital versions will support this work.

It will also avoid people having a physical copy which they could lose. This causes people to contact us for replacements.

It would also have benefits to the environment from not giving out more than 2 million sheets of paper each year. These include:

  • the energy and water saved in producing the recycled paper used for the certificates
  • the emissions stopped from the production of ink used to print certificates
  • reduced transport emissions, as certificates would not need to be delivered to our test centres

Questions about this proposal

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the introduction of a digital pass certificate for the driving test?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

If you’ve passed a driving test in the last 2 years, please tell us what you used your paper pass certificate for.

Respond to all of the questions.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the introduction of a digital pass certificate for the theory test?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Respond to all of the questions.

Do you think there would be any benefits or risks resulting from the move to digital certificates?

  • Benefits only
  • Benefits and risks
  • Risks only
  • Do not know

Respond to all of the questions.

How to respond

The consultation started on 25 January 2022 and will close at 11:59pm on 8 March 2022.

Fill in the online questionnaire to give your views.

Start now

When you respond, please say whether you’re responding as an individual or representing the views of an organisation.

If you’re responding on behalf of a larger organisation, make it clear:

  • who the organisation represents
  • how you gathered the views of members (if applicable)

What will happen next

A summary of responses, including the next steps, will be published within 3 months of the consultation closing.

Contact DVSA if you have any questions about this consultation.

DVSA Policy team
consultations@dvsa.gov.uk

Privacy and Freedom of Information

We collect, use and store your personal data so that we can record and analyse your response to the consultation. We may share your personal data if we have a lawful reason, for example, as part of a criminal investigation or to prevent fraud.

Read the DVSA consultations privacy notice to find out how we collect, use and store your data.

DVSA is an executive agency of the Department for Transport (DfT). The data controller for DVSA is DfT - a data controller determines the reasons and how personal data is processed.

For more information see the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) Data Protection Public Register. DfT’s registration number is Z7122992.

Freedom of Information requests

We might need to publish or share some or all of your response to this consultation in line with the Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA) or the Environmental Information Regulations 2004.

Under the FOIA, there is a statutory code of practice that we have to comply with. It covers how we deal with confidential information.

Tell us if you think any information you have given us is confidential. If we get a request to see all or part of your response, we’ll consider what you have told us before we decide whether to release it. We cannot promise to keep all the information you have given us confidential.

Some IT systems produce an automatic confidentiality disclaimer. We do not always recognise them.

Annex A: government consultation principles

This consultation follows the government consultation principles.

The principles give us clear guidance on running consultations.

Annex B: full list of consultation questions

This is a full list of the questions that you’ll be asked when you fill in the online questionnaire to respond to the consultation.

General questions

How would you describe yourself or your organisation?

  • A learner driver or rider
  • A newly-qualified driver (you passed your car or motorcycle test in the last 2 years)
  • An experienced driver
  • An approved driving instructor (ADI) or driving school
  • A motorcycle trainer or training school
  • An HGV or bus trainer or training school
  • An industry representative organisation
  • A road safety organisation
  • Other (please state)

If you are a business, how many employees do you have?

  • 1 to 9
  • 10 to 49
  • 50 to 249
  • 250 or more employees
  • Do not know
  • Not applicable

Encourage people to be better prepared when they take their driving test

To what extent do you agree or disagree that the standard period before which an unsuccessful candidate can make a further application for a test should be extended from 10 to 28 working days?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

If you’re a learner driver, please say to what extent you agree or disagree with the following statements.

This measure would encourage me to only book my test when ready, even if waiting times remained the same as now.

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

This measure would encourage me to only book my test when ready, even when waiting times were reduced.

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Reduce the number of driving test appointments that are wasted

To what extent do you agree or disagree that we should change the short notice cancellation period for car driving tests from 3 working days to 10 working days?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Collect better data about how well driving instructors prepare learner drivers

To what extent do you agree or disagree that approved driving instructors should be required to display their certificate during the driving test?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Give learner drivers better information about driving instructors

To what extent do you agree or disagree that consumers would benefit from knowing how well, on average, a driving instructor’s pupils did when they took their driving tests?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Do you think there would be any benefits or risks resulting from this?

  • Benefits only
  • Benefits and risks
  • Risks only
  • Do not know

To what extent do you agree or disagree that an ‘overall performance band’ would be a useful indicator of the driving instructor’s performance?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

What other information would you find useful in choosing an instructor?

Update when and how we check someone’s eyesight at the start of the driving test

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the removal of the need for the eyesight test to be conducted in good daylight?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

To what extent do you agree or disagree with DVSA having the flexibility to conduct the eyesight test by means other than reading the number plate attached to the vehicle?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Replace paper pass certificates with digital pass certificates

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the introduction of a digital pass certificate for the driving test?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

If you’ve passed a driving test in the last 2 years, please tell us what you used your paper pass certificate for.

To what extent do you agree or disagree with the introduction of a digital pass certificate for the theory test?

  • Strongly agree
  • Agree
  • Neither agree nor disagree
  • Disagree
  • Strongly disagree

Do you think there would be any benefits or risks resulting from the move to digital certificates?

  • Benefits only
  • Benefits and risks
  • Risks only
  • Do not know